CN112293191A - Cellar type cultivation method for Chinese yam - Google Patents
Cellar type cultivation method for Chinese yam Download PDFInfo
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- CN112293191A CN112293191A CN202011505808.7A CN202011505808A CN112293191A CN 112293191 A CN112293191 A CN 112293191A CN 202011505808 A CN202011505808 A CN 202011505808A CN 112293191 A CN112293191 A CN 112293191A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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Abstract
A cellar type cultivation method of Chinese yam relates to the technical field of Chinese yam cultivation, solves the problem of high labor cost of Chinese yam cultivation, and comprises the following steps of cellar building, field planting, harvesting, overwintering and spring ploughing; the pit ditch can detect the temperature and humidity condition in time, repair and drain in time, and is more stable; is suitable for cultivating long Chinese yam, the tuber of the Chinese yam has high quality, can be continuously cropped and harvested for multiple times, and has high economic benefit; the method does not need one-time centralized harvesting, can harvest Chinese yam tubers at any time according to the needs of the market and the like, and can harvest the Chinese yam tubers from the bottom of 8 months to the beginning of 11 months all the time, and the harvesting time is not centralized, so that the labor intensity of the harvesting period is greatly relieved, the Chinese yam yield is turned over, the quality is high, and the diseases and insect pests of the tubers are well controlled.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a yam cultivation method, in particular to a cellar type yam cultivation method.
Background
The Chinese yam serving as a food material with homology of medicine and food has fresh and comfortable mouthfeel, and the medicinal and health-preserving values of the Chinese yam per se further promote the Chinese yam to become a strong love for countless food enthusiasts and health-preserving people in recent years. From the planting perspective, the Chinese yam is easy to transport and store, the additional value of the Chinese yam product can be improved through secondary processing, and the Chinese yam is a very good choice for internal marketing and export. However, in terms of the current development situation in China, the scale of yam planting is not formed, and the yam planting is only in the starting stage relative to other types of crops. The traditional Chinese yam cultivation mode is characterized in that the rest operation is manual operation except mechanical ditching, the labor intensity is high, the working efficiency is low, and the Chinese yam cultivation scale and the cultivation benefit are severely limited. Particularly, when the Chinese yam is harvested, the labor intensity of manpower is high, the operation efficiency is low, the labor cost is high, the Chinese yam ditches with the length of 60-80 meters can be dug by one strong rural labor force every day, and the harvesting can be completed in about 10 days per mu. The labor cost of harvesting per mu is about 2000 yuan, which seriously restricts the economic benefit of yam planting.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a cellar type cultivation method for Chinese yam, and provides a cultivation method for Chinese yam with more economic planting and harvesting cost. In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a cellar type cultivation method of Chinese yam comprises the following steps:
and (5) building a cellar. The cellar site is selected to be a place with high and dry terrain, low underground water level, convenient drainage and ventilation and sunny exposure, so that the cultivation and the harvesting are convenient; before digging the cellar, marking on the ground, wherein the width of the cellar is required to be 100-120 cm, the length of the cellar is required to be 15-30 m, and the trend of north and south is required; then digging out vertical pit ditches with the depth of 140-150 cm, wherein the interval between every two pit ditches is about 1.5 m; after a pit ditch is dug, transversely erecting cement columns on the pit ditch, wherein the length of each cement column is 150-180 cm, the thickness of each cement column is about 10-15 cm, and the interval between every two cement columns is 60-80 cm; then, a layer of concrete fence plate is paved on the cement column, the paving direction is vertical to the cement column, the width of the concrete fence plate is 50-60 cm, the length of the concrete fence plate is 120-160 cm, and the placing gap of each concrete fence plate is 3-4 cm; after the concrete fence plate is built, a layer of wheat straw or rice straw is laid on the concrete fence plate to prevent broken soil from leaking into the cellar; paving the nutrient soil on the concrete fence plate, and piling the nutrient soil into a high bed with the height of 25-30 cm; an entrance and an exit are respectively reserved at two ends of the cultivation cellar, the entrance and the exit are not smaller than 50 cm square, the entrance is covered with wood boards for sealing, the dark state in the cultivation cellar is kept, and cement boards and nutrient soil are not paved on the entrance and the exit.
Furthermore, the hygrothermograph is respectively installed at the bottom of the cellar, in the cellar, at the top of the cellar and at different positions in front of, in the cellar and behind the cellar, the temperature and the humidity of different positions of the cellar are monitored in real time, and the cellar is prevented from being damaged and accumulated water cannot be found in time.
