CN112335606B - 一种贵州地方猪仔猪隔离断乳饲养方法 - Google Patents
一种贵州地方猪仔猪隔离断乳饲养方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN112335606B CN112335606B CN202011257680.7A CN202011257680A CN112335606B CN 112335606 B CN112335606 B CN 112335606B CN 202011257680 A CN202011257680 A CN 202011257680A CN 112335606 B CN112335606 B CN 112335606B
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种贵州地方猪仔猪隔离断乳饲养方法,其包括如下步骤:(1)在仔猪断奶后头3天内,喂饲饲料A,所述饲料A的组分包括发酵豆粕、血浆蛋白粉、膨化玉米、葡萄糖、鱼粉、茼蒿发酵干燥粉、芦根粉末、柠檬酸、复方氨基酸、复方维生素、有机硒0、富马酸亚铁、食盐;(2)在断奶后第4天至第50天,喂饲饲料B,所述饲料B的组分包括膨化大豆、膨化玉米、麦麸、发酵豆粕、鱼粉、磷酸氢钙、山楂粉、葡萄籽发酵干燥粉、复方氨基酸、复方微生物、氯化胆碱、有机硒、富马酸亚铁、食盐。本发明饲养方法可以显著的提供贵州地方猪从江香猪在断奶之后的日增重,并显著降低腹泻的发生率,依据本发明方法喂饲的从江香猪具有优秀的肉质。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于牲畜饲养技术领域,具体涉及一种贵州地方猪仔猪隔离断乳饲养方法。
背景技术
从江香猪是我国稀有的优良微型地方猪种,经长期自然和人工选育而成,以其“体型矮小、肉质香嫩、基因纯合、产品纯净无污染”等而著称。近年来,在各级政府的高度重视下,从江香猪产业得到稳步发展,从江香猪优良的肉质普遍得到消费者认可。饲喂从江香猪的原料主要是从江县本地的水稻、玉米、薯类、谷子等农副产品以及各种菜类植物。
在关于从江香猪的断奶喂饲方面,据发明人所知,目前尚未有相关专利申请。同时,在期刊论文方面,也鲜有报道。在从江当地,养殖户多采取从江本地具有丰富资源的枸杞(全株)、黄芩、黄连、金银花、连翘、鱼腥草用于香猪疫病防治,也有农户用艾叶和柏枝点燃驱蚊蝇和杀病毒。这些方法在一定程度上,可以改善从江香猪的喂饲质量,但因没有专门针对从江香猪的断奶喂饲的技术,也导致因断奶造成的增重缓慢、仔猪应激性反应较大、发生腹泻概率较高以及染疫概率高的问题仍然普遍存在。
一般而言,从江香猪的日增重高峰发生在45日龄左右,参考《从江香猪公猪的生长发育规律及生长曲线拟合》(徐永健,龚婷,王维勇,等.从江香猪公猪的生长发育规律及生长曲线拟合[J].黑龙江畜牧兽医,2020.),从断奶后至45日龄,平均日增重需达到150g/d左右,方才达到一般水平。
在本发明的研究初期,我们参考了北方香猪的断奶喂饲方法,如CN104171747A所公布的一种适合北方地区饲养的香猪断奶期饲料。该饲料的特别之处在于采用了中草药组方,该组方为甘草译14%~16%、当归12%~14%、山楂16%~20%、丹参10%~14%、黄芪12%~16%、马齿苋6%~10%、地榆8%~10%和黄芩10%~12%。在该饲料下,香猪的日增重达到了88.67g/d。不过,在发明人初步实验下,采用CN104171747A公布的方案喂饲断奶从江猪,在50日龄之内,日增重仅为48~55g/d,明显难以到达要求,甚至不如农户利用最普通的米糠饲养的效果。
除此之外,在贵州饲养的从江香猪的腹泻主要发生在仔猪阶段,参考《贵州猪腹泻的流行病学调查》(杨莉,徐景峨,杨茂生,et al.贵州猪腹泻的流行病学调查[J].上海畜牧兽医通讯,2015,000(004):58-58.),发病率在10~20%左右。
