CN114747416A - Cultivation method for improving olive oil quality in summer rain type climate - Google Patents
Cultivation method for improving olive oil quality in summer rain type climate Download PDFInfo
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- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 238000012364 cultivation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims abstract description 46
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 110
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims description 29
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000013138 pruning Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 14
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000013589 supplement Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000003973 irrigation Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000002262 irrigation Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- KMQAPZBMEMMKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-K calcium;magnesium;phosphate Chemical group [Mg+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O KMQAPZBMEMMKSS-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- JNVCSEDACVAATK-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Ca+2].[S-]SSS[S-] Chemical compound [Ca+2].[S-]SSS[S-] JNVCSEDACVAATK-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002686 phosphate fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims description 6
- RDXARWSSOJYNLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [P].[K] Chemical compound [P].[K] RDXARWSSOJYNLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- QYHKLBKLFBZGAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron magnesium Chemical compound [B].[Mg] QYHKLBKLFBZGAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000009333 weeding Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005866 Lime sulphur Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000006806 disease prevention Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP(O)([O-])=O.OP(O)([O-])=O YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019691 monocalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 240000007817 Olea europaea Species 0.000 description 19
- 241000219873 Vicia Species 0.000 description 12
- 235000002725 Olea europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001502 supplementing effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003621 irrigation water Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241001621841 Alopecurus myosuroides Species 0.000 description 2
- GTUNMKRGRHOANR-UHFFFAOYSA-N [B].[Ca] Chemical compound [B].[Ca] GTUNMKRGRHOANR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YUWBVKYVJWNVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[P] Chemical compound [N].[P] YUWBVKYVJWNVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000035558 fertility Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- YYGNTYWPHWGJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N (6E,10E,14E,18E)-2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene Chemical compound CC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCCC(C)=CCCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)CCC=C(C)C YYGNTYWPHWGJRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001546929 Campsis grandiflora Species 0.000 description 1
- BHEOSNUKNHRBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetramethylsqualene Natural products CC(=C)C(C)CCC(=C)C(C)CCC(C)=CCCC=C(C)CCC(C)C(=C)CCC(C)C(C)=C BHEOSNUKNHRBNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YMKIRWHSXOBLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mg].[P].[Ca] Chemical compound [Mg].[P].[Ca] YMKIRWHSXOBLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003899 bactericide agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000031018 biological processes and functions Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium;phosphoric acid Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP(O)(O)=O.OP(O)(O)=O YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PRAKJMSDJKAYCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecahydrosqualene Natural products CC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCCC(C)CCCC(C)CCCC(C)C PRAKJMSDJKAYCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000447 pesticide residue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008442 polyphenolic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000013824 polyphenols Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940031439 squalene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- TUHBEKDERLKLEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N squalene Natural products CC(=CCCC(=CCCC(=CCCC=C(/C)CCC=C(/C)CC=C(C)C)C)C)C TUHBEKDERLKLEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002426 superphosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009469 supplementation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
- Fertilizing (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method for improving the quality of olive oil in a rainy climate in summer, and belongs to the field of plant cultivation management. According to the cultivation method for improving the quality of the olive oil in summer rain type climate, organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and lime are supplemented through planting green manure, and the organic matters in the soil are supplemented in time; by covering the black and white film, the black part faces downwards and upwards, the illumination under the tree is increased, the oxygen content in the soil is increased, the water content of the soil can be reduced in rainy season, and the oil content is improved. The method can effectively solve the problems that pesticide is easy to remain, organic matters in soil are insufficient, the water content of the soil is high, and the quality and the oil content of the produced olive oil are relatively low in the traditional olive oil planting method.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of plant cultivation management, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for improving the quality of olive oil in summer rain type climate.
Background
The olive oil is the only cold-pressed oil in the vegetable oil, the nutritional ingredients in the olive oil are well preserved, and the olive oil contains a large amount of beneficial nutritional elements such as polyphenol, squalene and the like, so that the olive oil can reduce blood fat and blood sugar after being eaten for a long time, is beneficial to the nutritional maintenance of middle-aged and elderly people, and the like, and is widely introduced and cultivated in various countries in the world.
