CN112119825A - Production method for regulating and controlling high-light-efficiency tree-shaped mode according to growth stage of fruit tree - Google Patents
Production method for regulating and controlling high-light-efficiency tree-shaped mode according to growth stage of fruit tree Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a production method for regulating and controlling a high-light-efficiency tree form mode according to the growth stage of a fruit tree. The high-light-efficiency tree form improves the high-quality fruit rate and provides valuable reference for cultivation and management of arbor fruit trees.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of plant production and growth research, in particular to a method for fruit tree cultivation management. The present application is a divisional application of the invention patent application CN 109328831A.
Background
In recent years, the fruit tree cultivation industry in China develops rapidly, but due to the lack of overall, scientific and prospective prejudgment and planning on orchard management, huge economic losses are caused. For example, the tree-shaped mode or planting density adopted in the whole fruit tree development process is not enough estimated, problems occur in blind planting and mechanical pruning, and the orchard can not be stably and healthily continuously developed. For another example, the relationship between the tree form mode and the planting density which are complementary is not considered in the cultivation process, and the importance of synchronous matching and changing of the tree form mode and the planting density in different growth stages of the fruit trees is neglected, so that the problems of closure fruit outward movement, fruit yield growth and the like caused by overlarge quantity of fruit branches in the later growth stage occur. In addition, as the fruit trees grow, if the proper tree form combination is not discovered or the original tree form combination is not changed flexibly in time during pruning and shaping, the tree form cannot be effectively utilized to improve the illumination condition of the orchard and increase the high-quality fruit rate. Because the growth period of the fruit trees is long, if the system planning of specific tree combination and synchronous change of planting density is carried out from the beginning of orchard establishment, the losses are difficult to compensate, and the development of the fruit tree cultivation industry is limited to a great extent.
Summary of The Invention
In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for managing an orchard, or a method for planning an orchard, or a method for cultivating a fruit tree, or a method for producing a fruit tree, or a method for stabilizing the total branch amount per unit area of an orchard.
First, because of the lack of planning and standard orchard management or cultivation methods that are difficult to operate on a large scale or to anticipate industrial effects, the inventors have emphasized the importance of "planning and setting up ahead of time" at the beginning of orchard establishment, rather than seeking a solution way on a temporary basis after encountering a problem, such as determining an appropriate tree pruning method or thinning-out method by the skill and experience of a technician during the actual growth and development of a fruit tree. Of course, the synchronous 'planning in advance and setting' of the tree form mode and the planting density both puts forward higher requirements on scientific researchers and production technicians, because the requirements are not only necessary to count the natural conditions of the orchard environment such as climate, soil and the like, but also to have deep understanding on the growth characteristics of the cultivated tree species, and especially to grasp the advantages and disadvantages of various tree forms and tree form combinations in the production practice. Because of this, the inventor repeatedly tests for years, and finally proves that the production and cultivation mode of tree form mode and planting density dual change is possible within 10 years to 30 years of orchard production by 'planning and setting in advance', and a good method can be obtained for cultivation of arbor fruit trees.
In addition, the inventor pays attention to the formation of an integral and systematic thinking, pays attention to a series of coherent design and production methods from an initial fruit stage, a transition stage and a full fruit stage of an orchard, realizes that each stage is controllable and predictable, can macroscopically consider the integral operation cost and allocate resources according to the growth and development cycle of fruit trees, and does not pay attention to a specific cultivation mode of a certain specific time point.
Secondly, the inventor notices that factors such as tree shapes, planting density, growth stages and the like supplement each other, and can improve characteristics in certain aspects by adjusting a certain factor, such as improving illumination conditions and air permeability, improving yield and quality, controlling plant diseases and insect pests and the like.
Moreover, the specific tree forms can be mutually restricted and have complementary advantages when combined, for example, the combination of a slender spindle shape and a free spindle shape, the combination of a free spindle tree form and a gradual-changed small-crown open tree form and the like can well balance the yield, the superior fruit rate and the continuous fruit-bearing capability of the fruit trees. The inventor conducts small-area trial planting in northeast, northwest and yellow river watershed of China, and compares the composite effects brought by different tree combinations through test results measured for many times in the long year, such as total branch amount and fruit coloring area of 666.7 square meters each, so as to summarize the method.
