CN112385748A - 一种大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法，属于养殖技术领域。其养殖专用饲料包括鱼粉、鸡肉粉。豆粕、棉粕、菜粕、玉米蛋白粉、米糠、玉米DDGS、小麦、麸皮、豆油、磷酸二氢钙、维生素预混料、微量元素预混料、维生素C磷酸酯、胆汁酸盐、益生菌、氯化胆碱、抗氧化剂、防霉剂。其养殖方法包括：养殖池环境控制、放苗、喂养控制三个步骤。本发明对异育银鲫的生长规律和用料选择，通过5个月的养殖后在10月份可以达到3尾/斤的规格，且成活率高于95％；相比于传统模式的20/尾斤,成活率约50％；具有较高的经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及养殖技术领域，具体涉及一种大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法。
背景技术
根据2019年渔业年鉴记载，2019年全国鲫鱼产量277.1万吨。江苏盐城是全国鲫鱼养殖核心区，该地区养殖异育银鲫为主，养殖面积为80万亩左右，占全国鲫鱼的22.4％。但近10年来盐城地区受鲫鱼鳃出血疾病爆发影响，异育银鲫死亡率高达90％以上，养殖户损失惨重，不敢养、转养、弃养明显。受鳃出血病害影响，鲫鱼行情持续稳定。6两上的异育银鲫塘口价格维持6元/斤以上，8两上的异育银鲫塘口价格维持在8元/斤以上，1斤以上的异育银鲫塘口价格为10元/斤以上。
目前看影响鲫鱼规格最大的因素在于难以培育大规格异育银鲫苗种，从而造成鲫鱼成鱼规格偏小；难以进一步提高其售价增加经济价值。
发明内容
本发明针对上述现有技术存在的问题，提供一种大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法和对应的专用饲料。
为实现本发明第一个目的，通过以下技术方案予以实现：
一种大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法的专用饲料，以质量百分比计算包括以下组分：
鱼粉8％-14％
鸡肉粉5％-10％
豆粕10％-25％
棉粕5％-10％
菜粕10％-25％
玉米蛋白粉3％-8％
米糠8％-20％
玉米DDGS 4％-10％
小麦6％-15％
麸皮2％-6％
豆油3％-6％
磷酸二氢钙1.5％-3％
维生素预混料0.1％-0.5％
微量元素预混料1％-3％
维生素C磷酸酯0.05％-0.2％
胆汁酸盐0.01％-0.1％
益生菌0.01％-0.1％
氯化胆碱0.1％-0.5％
抗氧化剂0.01％-0.1％
防霉剂0.01％-0.1％。
饲料配方能满足异育银鲫苗种健康、快速生长的营养需要。维生素预混料和维生素C磷酸酯能够提高异育银鲫苗种生长、耐运输和抗应激。
胆汁酸盐、氯化胆碱能够提高油脂的乳化吸收，预防鲫鱼肝胆综合性，减轻异育银鲫苗种肝脏分泌胆汁酸压力，提高肝脏健康。
益生菌能够调理异育银鲫苗种肠道健康，维持肠道菌落平衡，减少肠炎发生概率，提高鲫鱼消化吸收。
为实现本发明第二个目的，通过以下技术方案予以实现：
一种大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法，包括以下步骤：
养殖池环境控制：控制池水pH值在7.5-8.5；水温18-32℃；亚硝酸盐含量≤0.25mg/ml；氨氮含量≤1.5mg/ml、溶氧≥3m/L；
放苗：在5月份，放入规格≥150尾/斤的异育银鲫鱼苗；放苗密度为3800-4200尾/亩；
喂养：每天喂养异育银鲫体重量4-10％的大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法的专用饲料；喂养至少5个月。
优选地，所述放苗步骤中：在养殖池内套养白鲢和花鲢。
进一步优选地，所述白鲢的放苗密度为100/尾亩，规格为≥100尾/斤。
进一步优选地，所述花鲢的放苗密度为100/尾亩，规格为≥100尾/斤。
优选地，所述喂养步骤中：异育银鲫苗种≤50尾/斤时，日投喂量≤10％鱼体重，每日投喂最多8次，每次间隔≥1.5小时。
优选地，所述喂养步骤中：异育银鲫苗种＞50尾/斤且≤10尾/斤时，日投喂量≤6％鱼体重，每日投喂最多6次，每次间隔≥2小时。
优选地，所述喂养步骤中：异育银鲫苗种＞10尾/斤且≤3尾/斤时，日投喂量≤4％鱼体重，每日投喂最多4次，每次间隔≥3小时。