The main production area of the olive is in winter rain type climate, the original production area of the olive is in winter rain type climate, and the summer rain type climate of our country produces great changes on the planting, cultivating and managing of the olive tree. In summer rain type climate, rainwater is more in the grease accumulation period, and the water content of olive fruits is high, so that the oil content of the olive fruits is far lower than that of the original place; in addition, rainwater is more in summer, the temperature and the humidity are high, the olive tree water-saving control method is suitable for disease and pest breeding, and is beneficial to weed growth to influence the normal growth of olive trees, so that a lot of pesticide and bactericide and herbicide are needed to be applied for control, the environment is polluted, microorganisms in soil are destroyed, and the quality of olive oil is influenced.
In addition, the content of organic matters in soil, which is the representative of the soil fertility, is one of the important indexes for measuring the soil fertility. The organic fertilizer can promote soil to form a granular structure, improve the conditions of physical, chemical and biological processes of the soil, improve the absorption performance and the buffering performance of the soil, further greatly improve the quality of output, and the soil with too low organic matter has low soil immunity, is easy to harden and acidify, and is easy to get ill. Along with the growth of olive trees, organic matters in soil are consumed, the content of the organic matters is less and less, a large amount of organic fertilizers are needed to be applied in a supplementing mode, the common method for supplementing the organic matters in the soil is to manually supplement the organic fertilizers, the input manpower and material resources are large, the supplementing mode is uneven, and the planting cost is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are that the traditional olive planting method is easy to leave pesticide residues, the soil is insufficient in organic matters, the soil has more water content, and the produced olive oil has relatively low quality and oil content.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: a cultivation method for improving the quality of olive oil in summer rain type climate comprises the following steps:
a. land preparation and ridging: preparing nutrient soil and ridging;
b. planting: determining plant row spacing, digging pits, fertilizing, planting, watering roots, fixing, distributing drip irrigation belts and covering ground cloth;
c. management of saplings: managing fertilizer and water, fixing the trunk, pruning and planting green manure;
d. managing high-yield trees: expanding ridges, managing fertilizer and water, pruning, planting green manure, loosening soil, covering grass prevention cloth, and preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests;
in the step c, planting the green manure is planting leguminous green manure, and uniformly rotating the green manure by using a rotary cultivator every time when the seeds of the green manure are mature; in the step d, the green manure planted in the step c is harvested, dried in the sun, stacked under the trees and screwed into the soil when the soil is loosened in the ridge chambers;
in the step b, the covering ground cloth is covered with weeding cloth at the ridge width part; and d, covering the weed control cloth on the wide part of the original ridge, covering the newly expanded ridge with a black and white film, wherein the black surface is below and the white surface is above when the black and white film is covered.
In the step a, the prepared nutrient soil is 3-4 tons of organic fertilizer per mu, 190 plus 210 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer per mu and 190 plus 210 kilograms of lime per mu, and the mixture is uniformly rotated by a rotary cultivator; ridging with surface soil, wherein the width of the ridge is 1/5-1/4 of row spacing, the height of the ridge is 40-50cm, and the distance between the ridges is 4-7 m.
Further, in the step a, the prepared nutrient soil is 3 tons of organic fertilizer per mu, 200 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer per mu and 200 kilograms of lime per mu, and the mixture is uniformly rotated by a rotary cultivator.
Furthermore, the phosphate fertilizer is a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer for acid soil, and the superphosphate is used for alkaline soil.
In the step b, the row spacing is 4-7m, and the plant spacing is 1.5-5 m; the size of the excavation pit is 30 x 30 cm; the fertilizer is applied to 1-1.5Kg of conventional compound fertilizer per plant.
In the step c, the fertilizer water management is that the nitrogen fertilizer is taken as the main material and the phosphorus potassium fertilizer is taken as the auxiliary material for the first year and the second year; in the third year, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used, phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is used as an auxiliary fertilizer, and calcium fertilizer, magnesium fertilizer and boron fertilizer are applied at the same time; the water replenishing is performed once per month, twice per month, three times per month in 2, once per month in 3, once per week from 4 months to rainy season, once per 7-10 days in case of drought, and once per half month after the rainy season is over.
In the step c, the fixed trunk is in a single cone tree shape with the plant spacing less than 3 meters, three main branches are adopted with the plant spacing more than 3 meters, and the lateral branches are arranged at the position 1-1.2m of the trunk.
In the step d, the ridge expansion is to expand the ridge width to half of the row spacing; pruning is mainly based on bud picking, and the tree height is controlled to be 2/3 of the line spacing; the soil loosening is 10-12 cm in depth near the trunk, and 15-20 cm in depth outside the ridge expanding.