同时,从江香猪的养殖,还需考虑到猪气喘病等其它疾病的预防,这对于从江香猪的养殖技术,特别是关键的断奶喂饲技术,提出了比较高的要求。
发明内容
针对现有技术的缺点,本发明的目的在于提供一种针对从江香猪这种著名的贵州地方猪的仔猪隔离断乳饲养方法,该饲养方法在断奶后至50日龄这一段关键增重期中,日增重可达到200g/d以上;同时腹泻发生率可达1%以下;另外,当仔猪喂饲阶段结束后,即使再用普通农家饲料喂饲至3个月,所得猪肉的肉质仍可达到优秀水平。
针对上述目的,本发明提供如下技术方案:
一种贵州地方猪仔猪隔离断乳饲养方法,所述方法包括如下步骤:
(1)在仔猪断奶后头3天内,喂饲饲料A,所述饲料A,按照重量份计,包括如下组分:
发酵豆粕20~28份、血浆蛋白粉6~10份、膨化玉米30~33份、葡萄糖5~7份、鱼粉1~2份、茼蒿发酵干燥粉2~5份、芦根粉末0.1~0.5份、柠檬酸0.01~0.03份、复方氨基酸0.02~0.03份、复方维生素0.01~0.02份、有机硒0.01~0.02份、富马酸亚铁0.04~0.05份、食盐0.02~0.03份;
(2)在断奶后第4天至第50天,喂饲饲料B,所述饲料B,按照重量份计,包括如下组分:
膨化大豆10~25份、膨化玉米15~20份、麦麸8~10份、发酵豆粕20~22份、鱼粉4~7份、磷酸氢钙0.2~0.5份、山楂粉0.5~0.8份、葡萄籽发酵干燥粉2~3份、复方氨基酸0.03~0.04份、复方微生物0.02~0.03份、氯化胆碱0.08~0.1份、有机硒0.01~0.02份、富马酸亚铁0.03~0.04份、食盐0.015~0.02份;
所述茼蒿发酵干燥粉由如下方法获得:将捣烂后的茼蒿和煮熟捣烂后的土豆,按重量比3:1进行混合,加入无菌水使得固液重量比为2.5:1,接种黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)Z-9进行发酵,对发酵产物进行冻干,即得茼蒿发酵干燥粉;所述黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)Z-9保藏号为:CGMCC No.11130;
所述葡萄籽发酵干燥粉由如下方法获得:将磨碎之后的葡萄籽粉末和煮烂之后的土豆,按照重量比3:1进行混合,加入无菌水使得固液重量比为2.5:1,接种黑曲霉Aspergillus niger YM33182进行发酵,对发酵产物进行冻干,即得葡萄籽发酵干燥粉;所述黑曲霉Aspergillus niger YM33182保藏号为:CCTCC No:M206H3;
所述复方氨基酸按重量比(1~3):(1~3):(1~3):(1~3),由赖氨酸、色氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸组成;
所述复方维生素按重量比(3~6):(1~3):(1~3):(1~3):(2~5):(2~5),由维生素E、维生素B2、维生素K、叶酸、泛酸和烟酸组成;
所述贵州地方猪为从江香猪。
本发明在研究阶段之时,通过大量的实验,获得了一种可以改善猪肉品质并具有防疫效果的组分—茼蒿发酵干燥粉,基于该发现另行申请了一项饲养方法发明专利。不过,发明人也同样发现,当采用仅含有茼蒿发酵干燥粉的饲料对断奶从江香猪进行喂饲时,并不能显著的提高日增重。
通过不断的摸索,我们发现,当对葡萄籽利用另外一种黑曲霉菌株(黑曲霉Aspergillus niger YM33182)进行发酵,并将所得的发酵干燥粉与茼蒿发酵干燥粉混合后,并对其它组分进行优化处理后,可以显著的提升从江香猪在断奶后至50日龄阶段中的日增重水平,同时也能降低腹泻的发生率。
如本发明的一个实施例所记载,对断奶仔猪按照本发明的方法进行喂饲50天之后,日增重可以高达210g/d左右,同时,即使之后直至3个月的喂饲过程中,仅喂饲普通的农家米糠饲料,也能很好的生长并具有优秀的肉质。
