CN111587732A - Cultivation method for producing peanuts during young actinidia arguta trees - Google Patents
Cultivation method for producing peanuts during young actinidia arguta trees Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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Abstract
A cultivation method for planting peanuts during young actinidia arguta trees relates to a cultivation method for intercropping peanuts in actinidia arguta trees. The cultivation method comprises the following steps: firstly, selecting a land parcel with the soil pH value below 7.2, turning over the land, applying decomposed farmyard manure and building a shed frame; secondly, interplanting peanuts in actinidia arguta; and thirdly, managing fertilizer and water, managing tree forms, shading in summer and preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests. The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the utilization rate of cultivated land is increased, the rhizosphere nutritional conditions of actinidia arguta are improved, and the intercropping peanuts are herbaceous plants, so that the ventilation and light transmission of the actinidia arguta saplings are not influenced. Through the comparison test of the shading treatment and the control treatment, the shading yield of the peanuts before the full-bloom stage after the initial flowering stage is improved by 12.5 percent compared with the non-shading yield of the peanuts under the intercropping condition, and the red spider insect pests are reduced by 90 percent. The shading treatment protects actinidia arguta, reduces heat damage, increases peanut yield and achieves multiple purposes.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a cultivation method for intercropping peanuts in a kiwi fruit tree.
Background
Actinidia arguta is a plant of Actinidiaceae, Actinidia, large-scale fallen leaves of Actinidia; the twigs are basically hairless or tender, the twigs are scattered in a scattered manner and are thinly covered by soft fluff or fuzz, the leaf membrane is made of leaf membrane or paper, the twigs are oval, long round, broad oval to nearly round, the tops are sharp, short and pointed, the bases are round to light heart shape, the back is green, inflorescence axillary or axillary exogenesis, the shape of bract is linear, the flowers are green white or yellow green, fragrant, the calyx is oval to long round, the petals are wedge-shaped, inverted oval or gourd ladle-shaped, the filaments are filiform, the anthers are black or dark purple, the long round is arrow-headed, the fruit balls are columnar long, the length is 2-3 cm, the flowers are green yellow or purple at maturity, and the longitudinal diameter of the seeds is about 2.5 mm.
Actinidia arguta has wide distribution, and China has distribution from the northest Heilongjiang bank to the five mountains in Guangxi province in south. It is originated from mixed forest or miscellaneous forest with sufficient water content. The fruit drug is used as a strengthening, antipyretic and astringent; but also is a food with high nutritive value. The fruit can be eaten raw, and can also be made into jam, preserved fruit, can, wine and the like. Flowers are a source of honey and aromatic oil may also be extracted. Because the fruit, root, stem bark, fruit and leaf of actinidia arguta have medicinal value, the actinidia arguta can be widely planted with extremely high economic value.
However, the actinidia arguta sapling period is long, and long-time single planting can cause soil nutrient proportion imbalance (the nutrition growth in the sapling period is vigorous, the requirement on nitrogen fertilizer is high) and microbial population simplification.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a cultivation method for producing peanuts during young actinidia arguta trees, which can improve rhizosphere nutrition conditions of actinidia arguta, improve the utilization rate of cultivated land, and improve the yield benefit, economic benefit and ecological benefit of the cultivated land.
The cultivation method for planting peanuts in the young actinidia arguta tree period comprises the following steps:
firstly, selecting a land block with the soil pH value below 7.2 and a shading position in the northeast direction, turning the land, applying decomposed farmyard manure, and building a shed frame;
secondly, interplanting peanuts in actinidia arguta;
thirdly, managing fertilizer and water, managing tree forms, shading in summer and preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests;
wherein, the summer hides the shade: covering the greenhouse frame with single-layer shading net at temperature higher than 35 deg.C; and (4) after rain or irrigation, covering the actinidia arguta tree with grass for preserving soil moisture.