Further, before loosening the soil, a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, lime and a compound fertilizer are applied additionally.
In the step d, the fertilizer water management is to mainly use nitrogen fertilizer before blooming and additionally apply boron magnesium fertilizer; during fruit strengthening, potassium fertilizer is taken as a main fertilizer, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are taken as auxiliary fertilizers, and calcium and boron fertilizers are applied additionally; when the winter tube fertilizer finishes loosening, applying a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and a common compound fertilizer; the water supplement is 1 month, 2 months and 3 months for three times every year, the water supplement is performed once a week from 4 months to a rainy season, if the water supplement is performed once every 7 to 10 days in a drought, the water supplement is not performed after the rainy season is finished.
In the step d, the pest control is implemented by adopting a lime sulfur mixture source in 1 month after pruning every year; in late 6 months, half-amount Bora liquid is used for disease prevention, and 2 pest control lamps are installed per mu for pest control; and (4) in late 12 months, applying lime sulfur mixture to prevent and control diseases and pests.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the cultivation method for improving the quality of the olive oil in the summer rain type climate, organic matter nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and lime are supplemented through planting green manure, so that organic matter in soil is supplemented in time; by covering the black-white film, the black part faces downwards and upwards, the illumination under the trees is increased, the oxygen content in the soil is increased, the water content of the soil can be reduced in rainy seasons, and the oil content is improved.
The method for supplementing the soil organic matters is simple, does not need manual massive supplementation of organic fertilizers, and has low cost and high benefit; the fertilization method and the pest control method adopted by the invention can not pollute the environment and can not destroy microorganisms in the soil, thereby better controlling the quality of the olive.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention can be specifically implemented as follows.
A cultivation method for improving the quality of olive oil in summer rain type climate comprises the following steps:
a. land preparation and ridging: preparing nutrient soil and ridging;
b. planting: determining plant row spacing, digging pits, fertilizing, planting, watering roots, fixing, distributing drip irrigation belts and covering ground cloth;
c. management of saplings: managing fertilizer and water, fixing the trunk, pruning and planting green manure;
d. managing high-yield trees: expanding ridges, managing fertilizer and water, pruning, planting green manure, loosening soil, covering grass prevention cloth and preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests.
The specific implementation mode of the step a for soil preparation and ridging is as follows:
(1) preparing nutrient soil: 3 tons of organic fertilizer per mu, 200 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer per mu (calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer for acid soil and calcium superphosphate for alkaline soil), 200 kilograms of lime per mu and uniform rotation by a rotary cultivator;
(2) ridging: ridging with surface soil, wherein the width of each ridge is 1-1.8m, the height of each ridge is 40-50cm, and the distance between the ridges is 4-7 m.
The planting in the step b comprises the following specific implementation modes:
(1) determining the row spacing of plants: the row spacing is 4-7m, and the plant spacing is 1.5-5 m;
(2) digging a pit: the size of the excavation pit is 30 x 30 cm;
(3) fertilizing: applying 1-1.5kg of compound fertilizer to each plant around the pit;
(4) planting: selecting improved olive pot seedlings with height of 80-100m and ground diameter of 0.6-0.8cm, and planting with aligned plants horizontally and vertically;
(5) watering roots: each plant is made into a water ring of about 50 centimeters, so that root fixing water can be conveniently poured, the plant can be thoroughly poured, and the water ring can be leveled after three days;
(6) fixing: the method is characterized in that a 0.6-0.8cm reinforcing bar is adopted to carry out stem fixing on the saplings to prevent the saplings from lodging, the saplings are inserted into the ground for 40-50cm and the overground part is 0.9-1.1 m, the saplings are not easy to be tense and too loose when being fixedly bound, the saplings are not inclined to the east and west, and the reinforcing bar is removed when the diameter of the saplings reaches more than 6 cm;
(7) distributing a drip irrigation tape: two sides of the tree are arranged on the ridge, and two drip irrigation pipes are laid along the ridge;
(8) covering a ground fabric: the whole ridge is covered by grass-proof cloth, the junction of the tree and the steel bar can not expose the soil, and a drainage ditch with the depth of 30-40 cm is dug in the position close to the ground.