Furthermore, a drainage ditch with a certain depth is dug at the front part or the rear part of the pit ditch, if water is accumulated in the pit, the accumulated water can enter the drainage ditch through penetration, and workers can conveniently judge whether the water is accumulated in the pit.
Furthermore, a layer of water absorbing material is paved in a certain depth below the bottom of the pit, and the water absorbing material is preferably water absorbing epoxy resin and is used for absorbing excessive water.
Furthermore, the heat preservation layers are arranged at the top and two sides of the pit ditch, so that the temperature of the pit ditch is improved.
And (6) planting. The seed potatoes adopt long Chinese yams, the seed potatoes are subjected to germination acceleration before field planting, and the germination acceleration method is the same as the conventional cultivation technology of the Chinese yams; the planting is carried out when the ground temperature is stable above 12 ℃, the minimum temperature can not exceed 10 ℃,
setting out and planting on the built cultivation pit ridge surface, planting 4 lines of Chinese yams in each pit along the pit length direction, arranging according to the large and small line distances, keeping the large line distance at about 50 cm, keeping the small line distance at about 30 cm, keeping the large line distance in the middle and keeping the small line distances at the two sides; digging a shallow trench with the depth of 6-8 cm on the laid line, flatly placing the seed potatoes in the trench along the direction of the trench according to the plant spacing of 20-25 cm, and then, covering the shallow trench with soil and lightly pressing the shallow trench; 450-500 Chinese yams can be planted in the cultivation cellar with the length of 30 meters generally, and conventional management can be performed after the Chinese yams are planted.
Furthermore, after the stems and tendrils of the Chinese yam climb to the top of the rack, a plant growth regulator is sprayed in time to inhibit over-vigorous vegetative growth, and the plant growth regulator plays a certain role in reducing the number of Chinese yam beans, reducing the nutrient consumption, enabling more nutrients to be transferred to roots and promoting the tuberous roots to expand.
And (6) harvesting. When the overground part stems and leaves of the Chinese yam are withered and yellow and die, the Chinese yam can be harvested or earlier, but the harvesting cannot be carried out earlier until the overground part stems and leaves of the Chinese yam plant begin to yellow, otherwise the yield and the quality of the current season and the yield and the quality of the next crop are greatly influenced and are not calculated; during collection, the wood boards at the two ends of the pit are opened, ventilation is carried out for 2-3 hours or more according to conditions, and the wood boards are drilled into the pit for collection after the accumulated waste toxic gas in the cultivation pit is completely discharged; after entering the cultivation cellar, checking whether the near cellar top is firm or not, lifting the cement fence plate upwards by hands to see whether the cement fence plate shakes or not, and checking whether a large-area soil leakage phenomenon occurs or not, wherein if the cement fence plate does not shake, the cultivation cellar can be considered to be safe, and then the cultivation cellar can be deeply accessed for harvesting;
when in collection, one hand is used for grasping the upper part of the Chinese yam tuber, the other hand is used for grasping the middle part of the Chinese yam tuber, then the tuber is broken off at a position 6 cm away from the cement fence plate, the tuber is required to be cared for swinging back and forth and pulled down, otherwise, a large amount of soil blocks are easily leaked into the cultivation scents, the personal safety of a collector is influenced, and the operation inconvenience is also caused for collecting other tubers; when the Chinese yam tubers are harvested in the cellar, attention is paid to the fact that Chinese yam plantlets which are left on the top of the cellar and are not harvested cannot be damaged; after harvesting, carefully loading the removed yam tubers into a basket and transporting the yam tubers out of the cultivation cellar, and opening a cellar door plate to ventilate after the yam tubers are out of the cellar to reduce the relative humidity of air in the cultivation cellar and promote the wound of the broken surface of the yam seedlings to heal as soon as possible.
Overwintering and spring ploughing. Before winter cold flow comes, the cellar door plate is sealed again to prevent cold air from blowing into the cultivation cellar to freeze the yam seedlings, and meanwhile, rice straws, wheat straws and the like are paved on the ridge surface outside the cellar top, wherein the general paving thickness is 5-10 cm, so that the yam seedlings can be protected from safely overwintering in the cultivation cellar; taking away the rice straw, wheat straw and other coverings in the 4 th month of the second year, and applying 5-10 kg of thoroughly decomposed compost, 50 g of diammonium phosphate, 50 g of urea, 150 g of potassium sulfate and 5 g of trace elements on each square meter of the soil bed, wherein the rest field management work is the same as that in the first year; and after 9 months, the second batch of Chinese yam tubers can be harvested, the Chinese yam tubers can be harvested for three years continuously by adopting a cellar type cultivation method, the seed potatoes and nutrient soil need to be replaced after the third batch is harvested, otherwise, the continuous batch is too long, and the normal growth of the Chinese yams is not facilitated.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects: the pit ditch can detect the temperature and humidity condition in time, repair and drain in time, and is more stable; is suitable for cultivating long Chinese yam, the tuber of the Chinese yam has high quality, can be continuously cropped and harvested for multiple times, and has high economic benefit; the method does not need one-time centralized harvesting, can harvest Chinese yam tubers at any time according to the needs of the market and the like, and can harvest the Chinese yam tubers from the bottom of 8 months to the beginning of 11 months all the time, and the harvesting time is not centralized, so that the labor intensity of the harvesting period is greatly relieved, the Chinese yam yield is turned over, the quality is high, and the diseases and insect pests of the tubers are well controlled.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood by those skilled in the art, the present invention is further described below with reference to specific examples.