In one embodiment, the method includes means for varying the tree pattern in synchrony with planting density. In one embodiment, the method comprises a means that the tree-shaped mode and the planting density are synchronously changed at different development stages of the fruit tree.
In one embodiment, the developmental stages of the fruit tree include an initial stage, a transitional stage, and a full stage.
In one embodiment, the planting density is high density, medium density or low density.
In one embodiment, the tree pattern is 2, 3, 4, or more than 4 trees or combinations of trees. In a specific embodiment, the tree pattern includes, but is not limited to, a spindle, a V, a Y, a large coronal cardioid, a tapered small coronal cardioid, a small coronal cardioid, and/or various combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, the spindle shape includes an elongated spindle shape, a high dry spindle shape, a modified spindle shape, and/or a free spindle shape.
In one embodiment, a tree combination such as a combination of "modified spindle and elongated spindle", or a combination of "high dry spindle and V", or a combination of "elongated spindle and high dry spindle", or a combination of "Y and microcrown open heart", or a combination of "free spindle and V", or a combination of "elongated spindle and free spindle", or "free spindle and tapered microcrown open heart", and the like.
In another specific embodiment, a spindle tree form is adopted in the initial fruit stage, two tree form combination modes of the spindle tree form and an open heart form or gradual open heart form are adopted in the transition stage, and a large-crown open heart tree form and/or a small-crown open heart tree form are adopted in the fruit filling stage.
In another specific embodiment, the combination of two spindle tree forms of a slender spindle shape and a free spindle shape is adopted in the initial fruit stage, the combination of two tree forms of a free spindle tree form and a gradual change small crown open heart tree form is adopted in the transition stage, and the small crown open heart tree form is adopted in the fruit filling stage.
The density of the orchard garden changes from high density to medium density and then to low density during the whole growth and development period of the fruit trees. In a particular embodiment, the planting pattern includes a division into odd and even rows. In the initial fruit stage, odd rows are in a slender spindle tree shape, and even rows contain free spindle tree shapes and are sequentially alternated. In even rows, odd plants are in a slender spindle tree shape, and even plants are in a free spindle tree shape, and are sequentially alternated. In the transition stage, inter-plant thinning is carried out on even-numbered lines, the thinning target is odd-numbered plants (slender spindle tree-shaped trees), in one embodiment, the inter-plant spacing is 4m after thinning, the line spacing is unchanged, and the remaining even-numbered plants (free spindle-shaped trees) are trimmed by adopting a high-light-efficiency gradual-change small-crown open-center tree-shaped management mode. Odd rows continue to maintain the long and thin spindle tree shape shaping and pruning, and the row spacing of the plants is unchanged. In the fruit filling stage, the fruit trees in odd rows are subjected to full row thinning, and in one embodiment, the row spacing of the orchard after thinning is 4m and the row spacing is 6 m. Thereafter, the orchard was kept at a fixed row spacing.
In another embodiment, fruit trees include, but are not limited to, trees, particularly, for example, apple trees, pear trees, peach trees, apricot trees, chestnut trees, walnut trees, persimmon trees, jujube trees, and the like.
The apple tree may be of the colored fuji family: comprises Changfu No. 2, Qiufu No. 1, Gongteng Fuji, Jinfu No. 1-3, Yanfu No. 1-6, Hongjiang Jun and the like; or Gala series: comprises royal Gala, Pacific Gala, LiGa, smoke and Pascal No. 3; or the golden crown system: golden crown, rustless golden crown, marshal and the like; or other varieties including: new cool incense, Qiaonaijin, American No. 8, rattan No. 1, Qinhuan, Xianhong, etc.
The apple tree can also be a short-branch apple variety, including: fudao shou fu, Huimin shou fu, Yanfu No. 6, Tianhong No. 2, Shenfu No. 6, etc.
