CN112493375A - 提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料及其应用 - Google Patents
提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料及其应用。按质量份数计,所述饲料由以下成分组成:鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.3‑4.94份以及0.06‑0.7份饲料添加剂;所述饲料添加剂为维生素C、大黄素、富硒螺旋藻中的一种。本发明提供的饲料在不需要改变原有基础饲料组分的基础上,通过添加预定量的维生素C、大黄素或富硒螺旋藻饲料添加剂,能够对缓解异育银鲫应答高密度胁迫进行调节,显著提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力,用以增强高温高密度养殖环境下异育银鲫的存活率和生长率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及鱼类饲料制备技术领域,尤其涉及一种提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料及其应用。
背景技术
集约化水产养殖中,鱼类通常会面临重金属、捕捞、长途运输、拥挤、氧气不足等等应激源。当机体遭受应激刺激时,其内分泌、生理、免疫***和代谢机能等会发生相应的变化,导致鱼类存活、生长、繁殖力改变。养殖密度被认为是集约化养殖中最重要的变量之一,为了增加养殖效益,养殖户会提高放养密度,但是这种拥挤胁迫往往激活了机体的应激反应,诱导了行为、摄食、免疫及生理功能等发生改变,进而造成鱼类死亡,极大降低了养殖效益。高密度养殖对鱼类来说是一种慢性应激,机体会产生一系列生理生化反应来应对应激胁迫,即初级应激反应(血浆儿茶酚胺和皮质醇含量升高)、次级应激反应(组织器官结构功能的变化)和三级应激反应(生长性能、行为和抗病力的改变)。
鱼类的生长速率与放养密度呈负相关,高放养密度胁迫导致摄食量减少,进而引起生长受阻。研究发现,高放养密度能够改变鱼类血液的浓稠性,表现为血红蛋白含量、红细胞数量和红细胞压积显著升高,这可能是因为鱼类在遭受拥挤胁迫时,通过增加血红蛋白含量来提升红细胞的氧气携带能力,以满足机体对氧气的需求。持续的拥挤胁迫可引起鱼类补体活性降低,或补体中部分蛋白质组分失去活性,抑制了免疫***的正常功能,导致鱼类抵御病原体入侵的能力降低,诱发疾病,甚至会引起死亡。在拥挤条件下,下丘脑-垂体-肾间组织轴引起血液中儿茶酚胺和皮质醇的分泌,通过改变糖酵素和糖异生酶的活性来提高血糖水平,引发血液学、代谢和免疫的变化,最终导致生长迟缓和死亡。
为了寻找缓解养殖密度对鱼类造成的不利影响,通常采用的措施有调控水质条件、合理的投喂策略、营养学调控手段以及选育抗逆性强的品系等。从目前来看,营养学调控手段被证明是缓解胁迫、促进生长和提高健康状况的最常用和最有效的措施之一,采用营养素干预的方法,可以缓解应激带来的不利影响,但是最终的缓解效果受多方面因素影响,例如:养殖对象的种类、大小、营养素种类、添加量以及养殖环境等。因此,需要寻找更加合适的缓解策略,合理搭配不同的胁迫缓解添加剂,使动物更好地应对各式各样的胁迫危害。
申请号为CN201510063645.4的发明专利公开了一种提高大黄鱼抗应激能力的饲料。该饲料中包含有维生素C类添加剂,其在大黄鱼体内代谢后提供的维生素C的量超过大黄鱼对维生素C的生长需求量。发明的大黄鱼饲料中维生素C的添加量超过大黄鱼对维生素C生长需求量的3.5~5.0倍,过量的添加维生素C可以提高大黄鱼的抗热应激能力和抗拖网应激能力。
申请号为CN201610490149.1的发明专利公开了一种促生长抗应激养殖后期鮰鱼饲料。该饲料原料按重量份包括:蝉蛹粉12~20,豆粕5~16,荞麦粉10~20,核桃粉8~16,螺旋藻粉6~12,青菜叶8~16,面粉4~8,改性酪蛋白4~12,鱼油3~7,氯化胆碱0.5~1.2,胆汁酸0.5~1.2,磷酸二氢钙1~2,硫酸铁0.1~0.25,赖氨酸铜0.3~0.65,蛋氨酸锰0.2~0.4,硫酸锌0.2~0.6,硫酸镁0.3~0.7,精氨酸0.2~0.4,谷氨酸0.2~0.6,甜菜碱1~2,维生素1~3,中草药1~2。
申请号为CN201710740746.X的发明专利公开了一种草鱼抗应激膨化配合饲料及其生产方法。该配合饲料以质量百分比计,含有:肉骨粉0~8%,蚕豆蛋白粉2~5%,大豆粕8~18%,菜籽粕20~30%,棉籽粕10~15%,小麦10~20%,木薯粉10~20%,米糠5~8%,豆油2~4%,氯化胆碱0.2~0.4%,磷酸二氢钙0.9~1.5%,维生素预混料1~2%,矿物质预混料1~2%,沸石粉1~2%,GSH0.02~0.1%,姜黄素0.01~0.08%,茶多酚0.01~0.03%,牛磺酸0.05~0.1%,大黄素0.005~0.01%,L-肉碱0.01~0.02%,复合酶制剂0.02~0.03%。