The actinidia arguta is in a high-temperature sensitive period in a sapling period, when the temperature is continuously high and is higher than 35 ℃ and under the condition of strong illumination, the actinidia arguta can have the phenomenon of sunburn of weak growth, green leaf margin and blackening, the heat damage rate of a sapling orchard reaches up to 90% 4 years ago, and the actinidia arguta is the most main natural damage factor in the sapling period. When the temperature is high at 35 ℃ in 7 months in summer every year, the capillary roots of the actinidia arguta tree body close to the ground surface are burned and necrotized, the temperature of the exposed ground surface can reach 45-50 ℃, the capillary roots close to the ground surface are burned and necrotized, water absorption and transportation of the tree body are directly inhibited, and heat damage is accelerated. The invention discloses a method for intercropping peanuts by actinidia arguta, which changes a ploughing system, preserves soil moisture, simultaneously buffers the upper roasting and the lower steaming, prevents ground heat radiation, reduces the evaporation of soil moisture, maintains the soil humidity and achieves the purpose of alleviating heat damage. Meanwhile, the young actinidia arguta trees are compact in plant shape, shade of peanuts is not serious, and growth of the peanuts can be guaranteed.
The method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that the utilization rate of cultivated land is increased, the rhizosphere nutritional conditions of actinidia arguta are improved, and the intercropping peanuts are herbaceous plants, so that the ventilation and light transmission of the actinidia arguta saplings are not influenced. Through the comparison test of shading treatment and contrast treatment, the yield of the peanuts shaded (the temperature is about 35 ℃ in 24-7 months at 24 ℃) before the full-bloom stage after the initial flowering stage of the peanuts is improved by 12.5 percent compared with the yield of the peanuts not shaded under the intercropping condition, and the red spider insect damage is reduced by 90 percent. The shading treatment protects actinidia arguta, reduces heat damage, increases peanut yield and achieves multiple purposes.
The invention inherits the sustainable concept of green ecology, embodies the characteristics of scientific, ecological, high-yield and efficient modern agricultural production, and has the characteristics of simple operation and management, strong applicability, high economic and ecological benefits, easy acceptance and obvious effect; the invention saves land, avoids nutrient loss caused by single absorption of nutrients in soil by long-term continuous cropping and is beneficial to restoring the ecological function of soil.
The intercropping of the invention fully excavates the potential of natural resources such as land, light energy, water source, heat and the like, simultaneously improves the utilization rate and utilization efficiency of artificial auxiliary energy such as chemical fertilizer, pesticide and the like, relieves the contradiction of fighting each other between grains and economic crops, vegetables, fruit trees, feeds and the like, and improves the utilization rate of resources; the invention fully utilizes space and time, greatly improves the substance yield per unit area, simultaneously improves the utilization rate of artificial auxiliary energy such as chemical fertilizer, pesticide and the like, reduces the residue of harmful substances, improves the quality of agricultural environment and ecological environment and enhances the agricultural aftereffect. Moreover, the biodiversity change of the intercropping crop rhizosphere soil improves the mineral nutrition of crops, can promote the growth of the crops and further improves the yield.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is not limited to the following specific embodiments, but includes any combination of the specific embodiments.
The first embodiment is as follows: the cultivation method for planting peanuts in the young actinidia arguta tree period in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
firstly, selecting a land block with the soil pH value below 7.2 and a shading position in the northeast direction, turning the land, applying decomposed farmyard manure, and building a shed frame;
secondly, interplanting peanuts in actinidia arguta;
thirdly, managing fertilizer and water, managing tree forms, shading in summer and preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests;
wherein, the summer hides the shade: covering the greenhouse frame with single-layer shading net at temperature higher than 35 deg.C; and (4) after rain or irrigation, covering the actinidia arguta tree with grass for preserving soil moisture.
The dried leaves of plants such as dried leaves or farmland weeds are selected for covering the grass and preserving the soil moisture.
The young actinidia arguta trees and the summer shading means have great influence on wind speed, water transpiration, surface temperature and the like, a microclimate environment is formed, the growth of crops is facilitated, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is greatly reduced, and the using amount of pesticides is reduced.
The second embodiment is as follows: the present embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that: the actinidia arguta is planted by selecting a variety with strong stress resistance and excellent quality; the peanuts are planted by using big-fruit, high-yield and yin-tolerant varieties. The other and parameters are the same as in the first embodiment.