The specific implementation manner of management of the saplings in the step c is as follows:
(1) and (3) fertilizer and water management: the fertilization is carried out once a month, nitrogen fertilizer is taken as the main fertilizer and phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is taken as the auxiliary fertilizer in the first and second years, nitrogen fertilizer is taken as the main fertilizer and phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is taken as the auxiliary fertilizer in the third year, and calcium fertilizer, magnesium fertilizer and boron fertilizer are applied at the same time; the water is replenished once every 1 month, 2 times every 2 months, 3 times every 3 months, once a week in 4 months-rainy season, if the water is replenished once every 7-10 days in the case of dry climate, and once every half month after the rainy season is over;
(2) and (3) fixed dry trimming: setting stem with plant spacing less than 3 m and single conic tree form, setting stem with more than 3 m and three main branches with side branches in 1-1.2m position; the pruning is mainly to bud in spring, summer and autumn, and simultaneously, if trees bear fruits in the first two years, all fruits are pruned within 5 months, and in the third year, proper fruiting can be realized, but each fruit is controlled within 5 kg;
(3) planting green manure: the planting green manure is the leguminous green manure, and the green manure is uniformly rotated by a rotary cultivator every time when the seeds of the green manure are mature, so that the green manure is grown in a high yield period in two years;
wherein the one year is from the beginning of winter management to the end of fruit picking in the second year.
The specific implementation manner of the high yield tree management in the step d is as follows:
(1) and (3) ridge expanding: uniformly rotating flat ground among ridges by using a large rotary cultivator, expanding the surface layer to half of the row spacing along the original ridge width, continuously digging drainage ditches with the depth of about 30cm at two sides of the ridge with the height of 60-80cm, and paving four drip irrigation pipes along the ridge, wherein each side is provided with two drip irrigation pipes;
(2) and (3) fertilizer and water management: the fertilization is mainly performed by nitrogen fertilizer before blooming, and boron-magnesium fertilizer is applied additionally; during fruit strengthening, potassium fertilizer is taken as a main fertilizer, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are taken as auxiliary fertilizers, and calcium and boron fertilizers are applied; when the winter tube fertilizer finishes loosening, applying a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and a common compound fertilizer; the water is added once every 1 month, 2 months and 3 months every year, and once a week in 4 months-rainy season, if the water is added once every 7-10 days in the case of dry climate, the water is not added after the rainy season is over;
(3) trimming: referring to CN102884952B, a pruning method for improving the fruit bearing amount of olive trees, which is characterized in that the crowns of the plants cannot cross and a distance of 30-50 cm is reserved for ventilation and light transmission;
(4) planting green manure: c, planting green manure, namely harvesting, drying in the sun, stacking the green manure planted in the step c under trees, and screwing the green manure into soil when loosening the soil in ridge boxes;
(5) loosening the soil: loosening the soil on the ridges by using a rotary cultivator, screwing green manure on the surface of the soil into the soil, wherein the soil loosening depth near the trunk is 10-12 cm, the soil loosening depth outside the expanded ridges is 15-20 cm, and the calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer, lime and compound fertilizer are applied before loosening the soil according to the principle that the soil is shallow to deep from inside to outside;
(6) covering with grass protection cloth: covering the weed control cloth by covering the weed control cloth on the wide part of the original ridge, covering the new ridge expanding part with a black and white film, wherein the black surface is below and the white surface is above when the black and white film is covered; removing the weeding cloth and the black and white film after the rainy season is finished every year, and paving the weeding cloth and the black and white film again after the soil is loosened;
(7) and (3) pest control: adopting a lime sulfur mixture source in 1 month after pruning every year to prevent and control diseases and pests; in late 6 months, half-amount Bora liquid is used for disease prevention, and 2 pest control lamps are installed per mu for pest control; and (4) in late 12 months, applying lime sulfur mixture to prevent and control diseases and pests.
The technical solution and effects of the present invention will be further described below by way of practical examples.