但是,上述饲料并没有针对高密度养殖环境进行专门合理的配制,即,其并不能有效提高鱼类在高温高密度特定环境下的应激能力。
有鉴于此,有必要设计一种改进的提高鱼类在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料,以解决上述问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料及其应用。
为实现上述发明目的,本发明提供了一种提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料。按质量份数计,所述饲料由以下成分组成:鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.3-4.94份以及0.06-0.7份饲料添加剂;所述饲料添加剂为维生素C、大黄素、富硒螺旋藻中的一种。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述饲料添加剂为维生素C;所述饲料由鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.69份以及0.31份维生素C组成。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述饲料添加剂为大黄素;所述饲料由鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.94份以及0.06份大黄素组成。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述饲料添加剂为富硒螺旋藻;所述饲料由鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.94份以及0.7份富硒螺旋藻组成。
作为本发明的进一步改进,所述高温是指饲养水温为30-37℃,所述高密度是指异育银鲫的密度为700尾/箱。
为实现上述发明目的,本发明还提供了一种上述饲料的应用。所述饲料用于养殖异育银鲫;在自然温度为30-37℃,室外养殖条件下,异育银鲫的养殖密度为700尾/箱。
作为本发明的进一步改进,每天投喂异育银鲫两次,两次的时间分别为6:30;18:00。
本发明的有益效果是:
1、本发明提供的提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料,在普通蛋白源基础鱼类饲料的基础上,选用维生素C、大黄素或富硒螺旋藻为饲料添加剂,并且通过实验探索得到了维生素C、大黄素以及富硒螺旋藻的精准添加量,提高了异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的同时,降低了饲料的成本,增强了高温高密度养殖环境下异育银鲫的存活率和生长效率。
2、本发明提供的提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料,成本低廉、适用于高温和高密度养殖环境下的鱼类养殖。
附图说明
图1为本发明的实施例1至3及对比例1的特定生长率对比图。
图2为本发明的实施例1至3及对比例1的摄食率对比图。
图3为本发明的实施例1至3及对比例1的饲料效率对比图。
图4为本发明的实施例1至3及对比例1在低密度下的肝脏丙二醛含量对比图。
图5为本发明的实施例1至3及对比例1在中密度下的肝脏丙二醛含量对比图。
图6为本发明的实施例1至3及对比例1在高密度下的肝脏丙二醛含量对比图。
图7为本发明的实施例1至3及对比例1在低密度下的肝脏超氧化物酶活性对比图。
图8为本发明的实施例1至3及对比例1在中密度下的肝脏超氧化物酶活性对比图。
图9为本发明的实施例1至3及对比例1在高密度下的肝脏超氧化物酶活性对比图。
图10为本发明的实施例1至3及对比例1在低密度下的肝脏还原型谷胱甘肽含量对比图。
图11为本发明的实施例1至3及对比例1在中密度下的肝脏还原型谷胱甘肽对比图。
图12为本发明的实施例1至3及对比例1在高密度下的肝脏还原型谷胱甘肽对比图。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚,下面具体实施例对本发明进行详细描述。
在此,还需要说明的是,为了避免因不必要的细节而模糊了本发明,在附图中仅仅示出了与本发明的方案密切相关的结构和/或处理步骤,而省略了与本发明关系不大的其他细节。
另外,还需要说明的是,术语“包括”、“包含”或者其任何其他变体意在涵盖非排他性的包含,从而使得包括一系列要素的过程、方法、物品或者设备不仅包括那些要素,而且还包括没有明确列出的其他要素,或者是还包括为这种过程、方法、物品或者设备所固有的要素。
本发明提供了一种提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料,按质量份数计,所述饲料由以下成分组成:鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.3-4.94份以及0.06-0.7份饲料添加剂;所述饲料添加剂为维生素C、大黄素、富硒螺旋藻中的一种。