作为本发明的一个优选技术方案,所述方法中,所述饲料A,按照重量份计,包括如下组分:
发酵豆粕25份、血浆蛋白粉9份、膨化玉米31份、葡萄糖6份、鱼粉1.8份、茼蒿发酵干燥粉4份、芦根粉末0.2份、柠檬酸0.02份、复方氨基酸0.025份、复方维生素0.015份、有机硒0.015份、富马酸亚铁0.045份、食盐0.025份。
作为本发明的一个优选技术方案,所述方法中,所述饲料B,按照重量份计,包括如下组分:
膨化大豆22份、膨化玉米16份、麦麸8.5份、发酵豆粕21份、鱼粉6份、磷酸氢钙0.3份、山楂粉0.7份、葡萄籽发酵干燥粉2.5份、复方氨基酸0.035份、复方微生物0.02~0.03份、氯化胆碱0.08~0.1份、有机硒0.01~0.02份、富马酸亚铁0.03~0.04份、食盐0.015~0.02份。
在上述优选技术方案中,本发明通过对上述饲料组分的优化,可以最大程度的提升日增重和改善肉质。
作为本发明的一个优选技术方案,所述复方氨基酸按重量比2:2:1:1,由赖氨酸、色氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸组成。
作为本发明的一个优选技术方案,所述复方维生素按重量比5:2:1:1:3:3,由维生素E、维生素B2、维生素K、叶酸、泛酸和烟酸组成。
作为本发明的一个优选技术方案,在接种黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)Z-9和黑曲霉Aspergillus niger YM33182时,按体积百分数,接种量为2%。
作为本发明的一个优选技术方案,在制备茼蒿发酵干燥粉和/或葡萄籽发酵干燥粉时,进行发酵时,于28~32℃下进行发酵36小时;对发酵所得物沥干水后,进行冷冻干燥,即得。
作为本发明的优选技术方案,所述饲料A和/或饲料B还包括不高于饲料总重0.005%的防霉剂,所述防霉剂包括苯甲酸、苯甲酸钠、山梨酸、山梨酸钾或富马酸二甲酯。
一般而言,在步骤(1)和步骤(2)中,每天喂饲2次,自由饮水。
本发明的有益效果:
本发明的饲养方法可以显著的提供贵州地方猪从江香猪在断奶之后的日增重,并显著的降低腹泻的发生率,同时依据本发明的方法喂饲的从江香猪具有优秀的肉质。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明进行具体描述,有必要在此指出的是以下实施例只是用于对本发明进行进一步的说明,不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制,该领域的技术熟练人员根据上述发明内容所做出的一些非本质的改进和调整,仍属于本发明的保护范围。
在如下实施例中,所涉及到的茼蒿发酵干燥粉由如下方法获得:
将捣烂后的茼蒿和煮熟捣烂后的土豆,按重量比3:1进行混合,加入无菌水使得固液重量比为2.5:1,以接种量为2%,接种黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)Z-9进行发酵,发酵时,于28~32℃下进行发酵36小时;对发酵所得物沥干水后,进行冷冻干燥,即得茼蒿发酵干燥粉;所述黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)Z-9保藏号为:CGMCC No.11130。
在如下实施中,所涉及到的葡萄籽发酵干燥粉由如下方法获得:
将磨碎之后的葡萄籽粉末和煮烂之后的土豆,按照重量比3:1进行混合,加入无菌水使得固液重量比为2.5:1,以接种量为2%,接种黑曲霉Aspergillus niger YM33182进行发酵,发酵时,于28~32℃下进行发酵36小时;对发酵所得物沥干水后,进行冷冻干燥,即得葡萄籽发酵干燥粉;所述黑曲霉Aspergillus niger YM33182保藏号为:CCTCC No:M206H3。