Examples
Example 1
a, soil preparation: 3 tons of organic fertilizer, 200 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer (calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer for acid soil) and 200 kilograms of lime are uniformly rotated by a rotary cultivator in 11 months and 3 days in 2014, and ridging is carried out in 11 months and 4 days (surface soil is used for ridging, the distance between the ridges and the center of the ridge is 6 meters, the ridge height is 40-50cm, and the ridge width is 1.5 m);
b, planting: 4 meters of plant spacing in 12 months and 10 days in 2014, digging resistance, applying 1.5 kilograms of compound fertilizer to each plant around a pit, selecting high-quality olive pot seedlings (the variety is Kraccha two-compartment, Abu Sangna two-compartment and Kerathi two-compartment cyclic planting) with the height of 80-100 centimeters and the ground diameter of 0.6-0.8 centimeters thick, aligning the plants during planting, simultaneously making a water ring with the diameter of 50 centimeters and the depth of 15 centimeters, watering the fixed root water thoroughly in time, returning the water ring in 13 months, drying the seedlings by using a reinforcing rod with the length of 1.5 meters to prevent the seedlings from lodging, laying a pipe in the center of the ridge, covering the whole ridge by using grass-proof cloth (the junction of the tree and the reinforcing rod cannot expose the soil), and digging a drainage ditch with the width of 30cm and the depth of 40 cm at a position close to ground;
c, young tree management: managing fertilizer and water (drip irrigation water replenishing and fertilizer supplementing are carried out in 2015 and 2016, nitrogen fertilizer is taken as a main material, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is taken as an auxiliary material, N is taken as a main material and PK is taken as an auxiliary material in 2017, and calcium fertilizer, magnesium fertilizer and boron fertilizer are applied at the same time); fixing the trunk and pruning: in 2015, a fixed trunk at 11 months and 10 is in a three-main-branch open-heart type, and lateral branches are 1-1.2 meters in height; pruning, namely performing bud picking pruning at any time, if tree fruits are found, completely pruning the fruits in 5 months, and if proper fruit bearing can be realized in 2017 according to the tree vigor of the trees, controlling each fruit within 5kg, and performing vegetable and fruit treatment on too many fruits; green manure management: planting the vetch in flat ground between ridges in 3 months in 2015, uniformly rotating the vetch seeds in 7 months by using a rotary cultivator after the seeds are fully mature, uniformly rotating the vetch seeds by using the rotary cultivator every time, if the growth vigor of the vetch is not good, replenishing water and applying fertilizer according to the actual situation, if the vetch is not connected with pieces, replenishing the seeds, and continuing to 7 months in 2017;
d, high-yield tree management:
removing ground cloth in 10 months in 2017, picking fruits in real time, removing trimmed branches, harvesting and uniformly spreading the planted Chinese trumpet creeper at the bottom of 11 months under the tree, loosening the ridges by using a small rotary cultivator, loosening the flat ground by using a large rotary cultivator, then expanding the ridges, expanding the surface layer to half of the row distance along the original ridges, increasing the number of drip irrigation pipes from one to 2, covering the middle half of each ridge with weed control cloth in 1 month and 10 days in 2018, using air-permeable weed control cloth, and using a black and white film for newly expanding the ridges;
and (3) fertilizer and water management: before flower application is carried out in 20 months in 2018, boron-magnesium fertilizer is mainly applied to nitrogen fertilizer in a drip irrigation mode, fruit growth in 12 months in 6 months in 2018 is mainly carried out by potassium fertilizer, calcium-boron fertilizer is applied in a supplementary mode by nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer, and calcium-magnesium-phosphate fertilizer and common compound fertilizer are applied in 8 days in 12 months in 2018 when soil loosening is finished by winter tube fertilizer; drip irrigation water replenishing is carried out once every 11 days in 1 month, once every 2 days in 2 months and once every 20 days in 3 months, once every 2, 12 and 22 days in 3 months, once every 1, 7, 17 and 24 days in 4 months, once every 2, 9, 16, 23 and 30 days in 5 months, once every 1 and 12 days in 6 months, once every week in rainy season, if the water replenishing is carried out once every 7 to 10 days in a dry season, the water replenishing is not carried out after the rainy season is finished;
trimming: timely bud picking is adopted, and branches which are fruited and have no new shoots are removed in 2018 for 11 months, and over-dense branches are removed;
green manure management: uniformly spreading the harvested stems and leaves of the vetch under the tree, loosening the soil of the ridges by using a small rotary cultivator, and screwing the stems and leaves into the soil when loosening the soil in the ridge chambers;
loosening the soil: loosening the soil after pruning in winter, and rotating green manure on the surface of the soil into the soil by using a rotary cultivator, wherein the loosening depth of the soil close to main branches does not exceed 10 centimeters, the loosening depth of the soil outside does not exceed 15 centimeters, and the principle that the soil is shallow to deep from inside to outside is adopted;
covering grass protection cloth: half of two sides of the center of the tree are used for laying ground cloth, and the rest ridge part is used for laying black and white films (the ground cloth and the black and white films are removed every year in rainy seasons, and the ground cloth and the black and white films are laid again after loosening the soil);
and (3) pest control: after pruning in 2018, disease, pest and disease control is carried out by adopting a lime sulphur mixture clear source in 1 month and 5 days, disease control is carried out by using half-amount type Borer liquid in 6 months and 23 days, and meanwhile, 2 pest killing lamps are installed in each mu for pest control;
every year later olive growth years are performed with reference to 2018, and the time can be increased to three by using drip tapes in 2020 years after 10 days or in advance as required.