进一步优选地，当溶氧≤3mg/l时，每日投喂量降低至少50％；当溶氧≤1.5mg/l时，停止投喂。
进一步优选地，当出现阴雨天气时，观察异育银鲫苗种的状态，当异育银鲫苗种停止进食则停止投喂直到天气变晴。
本发明对异育银鲫的生长规律和用料选择，通过5个月的养殖后在10月份可以达到3尾/斤的规格，且成活率高于95％；相比于传统模式的20/尾斤,成活率约50％；具有较高的经济效益。
具体实施方式
下面具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明，以使本领域技术人员可以更好的理解本发明并能予以实施，但所举实施例不作为对本发明的限定。按照本领域的普通技术知识和惯用手段，在不脱离本发明上述基本技术思想前提下，对本发明上述结构做出的其它多种形式的修改、替换或变更，均应落在本发明的保护范围。
本发明的放苗模式如下表1所示：
表1养殖方面比例
本发明5月初放150尾/斤的异育银鲫鱼苗，密度分别为3800、4000、4200尾/亩。通过5个月养殖，使用本发明的异育银鲫专用料，到10月份可以达到3尾/斤，可以作为鲫鱼成鱼养殖大规格苗种。异育银鲫苗种选择放150尾/斤的规格，成活率高达95％以上。
同时为了调控水质、维持池塘的生态平衡和增加池塘的产出效益，在池内套养花鲢和白鲢。
养殖环境要求：
养殖池塘环境控制：控制池塘水pH值在7.5-8.5；水温18-32℃；亚硝酸盐含量≤0.25mg/l；氨氮含量≤1.5mg/l；溶氧≥3m/L；池塘水深为1.5-2.0m。
投喂要求：
苗种对饲料营养需求高，在苗种阶段通过专门的饲料和合理控制投喂量，提高异育银鲫苗种规格。每年的5-10月是异育银鲫苗种快速生长期，异育银鲫专用料可以明显促进异育银鲫苗种生长。鲫鱼属于无胃鱼，每次摄食量少，为了提高异育银鲫苗种生长，降低饲料浪费，采用少食多餐投喂模式。
异育银鲫苗种规格小于50尾/斤时，日投喂量控制在10％鲫鱼体重左右，日投喂8次，白天间隔1.5小时投喂1次。
异育银鲫苗种规格大于50尾/斤，小于10尾/斤时，日投喂量控制在6％鲫鱼体重，日投喂6次，白天间隔2小时投喂1次。
异育银鲫苗种大于10尾/斤，小于3尾/斤时，日投喂量控制在4％鲫鱼体重，日投喂4次，白天间隔3小时投喂1次。
异育银鲫苗种达到3尾/斤时，即可上市售卖。
由于异育银鲫苗种养殖对天气变化、溶氧、温度等变化敏感，影响摄食，为了更好控制投喂量和减少饲料浪费，异育银鲫苗种养殖阶段主要注意以下情况进行合理调整：
(1)溶氧低于3mg/l时，日投喂量对应减半；低于1.5mg/l时，停止投喂，防止缺氧死亡。
(2)阴雨天气是观察鱼的摄食情况；先尝试投喂，若鱼进食正常则继续投喂；若鱼停止进食则停止投喂至天气变晴。
(3)每日巡塘，查看鲫鱼病害和生长情况。
(4)每个月异育银鲫苗种打样2次，根据异育银鲫苗种规格合理调整投喂量和投喂量；解剖查看鲫鱼肝脏、肠道健康、鱼病等情况。如出现肝脏发白、发绿，以及肠炎等，投喂率按照正常投喂量减半，同时在水产兽医师指导下合理内服调控。
饲料配方和制作方法
本发明所用的异育银鲫专用料，按质量百分比计算包括以下组分：
鱼粉8％-14％
鸡肉粉5％-10％
豆粕10％-25％
棉粕5％-10％
菜粕10％-25％
玉米蛋白粉3％-8％
米糠8％-20％
玉米DDGS 4％-10％
小麦6％-15％
麸皮2％-6％
豆油3％-6％
磷酸二氢钙1.5％-3％
维生素预混料0.1％-0.5％
微量元素预混料1％-3％
维生素C磷酸酯0.05％-0.2％
胆汁酸盐0.01％-0.1％
益生菌0.01％-0.1％
氯化胆碱0.1％-0.5％
抗氧化剂0.01％-0.1％
防霉剂0.01％-0.1％
其中维生素预混料为通威动物营养饲料有限公司提供的F11V肉食性鱼用维生素预混料；微量元素预混料为通威动物营养饲料有限公司提供的F29M杂食性鱼用微量元素预混料。
抗氧化剂为上海三维饲料添加剂有限公司生产的“申维鲜”抗氧化剂；防霉剂为桂林市万康生物科技有限公司生产的“霉必克”防霉剂；益生菌为江苏苏微生态科技有限公司生产的饲料添加剂益生菌。
异育银鲫专用料的制作方法为：将所有原料进行初次粉碎60目以上；按配料比例称量，进行一次混合；然后进行二次粉碎过80目后，进行二次混合；将二次混合的物料放入制粒机中制粒。