优选的,所述饲料添加剂为维生素C;所述饲料由鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.69份以及0.31份维生素C组成。
优选的,所述饲料添加剂中为大黄素;所述饲料由鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.94份以及0.06份大黄素组成。
优选的,所述饲料添加剂为富硒螺旋藻;所述饲料由鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.94份以及0.7份富硒螺旋藻组成。
实施例1-3、对比例1
本发明实施例1-3及对比例1(对照组)以异育银鲫“中科5号”为饲养对象,通过高效池塘养殖模式,在基础饲料中添加预设种类和添加量的饲料添加剂,在池塘养殖高密度胁迫下对其生长、抗氧化以及应激的生理参数进行测定。
饲料配方
本发明采用鱼粉、豆粕、菜粕和DDGS为主要蛋白源制成基础饲料,在基础饲料中分别添加1200mg/kg的维生素C、600mg/kg的大黄素、7000mg/kg的富硒藻三种添加剂,制备成对缓解鱼类应答高密度胁迫具备调节作用的饲料,加上对比例1,共四组鱼类饲料。
饲料配方如表1所示:
表1为实施例1-3及对比例1的饲料配方
养殖条件
本发明所使用的鱼是8g左右的异育银鲫幼鱼。正式开始养殖之前,将所有鱼放置在网箱内进行短期两周的暂养驯化,以适应养殖环境。采用池塘网箱(2m×2m×1.8m,水下约1.7m)进行养殖,水温为30~37℃,将鱼的数量设为三个梯度,分别为低密度组(100尾/箱)、中密度组(400尾/箱)、高密度组(700尾/箱),共3组,低、中、高三个不同密度与饲料添加剂共12个处理实施方式(即实施例1分为实施例1-1低密度组、实施例1-2中密度组和实施例1-3高密度组,其他实施例以此类推),每个处理设置3个平行,总共36个网箱,每天投喂2次,分别为早上6:30,晚上18:00,养殖持续8周,检测高密度胁迫下饲料添加剂对异育银鲫生长、抗氧化和应激的生理参数指标。
生长与抗氧化性能参数测试
一)生长性能参数测试
异育银鲫的生长和饲料利用性能参数如图1至图3所示,在低密度组,实施例1-3提供的三种饲料添加剂处理组特定生长率显著高于对比例1(P<0.05),对摄食率、饲料效率均无显著影响(P>0.05);
在中、高密度组,实施例1-3提供的三种饲料添加剂处理组特定生长率显著高于对比例1(P<0.05),实施例2提供的饲料中添加大黄素处理组摄食率显著低于其余各处理组(P<0.05),对饲料效率无显著影响(P>0.05)。
由此,上述表明在高温高密度环境(水温为30~37℃、700尾/箱)下,基础饲料中维生素C、大黄素、富硒螺旋藻三种添加剂的添加能够显著提高异育银鲫的生长率,而且还能够保证异育银鲫正常情况下的摄食率和饲料效率。
二)抗氧化指标性能参数测试
1)肝脏中丙二醛含量测定结果如图4至图6所示,在低、中密度组,运输前后,实施例2提供的大黄素处理组肝脏中丙二醛含量显著低于其它各处理组(P<0.05),在运输后,除了实施例2提供的大黄素处理组,其余各组实施例丙二醛含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。
在高密度组,运输前后,实施例1至3提供的维生素C处理组、大黄素处理组、富硒藻处理组肝脏中丙二醛含量显著低于对比例1(P<0.05),在运输后各处理组丙二醛含量均显著升高(P<0.05)。
由此,上述表明在高温高密度环境(水温为30~37℃、700尾/箱)下,基础饲料中维生素C、大黄素、富硒螺旋藻三种添加剂的添加能够显著降低异育银鲫肝脏中的丙二醛含量,表明异育银鲫肝脏的抗氧化能力增强。
2)肝脏中超氧化物酶活性测定结果如图7至图9所示,在低、中密度组,运输前,实施例2提供的大黄素处理组肝脏中超氧化物酶活性显著高于其它各处理组(P<0.05),在低密度运输后,实施例2提供的大黄素处理组超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余各组无显著差异(P>0.05),在中密度运输后,实施例2提供的大黄素处理组超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于其它各处理组(P<0.05)。
在高密度组,运输前,实施例1至3提供的维生素C处理组、大黄素处理组、富硒藻处理组肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于对比例1(P<0.05),在运输后,实施例2提供的大黄素处理组超氧化物歧化酶活性显著高于其它各处理组(P<0.05)。
由此,上述表明在高温高密度环境(水温为30~37℃、700尾/箱)下,基础饲料中维生素C、大黄素、富硒螺旋藻三种添加剂的添加能够显著提高异育银鲫肝脏中超氧化物歧化酶活性,表明异育银鲫肝脏的抗氧化能力增强。