Example 2
a, soil preparation: 3 tons of organic fertilizer, 200 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer (calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer for acid soil) and 200 kilograms of lime are uniformly rotated by a rotary cultivator in 11-13 days in 2014, and ridging is performed in 4 days in 11 months (surface soil is used for ridging, the distance between the ridges and the center of the ridge is 4 meters, the ridge height is 40-50cm, and the ridge width is 1 meter);
b, planting, namely planting in 12 months and 20 days in 2014, spacing 2 meters between plants, digging resistance, planting 1 kilogram of compound fertilizer in each plant around a pit, selecting fine-breed olive pot seedlings (the variety is Cleveland, Abumanna and Keratui and two-compartment cyclic planting) with the height of 80-100 centimeters and the ground diameter of 0.6-0.8 centimeter, aligning the plants during planting, simultaneously making a water ring with the diameter of 50 minutes and the depth of 15 centimeters, thoroughly watering root-fixing water in time, returning to the water ring after 12 months and 23 days, carrying out fixed-stem control on the seedlings by using a steel bar with the length of 1.5 meters so as to prevent the seedlings from lodging, laying a pipe in the center of a ridge, covering the whole ridge by using grass-proof cloth (the joint of the tree and the steel bar cannot expose soil), and digging a drainage ditch with the width of 30cm and the depth of 40 cm close to ground;
c, young tree management: managing fertilizer and water (drip irrigation, water replenishing and fertilizer supplementing are carried out in 2015 and 2016, nitrogen fertilizer is taken as a main material, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer is taken as an auxiliary material, N is taken as a main material in 2017, PK is taken as an auxiliary material, and calcium fertilizer, magnesium fertilizer and boron fertilizer are applied at the same time); fixing the trunk and pruning: in 2015, a fixed trunk at 11 months and 10 is in a three-main-branch open-heart type, and lateral branches are 1-1.2 meters in height; carrying out bud picking and pruning at any time, if trees are found to bear fruits, completely pruning fruits in 5 months, carrying out proper fruit bearing in 2017 according to tree vigor, but controlling each fruit within 5kg, and carrying out vegetable and fruit treatment if too many fruits bear fruits; green manure management: planting the vetch in flat ground between ridges in 3 months in 2015, uniformly rotating the vetch seeds in 7 months by using a rotary cultivator after the seeds are fully mature, uniformly rotating the vetch seeds by using the rotary cultivator every time, if the growth vigor of the vetch is not good, replenishing water and applying fertilizer according to the actual situation, if the vetch is not connected with pieces, replenishing the seeds, and continuing to 7 months in 2017;
d, high-yield tree management:
ridge expanding: removing ground cloth in 2017, 10 and 15 days, picking fruits in the same row, removing trimmed branches, harvesting and uniformly spreading the planted brooch under the tree in 11 months, loosening the ridge by using a small rotary cultivator, loosening the flat ground by using a large rotary cultivator, then expanding the ridge, expanding the surface layer to half of the row distance along the original ridge, increasing the number of drip irrigation pipes from one to 2, covering the middle half of the ridge with weed control cloth in 2018, 1 and 10 days, covering the middle half of the ridge with breathable weed control cloth, and using a black and white film for newly expanding the ridge;
and (3) fertilizer and water management: before flower application is carried out by drip irrigation in 2018, 2 and 20 months, boron-magnesium fertilizer is mainly applied to nitrogen fertilizer, during 12 months in 2018, potassium fertilizer is mainly applied to fruit growth in 6 and 12 months in 2018, nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizer is assisted, calcium-boron fertilizer is applied additionally, and during loosening after winter tube fertilization in 12 and 8 months in 2018, calcium-magnesium-phosphorus fertilizer and common compound fertilizer are applied additionally; drip irrigation water supplement is carried out once every 11 days in 1 month, once every 2 days in 2 months and once every 20 days in 2 months, once every 2 days in 3 months, once every 12 days and once every 22 days in 3 months, once every 1 day in 4 months, once every 7 days, every 17 days and every 24 days in 4 months, once every 2 days, every 9 days, every 16 days, every 23 days and every 30 days in 5 months, once every 1 day in 6 months and once every 12 days in 12 months, water supplement is carried out once a week when a rainy season comes, if water supplement is carried out once every 7-10 days in a dry season, water supplement is not carried out after the rainy season is finished;