维生素预混料为通威动物营养饲料有限公司提供的F11V肉食性鱼用维生素预混料；所述的微量元素预混料为通威动物营养饲料有限公司提供的F29M杂食性鱼用微量元素预混料。
在实际喂养时，根据下表2中的具体组分进行喂养，三个不同配比的饲料混合喂养：
表2异育银鲫专用料配方表
鲫鱼生长对比
为了与传统的异育银鲫养殖方式作对比分别用表2中的饲料配方喂养，设置一口传统鲫鱼苗塘，以传统的养殖环境和饲料喂养，其结果如表3、表4所示。
表3两种不同模式下异育银鲫苗种生长对比
表4传统异育银鲫苗种养殖模式
通过对比塘口统计，本发明的养殖模式下相同的出苗时间其成活率和出苗规格均远大于传统的鲫鱼苗养殖模式。
Claims (10)
1.一种大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法的专用饲料，其特征在于，以质量百分比计算包括以下组分：
鱼粉8％-14％
鸡肉粉5％-10％
豆粕10％-25％
棉粕5％-10％
菜粕10％-25％
玉米蛋白粉3％-8％
米糠8％-20％
玉米DDGS 4％-10％
小麦6％-15％
麸皮2％-6％
豆油3％-6％
磷酸二氢钙1.5％-3％
维生素预混料0.1％-0.5％
微量元素预混料1％-3％
维生素C磷酸酯0.05％-0.2％
胆汁酸盐0.01％-0.1％
益生菌0.01％-0.1％
氯化胆碱0.1％-0.5％
抗氧化剂0.01％-0.1％
防霉剂0.01％-0.1％。
2.一种大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法，其特征在于：包括以下步骤：
养殖池环境控制：控制池水pH值在7.5-8.5；水温18-32℃；亚硝酸盐含量≤0.25mg/ml；氨氮含量≤1.5mg/ml、溶氧≥3m/L；
放苗：在5月份，放入规格≥150尾/斤的异育银鲫鱼苗；放苗密度为3800-4200尾/亩；
喂养：每天喂养异育银鲫体重量4-10％的大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法的专用饲料；喂养至少5个月。
3.根据权利要求1所述的大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法，其特征在于：所述放苗步骤中：在养殖池内套养白鲢和花鲢。
4.根据权利要求3所述的大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法，其特征在于：所述白鲢的放苗密度为100/尾亩，规格为≥100尾/斤。
5.根据权利要求3所述的大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法，其特征在于：所述花鲢的放苗密度为100/尾亩，规格为≥100尾/斤。
6.根据权利要求2所述的大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法，其特征在于：所述喂养步骤中：异育银鲫苗种≤50尾/斤时，日投喂量≤10％鱼体重，每日投喂最多8次，每次间隔≥1.5小时。
7.根据权利要求2所述的大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法，其特征在于：所述喂养步骤中：异育银鲫苗种＞50尾/斤且≤10尾/斤时，日投喂量≤6％鱼体重，每日投喂最多6次，每次间隔≥2小时。
8.根据权利要求2所述的大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法，其特征在于：所述喂养步骤中：异育银鲫苗种＞10尾/斤且≤3尾/斤时，日投喂量≤4％鱼体重，每日投喂最多4次，每次间隔≥3小时。
9.根据权利要求2、6-8任一所述的大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法，其特征在于：当溶氧≤3mg/l时，每日投喂量降低至少50％；当溶氧≤1.5mg/l时，停止投喂。
10.根据权利要求2、6-8任一所述的大规格异育银鲫苗种养殖方法，其特征在于：当出现阴雨天气时，观察异育银鲫苗种的状态，当异育银鲫苗种停止进食则停止投喂直到天气变晴。
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