The actinidia arguta of the embodiment is selected from kuilu, bohu, longcheng No. 2 and the major systems thereof.
The actinidia arguta seedlings are transplanted by adopting healthy and strong two-year-old cutting seedlings with good root systems.
The peanut of the embodiment selects the middle and early-maturing variety with the growth period of 120-130 days. Therefore, the growth period (growth period) of the actinidia arguta and the growth period (growth period) of the peanuts are staggered, the aim of short cultivation can be achieved, and the fertilizer-requiring peak period of the peanuts can be staggered with the fertilizer-requiring peak period of the actinidia arguta.
TABLE 1
According to the method, the young actinidia arguta trees and the peanuts are intercropped, and base fertilizer and additional fertilizer are applied, so that the organic matter content of the soil and N, P, K available nutrients are effectively increased, the soil nutrients are effectively recycled, and the soil fertility is naturally improved. The roots of fruit trees and crops are distributed on different levels of soil, and the absorption of nutrients is different, so that the nutrients in each layer of soil space can be fully utilized. Through determination, 30-50% of the root systems of the fruit trees are distributed in the soil layer below 40cm, and the root systems of the crops absorb the most roots within the range of 5-30 cm. Therefore, the competition between the young actinidia arguta trees and the peanuts in the aspect of nutrients is small, the early-maturing variety of the peanuts is adopted, the fertilizer-requiring peak period of the peanuts can be completely staggered with the fertilizer-requiring peak period of the actinidia arguta, and reasonable utilization of the nutrients is guaranteed.
The nutrients in the intertillary plough layer of the young actinidia arguta trees are mainly absorbed by crops, the nutrients in deeper layers and leaked below the plough layer are utilized by the young actinidia arguta trees, and the nutrients which are possibly leaked along with the downward seepage of water are absorbed and utilized, and particularly, the young actinidia arguta trees can more efficiently absorb and utilize insoluble mineral elements which are difficult to utilize by crops in soil.
The third concrete implementation mode: the present embodiment is different from the first or second embodiment in that: the field planting land adopts autumn cultivation, the cultivation depth is 25-30 cm, and 3000 kg/mu of organic fertilizer, 25 kg/mu of urea and 30 kg/mu of diamine phosphate are applied. The other and parameters are the same as in one or both of the embodiments.
The embodiment adopts monoammonium phosphate and urea to be mixed for use, and has the advantages of high fertilizer efficiency, low price, obvious benefit and simple and convenient preparation: monoammonium phosphate is an acid fertilizer, is suitable for the conditions that the pH value of northern soil is neutral or alkaline and the content of soil calcium is high, can reduce the pH value of the rhizosphere and delay the volatilization of ammonia; and secondly, after the monoammonium phosphate and the urea are applied to the soil, the monoammonium phosphate and the urea are converted into ammonium hydroxide, so that the fertilizer retention effect can be achieved. If the planting field is in southern acid soil, urea and diammonium phosphate can be mixed and applied to neutralize the soil acidity and improve the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer.
The fourth concrete implementation mode: the present embodiment is different from the first to third embodiments in that: the planting time of the actinidia arguta is autumn planting or spring planting. The other and parameters are the same as in one of the first to third embodiments.
Spring planting is generally carried out after 10 days in 4 months each year, and the ground temperature is stabilized to be more than 10 ℃. In late 10 months of autumn, the seedlings germinate in the next 5 months, and the seedlings grow stronger and have higher survival rate than those planted in spring.
The actinidia arguta field planting adopts a ditching planting mode.
The planting time of the peanuts is 5 months and 15 days to 5 months and 20 days (in the northern area).
The fifth concrete implementation mode: the present embodiment is different from one of the first to fourth embodiments in that: if the actinidia arguta fruit tree seedlings are introduced from other places, the seedling lifting time is different from the planting time, temporary planting can be carried out according to the temperature rise of the two places, and transplanting and planting can be carried out after the soil of the introduction place is thawed. The other and parameters are the same as in one of the first to fourth embodiments.