A cellar type cultivation method of Chinese yam comprises the following steps:
and (5) building a cellar. The cellar site is selected to be a place with high and dry terrain, low underground water level, convenient drainage and ventilation and sunny exposure, so that the cultivation and the harvesting are convenient; before digging the cellar, marking on the ground, wherein the width of the cellar is 110 cm, the length of the cellar is 18 m, and the trend of north and south is that; then digging out vertical pit ditches with the depth of 150 cm, wherein the interval between every two pit ditches is 1.3 m; after the pit ditch is dug, transversely erecting cement columns on the pit ditch, wherein the length of each cement column is 160 cm, the thickness of each cement column is about 12 cm, and the interval between every two cement columns is 70 cm; then, a layer of concrete fence plate is paved on the cement column, the paving direction is vertical to the cement column, the width of the concrete fence plate is 55 cm, the length of the concrete fence plate is 130 cm, and the placing gap of each concrete fence plate is 3 cm; after the concrete fence plate is built, a layer of wheat straw or rice straw is laid on the concrete fence plate to prevent broken soil from leaking into the cellar; preparing nutrient soil, namely mixing and uniformly stirring common disease-free garden soil and fully decomposed organic fertilizer according to the proportion of 5:1, simultaneously adding 100 g of diammonium phosphate, 50 g of urea, 150 g of potassium sulfate and 5 g of trace elements into each cubic meter of nutrient soil, and paving and stacking the nutrient soil on a concrete fence board to form a high ridge with the height of 28 cm; an entrance and an exit are respectively reserved at two ends of the cultivation cellar, the entrance and the exit are 60 cm square, the entrance is tightly sealed by covering wood plates, the dark state in the cultivation cellar is kept, and cement plates and nutrient soil are not paved on the entrance and the exit.
Furthermore, the hygrothermograph is respectively installed at the bottom of the cellar, in the cellar, at the top of the cellar and at different positions in front of, in the cellar and behind the cellar, the temperature and the humidity of different positions of the cellar are monitored in real time, and the cellar is prevented from being damaged and accumulated water cannot be found in time.
Furthermore, a drainage ditch with the depth of 180 cm is dug at the front part of the pit ditch, and if water is accumulated in the pit, the accumulated water can enter the drainage ditch through permeation, so that workers can conveniently judge whether the water is accumulated in the pit.
Furthermore, a layer of water-absorbing epoxy resin is paved at a position 30 cm below the bottom of the pit for absorbing excessive water.
Furthermore, the heat preservation layers are arranged at the top and two sides of the pit ditch, so that the temperature of the pit ditch is improved.
And (6) planting. The seed potatoes adopt long Chinese yams, the seed potatoes are subjected to germination acceleration before field planting, and the germination acceleration method is the same as the conventional cultivation technology of the Chinese yams; the field planting is carried out when the ground temperature is stable at 14 ℃, the line is laid on the surface of the built cultivation pit bed, 4 lines of Chinese yam are planted in each pit along the pit length direction, the Chinese yam is arranged according to the line spacing of the big line spacing and the small line spacing, the big line spacing is kept about 50 cm, the small line spacing is kept about 30 cm, the middle part is the big line spacing, and the two sides are the small line spacing; digging a shallow trench with the depth of 7 cm on the laid line, horizontally placing the seed potatoes in the trench along the direction of the trench according to the plant spacing of 22 cm, and then, covering the shallow trench with soil and lightly pressing the shallow trench; and performing conventional management after planting.
Furthermore, after the stems and tendrils of the Chinese yam climb to the top of the rack, a plant growth regulator is sprayed in time to inhibit over-vigorous vegetative growth, and the plant growth regulator plays a certain role in reducing the number of Chinese yam beans, reducing the nutrient consumption, enabling more nutrients to be transferred to roots and promoting the tuberous roots to expand.