In another embodiment, the fruit tree has a rootstock, such as the M and MM lines in the UK, the B line in the (former) Soviet Union, the P line in Poland, the J line in Germany, the CG and MAC lines in the United states, the O and V lines in Canada, the A line in Sweden, the YP line in Czech, the MJ line in Japan, and the S and SH lines in China, and the like; the fruit tree stocks include but are not limited to dwarf, semi-dwarf and/or extremely dwarf types, such as M26, M9t337 and SH series; specifically, dwarf types include, but are not limited to, M26, M9, P lines, semi-dwarf types include, but are not limited to, M7, MM106, SH lines, very dwarf types include, but are not limited to, M27, Mark 9; specifically, suitable rootstocks include Malus spectabilis, Malus spectabilis (Wuxiang Malus spectabilis), Malus baccata, Baode crab, Malus pumila, etc. In addition, the rootstock can also be self-rooted stock or interstock.
In a specific embodiment, the drooping fruiting branch group is cultured by adopting a pruning method of throwing, pulling and thinning: the drooping fruiting branch group is formed by continuously throwing and putting the slantwise-growing nutrition branches on the back for 1-3 years, the length of the fruiting branch group is 90-140 cm, and the fruiting period is 5-7 years. And (4) directly removing and updating the drooping fruiting branch group after the drooping fruiting branch group exceeds the design age, and replacing the drooping fruiting branch group with young fruiting branches continuously thrown and cultured on the back.
Detailed Description
Definition of
The scientific and technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. The following definitions of some terms will now be provided to aid in understanding embodiments of the present invention.
"high density" herein refers to the row spacing of the orchard plants: less than 2 m.times.3 m, preferably 2 m.times.3 m.
As used herein, "medium density" means that 70 to 75 fruit trees are retained per 666.7 square meters, for example, the row spacing of fruit trees in odd rows is 2 m.times.3 m, and the row spacing of fruit trees in even rows is 4 m.times.3 m.
"Low density" herein refers to the row spacing of the orchard plants: greater than 4 m.times.6 m, preferably 4 m.times.6 m.
As used herein, the term "initial fruit stage" means the 1 st to 4 th year of growth of the fruit tree. Suitable trimming techniques include: removing competitive branches of the central branch after germination, and pulling the prepared branches of the skeletal branches by adopting a first annual growth period or a dormancy period, wherein the base angle is 50-60 degrees; and in the mode of 60-70 degrees of waist angle after the next year, and branch pulling and crown expanding are carried out in the growing period or the dormancy period according to the growth condition of the tree body. Branches except for the skeletal branches are auxiliary nourishing branches, the branches are horizontally pulled and held at an angle of about 90 degrees, and the early flowering and fruiting of the branches are promoted by adopting the technologies of pinching, pinching and the like.
The term "transition stage" as used herein means the 5 th to 8 th year of growth of the fruit tree. Suitable trimming techniques include: controlling the height of the tree body, dropping the head, thinning the branches and culturing a proper number of temporary main branches.
The "fruit bearing stage" herein refers to the 9 th to 30 th year of fruit tree growth. Suitable trimming techniques include: continuously throwing and putting the dorsad oblique vegetative branches for 1-3 years to culture to form a drooping fruiting branch group, wherein the length of the fruiting branch group is 90-140 cm, and the bearing is continuously carried out for 5-7 years. And (4) directly removing and updating the drooping fruiting branch group after the drooping fruiting branch group exceeds the design age, and replacing the drooping fruiting branch group with young fruiting branches continuously thrown and cultured on the back.
The gradual change small-crown open heart-shaped tree refers to the condition that the trunk height is more than 1.2 meters, the tree height is 3.5-4.0 meters, the number of transitional main branches is 5-8, the opening angle of the main branches is 70-80 degrees, each main branch retains 4-7 large and medium fruiting branch groups, and the length of each fruiting branch group is 60-90 cm.
The small-crown open-heart-shaped tree refers to the tree trunk height of 1.3-1.6 m, the tree height of 3.0-3.5 m, the number of permanent main branches of 3-5, the opening angle of the main branches of 80-85 degrees, 2-4 small and medium lateral bearing branches are reserved on each main branch, a bearing branch group is selected from the lateral bearing branches, and the tree body branches are kept for 4-5 m for a long time.