The temporary planting ditch is perpendicular to the main wind direction and is 50cm deep, the wall of the ditch facing the wind is made into an inclined plane with an angle of 45 degrees, the individual seedlings are arranged along the inclined plane, then the soil is filled and the seedlings are compacted, and the lower parts of the seedlings and the roots are tightly combined with the soil after watering.
The sixth specific implementation mode: the present embodiment is different from one of the first to fifth embodiments in that: the depth of the middle turning-over ground is 60 +/-5 cm; applying decomposed farmyard manure for 3 cubic meters per mu. The other and parameters are the same as in one of the first to fifth embodiments.
The seventh embodiment: the present embodiment differs from one of the first to sixth embodiments in that: and planting a windproof forest belt around the land, wherein shrubs or small tree species with dense branches and leaves are selected as the windproof forest, the width of the forest belt is 0.8-1.0 m, and the height of the tree is 3 +/-0.5 m. The other and parameters are the same as in one of the first to sixth embodiments.
The windproof forest belt can prevent wind and prevent the damage of drift of the peripheral herbicide.
The specific implementation mode is eight: the present embodiment is different from the first to seventh embodiments in that: a middle shed frame is built: laying a vertical cement rod and a main line; the cement poles are cement columns with cross sections of 10cm multiplied by 10cm and heights of 2.5m, the cement poles are lined by quicklime before standing, 5 multiplied by 5m arrangement is kept orderly, the cement poles are embedded with 50cm underground, the overground part is 2m, and the cement poles are connected and fixed by oiled silk; three steel wires are pulled in the horizontal direction of the cement rod, the steel wires are spaced into 0.5m, and the cement rod and the steel wires form a net shape. The other and parameters are the same as in one of the first to seventh embodiments.
The overground part of the cement pole is connected and straightened by oil silk, and two ends of the cement pole are fixed by ground anchors to prevent looseness.
The specific implementation method nine: the present embodiment differs from the first to eighth embodiments in that: the second-middle-soft Chinese date kiwi fruit is cultivated by adopting a shed vertical frame, and the frame type adopts a shed frame single-trunk multi-vine shape mode. The other and parameters are the same as in one of the first to eighth embodiments.
The detailed implementation mode is ten: the present embodiment differs from one of the first to ninth embodiments in that: secondly, the row spacing of the actinidia arguta is 3m, the ditching width is 30 +/-5 cm, the depth is 10cm, the plant spacing is 3m, and the planting pit depth is 30 cm; the center of the planting pit is a convex soil bag, humic acid organic fertilizers are circularly applied along the periphery of the convex soil bag, 2.5kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each plant, and thin soil with the thickness of 2-3 cm is coated after the fertilizers are applied; placing Actinidia arguta seedlings on the convex-shaped soil bags, dredging and scattering root systems along slopes, treading the soil, irrigating head water in a ditch mode, covering soil around the tree tray the next day, and repairing planting ditches. The other and parameters are the same as those in one of the first to ninth embodiments.
The concrete implementation mode eleven: the present embodiment differs from the first to tenth embodiments in that: and II, peanut planting: the peanuts are planted in a one-film three-row flat sowing mode, the distance between the outer peanuts and the adjacent actinidia arguta is 50cm, 6 rows of peanuts are planted in the middle of the actinidia arguta, the row spacing of the peanuts is 30cm, and the hole spacing is 15 cm. The other and parameters are the same as in one of the first to tenth embodiments.
Accelerating germination is carried out before peanut sowing, the sowing depth is 5cm, double-seed sowing is carried out, the thickness of covering soil on a film is 3cm, seedling emergence is influenced due to the fact that the covering soil is too thick, and seedlings which are too thin are easy to scald.
The specific implementation mode twelve: the present embodiment differs from one of the first to eleventh embodiments in that: and in the third step, drip irrigation is adopted for the fertilizer and water management of actinidia arguta and peanuts, and water is controlled independently by different valves. The other and parameters are the same as in one of the first to eleventh embodiments.
Drip irrigation management of actinidia arguta: the actinidia arguta is fond of wetting, neither drought nor water accumulation, irrigation needs to be paid attention all the year round, and appropriate irrigation can be carried out by combining fertilization according to seasons.