trimming: timely bud picking is adopted, branches which are fruited and have no new shoots are removed in 2018 for 11 months, over-dense branches are removed, and meanwhile, the crown of two plants is guaranteed not to cross;
green manure management: uniformly spreading the harvested stems and leaves of the vetch under the tree, loosening the soil of the ridges by using a small rotary cultivator, and screwing the stems and leaves into the soil when loosening the soil in the ridge chambers;
loosening the soil: loosening soil after pruning in winter, loosening soil on ridges by using a rotary cultivator, and screwing green manure on the surface of the soil into the soil, wherein the soil loosening depth by main branches is not more than 10 cm, the soil loosening depth on the outer parts is not more than 15 cm, and the principle of shallow depth to deep depth is adopted from inside to outside;
covering grass protection cloth: half of two sides of the center of the tree are used as ground cloth, and the rest ridges are partially used as black and white films (black is downward and white is upward, the ground cloth and the black and white films are removed at the end of rainy season every year, and the ground cloth and the black and white films are paved after loosening the soil);
and (3) pest control: after pruning in 2018, disease, pest and disease control is carried out by adopting a lime sulphur mixture clear source in 1 month and 5 days, disease control is carried out by using half-amount type Borer liquid in 6 months and 23 days, and meanwhile, 2 pest killing lamps are installed in each mu for pest control;
every year later, the olive growth year is executed according to 2018, and the time can be advanced or delayed by 10 days as required.
Comparative example 1
The process and parameters of example 1 were used, and the difference from example 1 was that the black and white film was changed to black grass cloth.
Comparative example 2
The process and parameters of example 2 were used, and the difference from example 2 was that the black and white film was changed to black grass cloth.
Comparative example 3
Using the process and parameters of example 1, the difference from example 1 is that the absence of planted green manure increases the organic matter content of the soil.
Comparative example 4
Using the process and parameters of example 2, the difference from example 2 is that the absence of planted green manure increases the organic matter content of the soil.
The olive plants planted in examples 1-2 and comparative examples 1-4 were examined and the results are shown in tables 1-3.
Table 1: the variety is Cleveland, the oil content detection time is 11 months and 5 days, 25 plants per mu are obtained in example 1, and 82 plants per mu are obtained in example 2.
TABLE 1 Krolaca
Table 2: the variety is Koradi, the oil content detection time is 10 months and 25 days, 25 plants are obtained in one mu in example 1, and 80 plants are obtained in one mu in example 2.
TABLE 2 Kelati
Table 3: the variety is Abusena, the oil content detection time is 10 months and 15 days, 25 plants are obtained in one mu in example 1, and 80 plants are obtained in one mu in example 2.
TABLE 3 Abusanna
Through observation, the white film reflection olive tree fruits have higher maturity at the same time, higher growth vigor, greener leaves, fewer tree pairs and longer branches. Through the comparison of the three varieties of experiments, the oil content of the trees covered with the black and white film is 3-4 percent higher than that of the trees without the black and white film, the trees are senilism gradually along with the reduction of organic matters in the soil due to the increase of organic matter content in the soil without planting green manure loosening, and the yield of the olive fruits is far lower than that of the trees planted with the green manure.