The drooping bearing branch group is formed by continuously throwing and putting oblique nutrition branches on the back for 1-3 years, the bearing branch group is 90-140 cm long, and continuous bearing can be achieved for 5-7 years.
Examples
Example 1
The dwarfing red Fuji apple trees (the grafted variety is Changfu No. 2 apples) in the yellow river basin apple orchard are taken as test objects, uniform density field planting is adopted in the initial fruit stage (1-4 years), and the row spacing of the orchard plants is kept: 2m × 3m, tree mode: slender spindle tree form + free spindle tree form. During planting, odd rows are in slender spindle tree shapes, even rows are in free spindle tree shapes, and the odd rows and the even rows are in alternate sequence. Specifically, in even rows, odd plants are in the form of a slender spindle tree, and even plants are in the form of a free spindle tree, and are alternated in sequence. And 4-5 ten thousand total branches per 666.7 square meters are planted in the orchard by the fourth year.
In the transition stage (5-8 years), in the winter dormancy stage of the 5 th year, performing inter-plant thinning on even rows, wherein thinning objects are odd plants (slender spindle tree forms), the plant spacing is 4m after thinning, and the row spacing is unchanged; the even-numbered plants (free spindle-shaped) are maintained to be shaped and trimmed by adopting a high-light-efficiency gradual-change small-crown open tree-shaped management mode, the odd-numbered lines continue to maintain the shape and trimming of the slender spindle tree-shaped, the row spacing of the plants is unchanged, and the total branch quantity of each 666.7 square meters in the orchard is controlled to be 5-6.5 ten thousand in 5-8 years.
And in the fruit filling stage (9-30 years), in the winter dormancy stage of the 9 th year, thinning the whole row of fruit trees in odd rows, wherein the row spacing of the orchard after thinning is 4m, and the row spacing is 6 m. And then, the orchard keeps a fixed row spacing and a fixed small-crown open tree form mode for a long time, so that the total branch quantity of each 666.7 square meters of the orchard is 5-7 ten thousand.
The average values measured in each growth stage after different tree forms are combined under the condition that other conditions are unchanged in different growth stages of the fruit trees are compared. See table 1.
TABLE 1
The effect is as follows: in summary, the effect of adopting different tree forms is better than that of adopting a single tree form; the improved spindle shape, the slender spindle shape, the high dry spindle shape, the V shape, the big crown open heart shape, the slender spindle shape, the high dry spindle shape, the Y shape, the small crown open heart shape, the big crown open heart shape and the slender spindle shape, the free spindle shape and the V shape, the small crown open heart shape can obtain good technical effects; particularly, the best comprehensive effect which is obviously different from other combinations is obtained by adopting a tree-shaped mode of 'slender spindle shape + free spindle shape-free spindle shape + gradual change small crown open heart shape-small crown open heart shape': the total branch quantity of the unit area of the orchard is stably maintained at a relatively low level throughout the year, a good illumination environment is provided, and the fruit-picking rate is high.
Example 2
On the basis of example 1, we also compared the effect of using the high dry spindle shape, the big crown open heart shape and the small crown open heart shape in the full bearing stage. And other conditions are unchanged, in the fruit filling stage, the tree form mode is respectively fixed into a high-stem spindle shape, a large-crown open heart shape and a small-crown open heart shape, and the result data of the next year are counted. See table 2. It can be seen that the comprehensive effect of the open heart shape adopted in the full bearing stage is better than that of the spindle shape, and particularly the tree shape mode of the small crown open heart shape can achieve the best comprehensive effect. Subsequent repeated tests of the inventor show that similar conclusions can be obtained by performing small-scale tests on pear trees, peach trees, apricot trees and the like, and the method can be widely applied to arbor fruit trees.
TABLE 2
| Tree mode | Average single fruit mass (unit g) | The coloring area of the fruit at the periphery of the crown is% |
| High dry spindle shape | 264.1 | 97.32 |
| Big crown open heart shape | 262.6 | 98.16 |
| Small crown open heart shape | 265.4 | 98.78 |
Example 3
On the basis of example 1, we also compared the effect of using a combination of a free spindle, a large crown open heart and a gradual small crown open heart in the transition phase. And other conditions are unchanged, and in the transition stage, the tree form mode respectively adopts a free spindle shape, a gradual change small crown open heart shape, a free spindle shape, a large crown open heart shape and a free spindle shape and a small crown open heart shape. The effect of using these tree patterns on the later full bearing period was investigated. See table 3.