And (3) fertilizing and managing actinidia arguta: digging a pit 20-30 cm away from the root of the actinidia arguta plant, applying fertilizer, and sealing soil to avoid burning the root; timely irrigation is carried out after fertilization in dry seasons, and decomposition and efficiency of the soil to the fertilizer are enhanced. And (3) topdressing the young actinidia arguta trees for 1 year, topdressing the young actinidia arguta trees for 1 st time when the young actinidia arguta trees are planted in the current year and sprout and young shoots begin to grow, and topdressing quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer urea or ammonium sulfate. And (3) topdressing in the 2 nd growth period: the young trees mainly contain nitrogen fertilizer, and the 1-2 year trees are fertilized with 0.25-0.5 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.2kg of urea per plant according to the ratio of 15:15: 15; the method comprises the following steps of (1) spraying 2-3 times of organic fertilizer liquid in the bud stage growth period of actinidia arguta: peanut bran water, a hymexazol biological stimulator and the like are favorable for culturing tree forms and rapidly putting into production. Applying base fertilizer in autumn for the 3 rd time: the fertilizer can be organic fertilizers such as compost, stable manure or cake manure, the fertilizing amount is 1500kg per mu, urea is additionally applied, 50-100 kg per mu, and water is irrigated after 24 hours after fertilization. Before winter, the mixture is irrigated with anti-freezing water, and after thawing, the mixture is irrigated in spring.
And (3) peanut fertilizer and water management: the method adopts water control in the seedling stage, no drought and no watering, prevents vain growth, waters thoroughly before the flowering stage, topdresses before watering, and topdresses diammonium phosphate fertilizer 10 kg/mu and potassium fertilizer 5 kg/mu.
The specific implementation mode is thirteen: the present embodiment differs from the first to twelfth embodiments in that: and thirdly, pest control: preventing and treating pests such as chafer, red spider, pear flower and stinkbug, and leaf spot. The other and parameters are the same as in one to twelve embodiments.
The specific implementation mode is fourteen: the present embodiment is different from the first to the thirteenth embodiments in that: in the tree form management of the actinidia arguta, a single trunk and multiple vines (a one-stem two-vine feather type tree form) are adopted, the height of the actinidia arguta trunk is 1.3-1.5 m, 3-5 permanent main vines grow on the trunk, and the vine distance is 40-60 cm; the branches and tendrils are uniformly tied on the horizontal or slightly inclined frame surface. The other and parameters are the same as in one to thirteen embodiments.
Tree management specific operation:
trimming in the first year: setting stem at about 1.5m, culturing and selecting several permanent main vines, and placing them on the vertical frame and the plane frame.
And (3) trimming in the second year: continuously culturing the main vines which are grown and prolonged, wherein the length of the main vines reaches 1.5-1.8 m in the current year; branches from the main vines in the previous year are reserved at a distance of about 1 per 50cm, the branches are used as mother branches for cultivating fruiting, fruiting is carried out in the next year, and the remaining tips are removed in the growing season.
Pruning in the third year (including above): for the fruity branches with vigorous growth, pinching before flowering in time and controlling growth; cutting off 2-3 buds of the mother fruit branch at the base part after fruit harvesting, promoting new shoots, and culturing the mother fruit branch for next year; trimming in winter is carried out from the fallen leaves to 2 weeks before the injury in early spring, and mainly comprises culturing the skeleton, adjusting the tree body structure and culturing fruiting branch groups.
From the beginning of 5 months to the end of 8 months every year, branch leading and bud picking are daily work of garden management, and the branches are not broken, damaged, too tightly bound and prevented from being scratched at the moment of sticking.
Example 1
The cultivation method for planting peanuts in the young actinidia arguta tree period comprises the following steps:
firstly, selecting a land block with the soil pH value below 7.2 and a shading position in the northeast direction, turning the land, applying decomposed farmyard manure, and building a shed frame; the plowing depth is 60 +/-5 cm; applying decomposed farmyard manure for 3 cubic meters per mu;
secondly, interplanting peanuts in actinidia arguta;
thirdly, managing fertilizer and water, managing tree forms, shading in summer and preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests;
wherein, the summer hides the shade: covering the greenhouse frame with single-layer shading net at temperature higher than 35 deg.C; and (4) after rain or irrigation, covering the actinidia arguta tree with grass for preserving soil moisture.