Claims (10)
1. A cultivation method for improving the quality of olive oil in summer rain type climate is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a. land preparation and ridging: preparing nutrient soil and ridging;
b. planting: determining plant row spacing, digging pits, fertilizing, planting, watering roots, fixing, distributing drip irrigation belts and covering ground cloth;
c. management of saplings: managing fertilizer and water, fixing the trunk, pruning and planting green manure;
d. managing high-yield trees: expanding ridges, managing fertilizer and water, pruning, planting green manure, loosening soil, covering grass prevention cloth, and preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests;
in the step c, planting the green manure is planting leguminous green manure, and uniformly rotating the green manure by using a rotary cultivator every time when the seeds of the green manure are mature; in the step d, the green manure planted in the step c is harvested, dried in the sun, stacked under the trees and screwed into the soil when the soil is loosened in the ridge chambers; in the step b, the covering ground cloth is covered with weeding cloth at the ridge width part; and d, covering the weed control cloth on the wide part of the original ridge, covering a black and white film on the newly expanded ridge, wherein the black surface is arranged below the black and white film, and the white surface is arranged above the black and white film.
2. The cultivation method for improving the quality of olive oil in a rainy climate according to claim 1, wherein: in the step a, the prepared nutrient soil is 3-4 tons of organic fertilizer per mu, 190 plus 210 kilograms of phosphate fertilizer per mu and 190 plus 210 kilograms of lime per mu, and the mixture is uniformly rotated by a rotary cultivator; ridging with surface soil, wherein the width of the ridge is 1/5-1/4 of row spacing, the height of the ridge is 40-50cm, and the distance between the ridges is 4-7 m.
3. The cultivation method for improving the quality of olive oil in a rainy climate according to claim 2, wherein: the phosphate fertilizer is a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer for acid soil and is calcium superphosphate for alkaline soil.
4. The cultivation method for improving the quality of olive oil in a rainy climate according to claim 1, wherein: in the step b, the row spacing is 4-7m, and the plant spacing is 1.5-5 m; the size of the excavation pit is 30 x 30 cm; the fertilizer application is 1-1.5Kg of conventional compound fertilizer per plant.
5. The cultivation method for improving olive oil quality in a rainy climate according to claim 1, wherein: in the step c, the fertilizer water management is that a nitrogen fertilizer is taken as a main material and a phosphorus potassium fertilizer is taken as an auxiliary material for the first year and the second year; in the third year, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly used, phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is used as an auxiliary fertilizer, and calcium fertilizer, magnesium fertilizer and boron fertilizer are applied at the same time; the water replenishing is performed once per month, twice per month, three times per month in 2, once per month in 3, once per week from 4 months to rainy season, once per 7-10 days in case of drought, and once per half month after the rainy season is over.
6. The cultivation method for improving the quality of olive oil in a rainy climate according to claim 1, wherein: in the step c, the fixed trunk is in a single cone tree shape with the plant spacing less than 3 meters, three main branches are adopted when the plant spacing is more than 3 meters, and side branches are arranged at the position 1-1.2m of the trunk.
7. The cultivation method for improving the quality of olive oil in a rainy climate according to claim 1, wherein: in the step d, the ridge expansion is to expand the ridge width to half of the row spacing; pruning is mainly based on bud picking, and the tree height is controlled to be 2/3 of the line spacing; the soil loosening is 10-12 cm in depth near the trunk, and 15-20 cm in depth outside the expanded ridge.
8. The cultivation method for improving olive oil quality in a rainy climate according to claim 7, wherein: before loosening soil, applying Ca-Mg-P fertilizer, lime and composite fertilizer.
9. The cultivation method for improving olive oil quality in a rainy climate according to claim 1, wherein: in the step d, the fertilizer water management is to mainly use nitrogen fertilizer before blooming and additionally apply boron magnesium fertilizer; during fruit strengthening, potassium fertilizer is taken as a main fertilizer, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are taken as auxiliary fertilizers, and calcium and boron fertilizers are applied; when the winter tube fertilizer finishes loosening, applying a calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer and a common compound fertilizer; the water supplement is 1 month, 2 months and 3 months for three times every year, the water supplement is performed once a week from 4 months to a rainy season, if the water supplement is performed once every 7 to 10 days in a drought, the water supplement is not performed after the rainy season is finished.
10. The cultivation method for improving the quality of olive oil in a rainy climate according to claim 1, wherein: in the step d, the pest control is realized by adopting lime sulphur mixture to clear the source in 1 month after pruning every year; in late 6 months, half-amount Bora liquid is used for disease prevention, and 2 pest control lamps are installed per mu for pest control; and (4) in late 12 months, applying lime sulfur mixture to prevent and control diseases and pests.
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