And (6) harvesting. When the overground stem leaves of the Chinese yam are dry and yellow, the Chinese yam can be harvested, the wood boards at two ends of the pit ditch are firstly opened when the Chinese yam is harvested, ventilation is carried out for 3 hours according to the situation, and the Chinese yam is drilled into the pit to be harvested after the waste toxic gas accumulated in the pit is completely discharged; after entering the cultivation cellar, checking whether the near cellar top is firm or not; when the Chinese yam tuber is collected, one hand is used for grasping the upper part of the Chinese yam tuber, the other hand is used for grasping the middle part of the Chinese yam tuber, and then the tuber is broken off and taken down at a position 6 cm away from the cement fence plate; after harvesting, carefully loading the removed yam tubers into a basket and transporting the yam tubers out of the cultivation cellar, and opening a cellar door plate to ventilate after the yam tubers are out of the cellar to reduce the relative humidity of air in the cultivation cellar and promote the wound of the broken surface of the yam seedlings to heal as soon as possible.
Overwintering and spring ploughing. Before winter cold flow comes, the cellar door plate is sealed again to prevent cold air from blowing into the cultivation cellar to freeze the yam seedlings, and meanwhile, rice straws, wheat straws and the like are paved on the ridge surface outside the cellar top, wherein the general paving thickness is 6 cm, so that the yam seedlings can be protected from safely overwintering in the cultivation cellar; taking the rice straw, wheat straw and other coverings away from the second year at the beginning of 4 months, applying 8 kg of thoroughly decomposed compost, 50 g of diammonium phosphate, 50 g of urea, 150 g of potassium sulfate and 5 g of trace elements on each square meter of the soil bed, and keeping the rest field management work the same as that of the first year; and after 9 months, the second batch of Chinese yam tubers can be harvested, the Chinese yam tubers can be harvested for three years continuously by adopting a cellar type cultivation method, the seed potatoes and nutrient soil need to be replaced after the third batch is harvested, otherwise, the continuous batch is too long, and the normal growth of the Chinese yams is not facilitated.
The technical solutions of the present invention or similar technical solutions designed by those skilled in the art based on the teachings of the technical solutions of the present invention are all within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A cellar type cultivation method of Chinese yam is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) constructing a cellar, wherein the cellar site is selected to be a place with high and dry terrain, low underground water level, convenient drainage and ventilation and exposed to the sun, and is convenient for cultivation and harvesting; before digging the cellar, marking on the ground, wherein the width of the cellar is required to be 100-120 cm, the length of the cellar is required to be 15-30 m, and the trend of north and south is required; then digging out vertical pit ditches with the depth of 140-150 cm, wherein the interval between every two pit ditches is about 1.5 m; after a pit ditch is dug, transversely erecting cement columns on the pit ditch, wherein the length of each cement column is 150-180 cm, the thickness of each cement column is about 10-15 cm, and the interval between every two cement columns is 60-80 cm; then, a layer of concrete fence plate is paved on the cement column, the paving direction is vertical to the cement column, the width of the concrete fence plate is 50-60 cm, the length of the concrete fence plate is 120-160 cm, and the placing gap of each concrete fence plate is 3-4 cm; after the concrete fence plate is built, a layer of wheat straw or rice straw is laid on the concrete fence plate to prevent broken soil from leaking into the cellar; paving the nutrient soil on the concrete fence plate, and piling the nutrient soil into a high bed with the height of 25-30 cm; an entrance and an exit are respectively reserved at two ends of the cultivation cellar, the entrance and the exit are not smaller than 50 cm square, the entrance is covered with a wood plate for sealing, the dark state in the cultivation cellar is kept, and no cement plate and nutrient soil are paved on the entrance and the exit;
2) planting, wherein long Chinese yams are adopted for potato seeds, the potato seeds are subjected to germination acceleration before planting, and the germination acceleration method is the same as the conventional cultivation technology of the Chinese yams; the planting is carried out when the ground temperature is stable above 12 ℃, the minimum temperature can not exceed 10 ℃,
setting out and planting on the built cultivation pit ridge surface, planting 4 lines of Chinese yams in each pit along the pit length direction, arranging according to the large and small line distances, keeping the large line distance at about 50 cm, keeping the small line distance at about 30 cm, keeping the large line distance in the middle and keeping the small line distances at the two sides; digging a shallow trench with the depth of 6-8 cm on the laid line, flatly placing the seed potatoes in the trench along the direction of the trench according to the plant spacing of 20-25 cm, and then, covering the shallow trench with soil and lightly pressing the shallow trench; 450-500 Chinese yams can be planted in the cultivation cellar with the length of 30 meters, and conventional management can be performed after the Chinese yams are planted;