Covering grass to preserve soil moisture and selecting dry leaves;
the Actinidia arguta adopts Huaouyou; peanut adopts 'Huayu No. 22';
transplanting the actinidia arguta seedlings by using healthy and robust two-year-old cutting seedlings with good root systems;
planting land in autumn with the depth of 25-30 cm, applying 3000 kg/mu of organic fertilizer, 25 kg/mu of urea and 30 kg/mu of diamine phosphate;
the planting time of the actinidia arguta is autumn planting; the actinidia arguta is planted in a ditching mode;
the planting time of the peanuts is 5 months and 15 days to 5 months and 20 days (in the northern area);
planting a windproof forest belt around the land, wherein shrubs or small tree species with dense branches and leaves are selected for the windproof forest, the width of the forest belt is 0.8-1.0 m, and the height of the tree is 3 +/-0.5 m; the windproof forest belt can prevent wind and prevent the damage of the drift of the peripheral herbicide;
building a shed frame: laying a vertical cement rod and a main line; the cement poles are cement columns with cross sections of 10cm multiplied by 10cm and heights of 2.5m, the cement poles are lined by quicklime before standing, 5 multiplied by 5m arrangement is kept orderly, the cement poles are embedded with 50cm underground, the overground part is 2m, and the cement poles are connected and fixed by oiled silk; three steel wires are pulled in the horizontal direction of the cement pole, the steel wires are spaced into 0.5m, and the cement column and the steel wires form a net shape; the overground part of the cement pole is linked and straightened by oil silk, and the two ends of the cement pole are fixed by ground anchors to prevent looseness;
the actinidia arguta is cultivated by adopting a shed vertical frame, and the frame type is a shed frame single-trunk multi-vine shape mode;
the row spacing of the actinidia arguta is 3m, the ditching width is 30 +/-5 cm, the depth is 10cm, the plant spacing is 3m, and the planting pit depth is 30 cm; the center of the planting pit is a convex soil bag, humic acid organic fertilizers are circularly applied along the periphery of the convex soil bag, 2.5kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each plant, and thin soil with the thickness of 2-3 cm is coated after the fertilizers are applied; placing Actinidia arguta seedlings on a convex-shaped soil bag, dredging and scattering root systems along a slope, treading the soil, irrigating head water in a furrow irrigation mode, covering soil around a tree disc on the next day, and repairing a planting furrow;
planting peanuts: the method is characterized in that peanuts are planted in a one-film three-row flat sowing mode, the distance between the outer side peanuts and the adjacent actinidia arguta is 50cm, 6 rows of peanuts are planted in the middle of the actinidia arguta, the row spacing of the peanuts is 30cm, and the hole spacing is 15 cm;
accelerating germination is carried out before peanut sowing, the sowing depth is 5cm, double-seed sowing is carried out, the thickness of covering soil on a film is 3cm, seedling emergence is influenced due to the fact that the covering soil is too thick, and seedlings which are too thin are easy to scald;
drip irrigation is adopted for the actinidia arguta and the peanuts in the fertilizer and water management, and water is controlled independently through different valves;
drip irrigation management of actinidia arguta: the actinidia arguta is fond of wetting, neither drought nor water accumulation is caused, irrigation needs to be paid attention all the year round, and proper and timely irrigation can be carried out by combining fertilization according to seasons;
and (3) fertilizing and managing actinidia arguta: digging a pit 20-30 cm away from the root of the actinidia arguta plant, applying fertilizer, and sealing soil to avoid burning the root; timely irrigation is carried out after fertilization in dry seasons, and decomposition and efficiency of the soil to the fertilizer are enhanced. And (3) topdressing the young actinidia arguta trees for 1 year, topdressing the young actinidia arguta trees for 1 st time when the young actinidia arguta trees are planted in the current year and sprout and young shoots begin to grow, and topdressing quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer urea or ammonium sulfate. And (3) topdressing in the 2 nd growth period: the young trees mainly contain nitrogen fertilizer, and the 1-2 