在如下实施例中,所涉及到的山楂发酵干燥粉由如下方法获得:
将磨碎之后的山楂粉末和煮烂之后的土豆,按照重量比3:1进行混合,加入无菌水使得固液重量比为2.5:1,以接种量为2%,接种黑曲霉Aspergillus niger YM33182进行发酵,发酵时,于28~32℃下进行发酵36小时;对发酵所得物沥干水后,进行冷冻干燥,即得山楂发酵干燥粉;所述黑曲霉Aspergillus niger YM33182保藏号为:CCTCC No:M206H3。
其中,黑曲霉Aspergillus niger YM33182和黑曲霉(Aspergillusniger)Z-9并非本发明通过生物方法刷选或改造所得,而均为市场购买所得。
实施例1
1、实验动物,从江当地饲养场断奶从江香猪仔猪共300头。
2、增重单因素试验
基础饲料配方(w/w):玉米48%、碎米10%、麸皮10%、豆饼10%、鱼粉8%、青料2.5%、碳酸钙0.5%、磷酸钙0.5%、盐0.5%。
饲料添加剂:
表1
取实验动物从江香猪仔猪40头,该批仔猪断奶日为出生并喂饲母乳的第12~14天,将该批仔猪分为4组,每组10头,分别为基础饲料组、茼蒿发酵干燥粉组、葡萄籽发酵干燥粉组和山楂发酵干燥粉组。其中,基础饲料组喂饲基础饲料,茼蒿发酵干燥粉组喂饲向基础饲料添加有不同量(基础饲料总重2~6%)的茼蒿发酵干燥粉复合饲料;葡萄籽发酵干燥粉组喂饲向基础饲料添加有不同量(基础饲料总重2~6%)的葡萄籽发酵干燥粉的复合饲料;山楂发酵干燥粉组喂饲向基础饲料添加有不同量(基础饲料总重2~6%)的山楂发酵干燥粉的复合饲料。喂饲时间为14日,每日喂饲两次,自由饮水,考察日增重情况,结果如表2所示。由表2可知,茼蒿发酵干燥粉和葡萄籽发酵干燥粉,在断奶后2周内,对从江香猪的生长均有促进作用,其中以葡萄籽发酵干燥粉比较明显,而茼蒿发酵干燥粉对日增重影响不明显。
表2
3、复合添加剂预实验
根据单因素实验结果,可知茼蒿发酵干燥粉和葡萄籽发酵干燥粉对从江香猪的生长具有促进作用,发明人进一步考察了分阶段添加上述添加物对于从江香猪生长的影响。本实验选取10头断奶从江香猪仔猪,采用上述增重单因素试验同样的喂饲方法,考察日增重情况,结果如表3所示。根据表3结果所示,以在断奶后头3天向饲料添加茼蒿发酵干燥粉,并在第4天之后向饲料添加葡萄籽发酵干燥粉为宜。
表3
4、各阶段饲料优化实验
经过大量预实验后,将第一阶段(断奶后头3天)的饲料最优配方,按重量份计,确定如下,记为饲料A:
发酵豆粕25份、血浆蛋白粉9份、膨化玉米31份、葡萄糖6份、鱼粉1.8份、茼蒿发酵干燥粉4份、芦根粉末0.2份、柠檬酸0.02份、复方氨基酸0.025份、复方维生素0.015份、有机硒0.015份、富马酸亚铁0.045份、食盐0.025份;
将第二阶段(按从江香猪生长特性,确定为断奶后第4天至第50天)的饲料最优配方,按重量份计,确定如下,记为饲料B:
膨化大豆22份、膨化玉米16份、麦麸8.5份、发酵豆粕21份、鱼粉6份、磷酸氢钙0.3份、山楂粉0.7份、葡萄籽发酵干燥粉2.5份、复方氨基酸0.035份、复方微生物0.02~0.03份、氯化胆碱0.08~0.1份、有机硒0.01~0.02份、富马酸亚铁0.03~0.04份、食盐0.015~0.02份;
其中,复方氨基酸按重量比2:2:1:1,由赖氨酸、色氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸组成,复方维生素按重量比5:2:1:1:3:3,由维生素E、维生素B2、维生素K、叶酸、泛酸和烟酸组成。
取150头断奶从江香猪仔猪,在断奶后头3天喂饲饲料A,第4天至第50天喂饲饲料B,每日喂饲两次,自由饮水,记录日增重情况,结果如表4所示。
表4
5、腹泻率考察