3) harvesting, namely harvesting the Chinese yam when the overground part stems and leaves of the Chinese yam are withered, yellow and dry, or earlier, but the harvesting cannot be carried out earlier than the earlier time when the overground part stems and leaves of the Chinese yam plant begin to yellow, otherwise, the harvesting has great influence on the current season yield and quality and the succeeding crop yield and quality, and is not cost effective; during collection, the wood boards at the two ends of the pit are opened, ventilation is carried out for 2-3 hours or more according to conditions, and the wood boards are drilled into the pit for collection after the accumulated waste toxic gas in the cultivation pit is completely discharged; after entering the cultivation cellar, checking whether the near cellar top is firm or not, lifting the cement fence plate upwards by hands to see whether the cement fence plate shakes or not, and checking whether a large-area soil leakage phenomenon occurs or not, wherein if the cement fence plate does not shake, the cultivation cellar can be considered to be safe, and then the cultivation cellar can be deeply accessed for harvesting;
when in collection, one hand is used for grasping the upper part of the Chinese yam tuber, the other hand is used for grasping the middle part of the Chinese yam tuber, then the tuber is broken off at a position 6 cm away from the cement fence plate, the tuber is required to be cared for swinging back and forth and pulled down, otherwise, a large amount of soil blocks are easily leaked into the cultivation scents, the personal safety of a collector is influenced, and the operation inconvenience is also caused for collecting other tubers; when the Chinese yam tubers are harvested in the cellar, attention is paid to the fact that Chinese yam plantlets which are left on the top of the cellar and are not harvested cannot be damaged; after harvesting, carefully loading the removed yam tubers into a basket and transporting the yam tubers out of the cultivation cellar, and opening a cellar door plate to ventilate after the yam tubers are out of the cellar to reduce the relative humidity of air in the cultivation cellar and promote the wound of the broken surface of the yam seedlings to heal as soon as possible;
4) the method comprises the steps of overwintering and spring ploughing, wherein before a cold flow comes in winter, a cellar door plate is sealed again to prevent cold air from blowing into a cultivation cellar to freeze out yam plantlets, and meanwhile, rice straws, wheat straws and the like are paved on the surface of a ridge outside the cellar top, wherein the paving thickness is 5-10 cm, so that the yam plantlets can be protected from safely overwintering in the cultivation cellar; taking away the rice straw, wheat straw and other coverings in the 4 th month of the second year, and applying 5-10 kg of thoroughly decomposed compost, 50 g of diammonium phosphate, 50 g of urea, 150 g of potassium sulfate and 5 g of trace elements on each square meter of the soil bed, wherein the rest field management work is the same as that in the first year; and after 9 months, the second batch of Chinese yam tubers can be harvested, the Chinese yam tubers can be harvested for three years continuously by adopting a cellar type cultivation method, the seed potatoes and nutrient soil need to be replaced after the third batch is harvested, otherwise, the continuous batch is too long, and the normal growth of the Chinese yams is not facilitated.
2. The cellar type cultivation method of Chinese yam as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 1), hygrothermographs are respectively installed at different positions of the bottom, the middle, the top and the front, the middle and the rear of the cellar, so as to monitor the temperature and the humidity of different positions of the cellar in real time and prevent the cellar from being damaged and accumulated water from being discovered in time.
3. The cellar-type cultivation method of Chinese yam as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 1) a drainage ditch with a certain depth is dug at the front part or the rear part of the cellar, if water is accumulated in the cellar, the accumulated water can enter the drainage ditch by penetration, so that workers can conveniently judge whether the water is accumulated in the cellar.
4. The cellar type cultivation method of Chinese yam as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 1), a layer of water-absorbing material is laid in a certain depth below the bottom of the cellar, and the water-absorbing material is preferably water-absorbing epoxy resin and is used for absorbing excessive water.
5. The cellar type cultivation method of Chinese yam as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 1), heat preservation layers are arranged on the top and two sides of the cellar, so that the temperature of the cellar is increased.
6. The cellar type cultivation method of Chinese yam as claimed in claim 1, wherein in step 2), after the stem and tendrils of Chinese yam climb to the top of the rack, plant growth regulators are sprayed in time to inhibit over-vigorous vegetative growth, so that the method plays a certain role in reducing the number of Chinese yam beans, reduces the nutrient consumption, transfers more nutrients to roots and promotes the expansion of the root tubers.
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| JPS6371121A (en) * | 1986-09-11 | 1988-03-31 | 住友化学工業株式会社 | Mass production of yam brood bud by tissue culture |
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