3)肝脏中还原型谷胱甘肽含量测定结果如图10至图12所示,在低、中密度组,运输前后,实施例1至3提供的维生素C处理组、大黄素处理组、富硒藻处理组,肝脏中还原型谷胱甘肽含量显著高于对比例1(P<0.05),在低、中密度运输后,三种饲料添加组还原型谷胱甘肽含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
在高密度组,运输前,实施例2至3提供的大黄素处理组、富硒藻处理组肝脏中还原型谷胱甘肽含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在运输后,实施例2提供的大黄素处理组还原型谷胱甘肽含量高于其它各处理组(P<0.05)。
由此,上述表明在高温高密度环境(水温为30~37℃、700尾/箱)下,基础饲料中维生素C、大黄素、富硒螺旋藻三种添加剂的添加能够显著提高异育银鲫肝脏中还原型谷胱甘肽含量,表明异育银鲫肝脏的抗氧化能力增强。
上述测试结果表明,在高温高密度环境胁迫下,本发明实施例1至3提供的饲料中添加维生素C、大黄素、富硒藻三种添加剂显著可以提高异育银鲫的生长性能,对饲料利用没有起到促进作用。同时,在高温高密度环境胁迫下,本发明实施例1至3提供饲料中添加维生素C、大黄素、富硒藻能提高异育银鲫肝脏抗氧化能力,缓解运输产生的应激,其中本发明实施例2提供大黄素处理组缓解应激作用最为显著,由此,本发明可以通过在基础饲料在添加预定种类预定量的饲料添加剂用以对缓解鱼类应答高密度胁迫进行调节,用以显著提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力。
综上所述,本发明提供了一种提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料及其应用。按质量份数计,所述饲料由以下成分组成:鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.3-4.94份以及0.06-0.7份饲料添加剂;所述饲料添加剂为维生素C、大黄素、富硒螺旋藻中的一种。本发明提供的饲料在不需要改变原有基础饲料的组分的基础上,通过添加预定量的维生素C、大黄素和富硒螺旋藻三种饲料添加剂成分,能够对缓解鱼类应答高密度胁迫进行调节,显著提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力,用以增强高温高密度养殖环境下异育银鲫的存活率和生长率。
以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非限制,尽管参照较佳实施例对本发明进行了详细说明,本领域的普通技术人员应当理解,可以对本发明的技术方案进行修改或者等同替换,而不脱离本发明技术方案的精神和范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料,其特征在于:按质量份数计,所述饲料由以下成分组成:鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.3-4.94份以及0.06-0.7份饲料添加剂;所述饲料添加剂为维生素C、大黄素、富硒螺旋藻中的一种。
2.根据权利要求1所述的提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料,其特征在于:所述饲料添加剂为维生素C;所述饲料由鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.69份以及0.31份维生素C组成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料,其特征在于:所述饲料添加剂为大黄素;所述饲料由鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.94份以及0.06份大黄素组成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料,其特征在于:所述饲料添加剂为富硒螺旋藻;所述饲料由鱼粉10份、干玉米酒糟7份、豆粕30份、菜粕20份、面粉20份、鱼油:豆油(1:1)4.8份、氯化胆碱0.2份、磷酸二氢钙2份、鲫鱼预混料1份、膨润土4.94份以及0.7份富硒螺旋藻组成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料,其特征在于:所述高温是指饲养水温为30-37℃,所述高密度是指异育银鲫的密度为700尾/箱。
6.一种提高异育银鲫在高温高密度环境下的应激能力的饲料的应用,其特征在于:所述饲料用于养殖异育银鲫;在自然温度为30-37℃,室外养殖条件下,异育银鲫的养殖密度为700尾/箱。
7.根据权利要求6所述的应用,其特征在于:每天投喂异育银鲫两次,两次的时间分别为6:30;18:00。
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