取50头组断奶从江香猪仔猪,仅喂饲基础饲料作为对照组,以按上述第4实验内容的方法喂饲的150头仔猪作为实验组,考察本发明的饲养方法对腹泻率的影响,结果如表5所示。
表5
4、肉质检测
取剩下50头断奶从江香猪仔猪,在按第4实验内容的饲养方法喂饲50天之后,采用农家米糠饲料(配方为:60w/w%米糠、30w/w%玉米粉和10w/w%当季蔬菜)喂饲直至3个月龄,作为实验组1;采用第4实验内容的饲养方法喂饲,并在50天至3个月的时间段,仍喂饲饲料B,作为实验组2。肉质检测结果如表6所示。如表6可知,即使在利用本发明方法喂饲50天之后,仅采用配方最为简单、成本最为低廉的农家米糠饲料进行饲养,所得肉质与继续采用饲料B饲养所得的肉质相比,差别不大。同时,通过考察,即使采用农家米糠饲料喂养至6月龄时,除肌内脂肪与采用饲料B饲养所得猪肉中的肌内脂肪稍低10~15%之外,其余技术指标仍未出现明显不同,所得猪的终末体重也仅比采用饲料B饲养所得猪的体重轻8~10%。这表明,本发明的饲养方法能提高断奶的仔猪的生长水平,并未后续的增重饲养提供良好的基础。
表6
实施例2
在实施例1的基础上,本发明调整了饲料A和饲料B的配方,将饲料A的配方调整如下:
发酵豆粕20份、血浆蛋白粉10份、膨化玉米30份、葡萄糖7份、鱼粉2份、茼蒿发酵干燥粉5份、芦根粉末0.1份、柠檬酸0.01份、复方氨基酸0.02份、复方维生素0.02份、有机硒0.02份、富马酸亚铁0.04份、食盐0.03份;
将饲料B的配方调整如下:
膨化大豆25份、膨化玉米15份、麦麸10份、发酵豆粕22份、鱼粉7份、磷酸氢钙0.2份、山楂粉0.5份、葡萄籽发酵干燥粉2份、复方氨基酸0.03份、复方微生物0.03份、氯化胆碱0.08份、有机硒0.01份、富马酸亚铁0.03份、食盐0.02份。
调整饲料A和饲料B的配方之后,另取30头断奶从江香猪仔猪作为实验动物,按照实施例1的饲养方法,对断奶从江香猪仔猪进行喂饲,喂饲结果发现,在50日龄之内的平均日增重为201±2g/d。
实施例3
在实施例1的基础上,本发明调整了饲料A和饲料B的配方,将饲料A的配方调整如下:
发酵豆粕28份、血浆蛋白粉6份、膨化玉米33份、葡萄糖5份、鱼粉1份、茼蒿发酵干燥粉2份、芦根粉末0.5份、柠檬酸0.03份、复方氨基酸0.03份、复方维生素0.01份、有机硒0.02份、富马酸亚铁0.05份、食盐0.03份;
将饲料B的配方调整如下:
膨化大豆10份、膨化玉米20份、麦麸8份、发酵豆粕20份、鱼粉7份、磷酸氢钙0.2份、山楂粉0.8份、葡萄籽发酵干燥粉3份、复方氨基酸0.04份、复方微生物0.02份、氯化胆碱0.1份、有机硒0.02份、富马酸亚铁0.04份、食盐0.015份。
调整饲料A和饲料B的配方之后,另取30头断奶从江香猪仔猪作为实验动物,按照实施例1的饲养方法,对断奶从江香猪仔猪进行喂饲,喂饲结果发现,在50日龄之内的平均日增重为206±3g/d。
Claims (9)
1.一种贵州地方猪仔猪隔离断乳饲养方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括如下步骤:
(1)在仔猪断奶后头3天内,喂饲饲料A,所述饲料A,按照重量份计,包括如下组分:
发酵豆粕20~28份、血浆蛋白粉6~10份、膨化玉米30~33份、葡萄糖5~7份、鱼粉1~2份、茼蒿发酵干燥粉2~5份、芦根粉末0.1~0.5份、柠檬酸0.01~0.03份、复方氨基酸0.02~0.03份、复方维生素0.01~0.02份、有机硒0.01~0.02份、富马酸亚铁0.04~0.05份、食盐0.02~0.03份;
(2)在断奶后第4天至第50天,喂饲饲料B,所述饲料B,按照重量份计,包括如下组分:
膨化大豆10~25份、膨化玉米15~20份、麦麸8~10份、发酵豆粕20~22份、鱼粉4~7份、磷酸氢钙0.2~0.5份、山楂粉0.5~0.8份、葡萄籽发酵干燥粉2~3份、复方氨基酸0.03~0.04份、复方微生物0.02~0.03份、氯化胆碱0.08~0.1份、有机硒0.01~0.02份、富马酸亚铁0.03~0.04份、食盐0.015~0.02份;
所述茼蒿发酵干燥粉由如下方法获得:将捣烂后的茼蒿和煮熟捣烂后的土豆,按重量比3:1进行混合,加入无菌水使得固液重量比为2.5:1,接种黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)Z-9进行发酵,对发酵产物进行冻干,即得茼蒿发酵干燥粉;所述黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)Z-9保藏号为:CGMCC No.11130;
所述葡萄籽发酵干燥粉由如下方法获得:将磨碎之后的葡萄籽粉末和煮烂之后的土豆,按照重量比3:1进行混合,加入无菌水使得固液重量比为2.5:1,接种黑曲霉Aspergillus niger YM33182进行发酵,对发酵产物进行冻干,即得葡萄籽发酵干燥粉;所述黑曲霉Aspergillus niger YM33182保藏号为:CCTCC No:M206H3;
所述复方氨基酸按重量比(1~3):(1~3):(1~3):(1~3),由赖氨酸、色氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸组成;
所述复方维生素按重量比(3~6):(1~3):(1~3):(1~3):(2~5):(2~5),由维生素E、维生素B2、维生素K、叶酸、泛酸和烟酸组成;
所述贵州地方猪为从江香猪。
2.根据权利要求1所述的饲养方法,其特征在于,所述方法中,所述饲料A,按照重量份计,包括如下组分:
发酵豆粕25份、血浆蛋白粉9份、膨化玉米31份、葡萄糖6份、鱼粉1.8份、茼蒿发酵干燥粉4份、芦根粉末0.2份、柠檬酸0.02份、复方氨基酸0.025份、复方维生素0.015份、有机硒0.015份、富马酸亚铁0.045份、食盐0.025份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的饲养方法,其特征在于,所述方法中,所述饲料B,按照重量份计,包括如下组分:
膨化大豆22份、膨化玉米16份、麦麸8.5份、发酵豆粕21份、鱼粉6份、磷酸氢钙0.3份、山楂粉0.7份、葡萄籽发酵干燥粉2.5份、复方氨基酸0.035份、复方微生物0.02~0.03份、氯化胆碱0.08~0.1份、有机硒0.01~0.02份、富马酸亚铁0.03~0.04份、食盐0.015~0.02份。
4.根据权利要求1所述的饲养方法,其特征在于,所述复方氨基酸按重量比2:2:1:1,由赖氨酸、色氨酸、蛋氨酸和苏氨酸组成。
5.根据权利要求1所述的饲养方法,其特征在于,所述复方维生素按重量比5:2:1:1:3:3,由维生素E、维生素B2、维生素K、叶酸、泛酸和烟酸组成。
6.根据权利要求1所述的饲养方法,其特征在于,在接种黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)Z-9和黑曲霉Aspergillus niger YM33182时,按体积百分数,接种量为2%。
7.根据权利要求1所述的饲养方法,其特征在于,在制备茼蒿发酵干燥粉和/或葡萄籽发酵干燥粉时,进行发酵时,于28~32℃下进行发酵36小时;对发酵所得物沥干水后,进行冷冻干燥,即得。
8.根据权利要求1所述的饲养方法,其特征在于,所述饲料A和/或饲料B还包括不高于饲料总重0.005%的防霉剂,所述防霉剂包括苯甲酸、苯甲酸钠、山梨酸、山梨酸钾或富马酸二甲酯。
9.根据权利要求1所述的饲养方法,其特征在于,在步骤(1)和步骤(2)中,每天喂饲2次,自由饮水。
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