TABLE 3
The effect is as follows: the tree mode of free spindle shape and gradual change small crown open heart shape in the transition stage is the best comprehensive effect, therefore, the tree body is preferably not directly adopted with the open heart shape, but a transition adaptation period is provided. The tree form of the free spindle shape and the gradual change small crown open heart shape can enable more than 70% of branch groups of fruit trees in the full bearing period to be drooping fruiting branch groups, wherein most of the drooping fruiting branch groups still keep vigorous fruiting capacity after 7 years of continuous fruiting, and outward movement of fruiting parts in the full bearing period can be effectively reduced. Recently, the inventors have conducted experiments with apples of the Gala and golden crown families and have concluded that they are in accordance with Table 3.
Example 4
On the basis of example 1, we also compared the difference between the conventional thinning and the density control method of the present invention. See table 4.
TABLE 4
The effect is as follows: the density control mode of the invention has strong foresight, and the matching mode of two tree forms and odd-even separate planting is beneficial to the economical, efficient, standardized and mechanized management of the orchard.
In conclusion, according to the growth stage of the fruit trees, the tree combination and the planting density are simultaneously regulated and controlled according to the method disclosed by the invention, so that the total branch quantity of a unit area of the orchard can be stably maintained at a relatively low level throughout the year, good illumination environments are provided in the early stage, the middle stage and the later stage of the orchard, and the high fruit yield and the continuous fruit bearing capacity are improved. The method not only embodies the planning, scientificity and systematicness of orchard management, but also is easy to distinguish, convenient and searchable in record and beneficial to large-scale and mechanized operation.
Claims (10)
1. A method for stabilizing the total branch quantity of unit area of an orchard or a production method for regulating and controlling a high-light-efficiency tree form mode according to the growth stage of fruit trees is characterized in that the tree form mode and the planting density are synchronously changed, at least two tree forms are combined and matched with odd-even separate planting; the planting density is changed from high density to medium density to low density, and the planting density is changed by adopting a mode of distinguishing odd-even rows and/or odd-even plants; the synchronous change is carried out at the initial fruit stage, the transition stage and the fruit filling stage of the fruit tree in sequence.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the initial stage, odd rows are elongated spindle tree shapes, and even rows comprise free spindle tree shapes, which alternate in sequence; in even rows, odd plants are in a slender spindle tree shape, and even plants are in a free spindle tree shape, and are sequentially alternated.
3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, in the transition stage, performing inter-plant thinning on even-numbered rows, wherein thinning objects are odd-numbered plants, namely, slender spindle tree-shaped trees, the plant spacing is 4m after thinning, the row spacing is unchanged, and the remaining even-numbered plants, namely, free spindle trees, begin to be trimmed by adopting a high-light-efficiency gradual-change small-crown open-center tree-shaped management mode; odd rows continue to maintain the long and thin spindle tree shape shaping and pruning, and the row spacing of the plants is unchanged.
4. The method as claimed in claim 3, wherein during the full fruit stage, the fruit trees in odd number rows are thinned.
5. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the fruit tree is a tree or a rootstock.
6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the fruit tree is a deciduous tree.
7. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the fruit tree is an apple tree, a pear tree, a peach tree or an apricot tree.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the apple tree is a Fuji, Gala, golden crown or brachytic apple variety.
9. The method of claim 5, wherein the rootstock is a semi-dwarf, dwarf or extremely dwarf rootstock.
10. The method of claim 5, wherein the rootstock is a self-rooted rootstock or an interstock.
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| CN201811325942.1A CN109328831B (en) | 2018-11-08 | 2018-11-08 | Fruit tree cultivation method with tree form mode and planting density changing |
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| CN109328831B (en) | 2020-11-06 |
| CN109328831A (en) | 2019-02-15 |
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