year trees are fertilized with 0.25-0.5 kg of compound fertilizer and 0.2kg of urea per plant according to the ratio of 15:15: 15; the method is characterized in that organic fertilizer liquid is recommended to be sprayed for 2-3 times in the bud stage of actinidia arguta: peanut bran water, a hymexazol biological stimulator and the like are favorable for culturing tree forms and rapidly putting into production. Applying base fertilizer in autumn for the 3 rd time: the fertilizer can be organic fertilizers such as compost, stable manure or cake manure, the fertilizing amount is 1500kg per mu, urea is additionally applied, 50-100 kg per mu, and water is irrigated after 24 hours after fertilization. Irrigating anti-freezing water before winter, and performing spring irrigation after thawing;
and (3) peanut fertilizer and water management: controlling water in a seedling stage, preventing drought and no watering, preventing vain growth, watering thoroughly before a flowering stage, topdressing before watering, and topdressing with 10 kg/mu diammonium phosphate fertilizer and 5 kg/mu potassium fertilizer;
and (3) pest control: preventing and controlling pests such as scarab, red spider, pear flower and stinkbug, and leaf spot;
the actinidia arguta tree form management adopts a single-trunk multi-vine shape (a one-vine two-vine feather type tree shape), the trunk of the actinidia arguta is 1.3-1.5 m high, 3-5 permanent main vines grow on the upper end of the trunk, and the vine distance is 40-60 cm; uniformly tying branches and tendrils on a horizontal or slightly inclined frame surface;
tree management specific operation:
trimming in the first year: setting stem at about 1.5m, culturing and selecting several permanent main vines, and placing them on the vertical frame and the plane frame.
And (3) trimming in the second year: continuously culturing the main vines which are grown and prolonged, wherein the length of the main vines reaches 1.5-1.8 m in the current year; branches from the main vines in the previous year are reserved at a distance of about 1 per 50cm, the branches are used as mother branches for cultivating fruiting, fruiting is carried out in the next year, and the remaining tips are removed in the growing season.
Pruning in the third year (including above): for the fruity branches with vigorous growth, pinching before flowering in time and controlling growth; cutting off 2-3 buds of the mother fruit branch at the base part after fruit harvesting, promoting new shoots, and culturing the mother fruit branch for next year; trimming in winter is carried out from the fallen leaves to 2 weeks before the injury in early spring, and mainly comprises culturing the skeleton, adjusting the tree body structure and culturing fruiting branch groups.
From the beginning of 5 months to the end of 8 months every year, branch leading and bud picking are daily work of garden management, and the branches are not broken, damaged, too tightly bound and prevented from being scratched at the moment of sticking.
In 2018, the black jade agricultural test station of Xinjiang agricultural academy of sciences in Xinjiang agriculture in Xinjiang province and Tian prefecture develops the actinidia arguta introduction intercropping test, and the total 5 mu of 3 actinidia arguta varieties of Longcheng No. 2, Kuilu and Liouyou are introduced from Liaoning.
In 2019, in Anning Quzhen of Wuluqixin New City area in northern Xinjiang, Xinjiang agricultural academy of sciences, small berry base was introduced, and the Actinidia arguta introduction intercropping test was carried out, wherein 15 mu of Actinidia arguta varieties of Longcheng No. 2, Kuilu green and Huaouyou 3 were introduced from Liaoning.
Example 2
The difference from example 1 is that the comparison test was performed with single crop peanut and actinidia arguta + peanut intercropping.
The experiment was designed with 2 treatments, namely single cropping peanut, actinidia arguta + peanut intercropping, each treatment being repeated 3 times.
The peanut is singly used: and (3) flat-bed film mulching and drip irrigation seeding, wherein one film is used for two lines, the average line spacing is 57cm, and the plant spacing is 17 cm. And (5) manually carrying out hole sowing, wherein 2 granules are put in each hole.
The same procedure as in example 1 was used for intercropping actinidia arguta and peanuts. The main stem height and the lateral branch length of the peanuts in the intercropping composite system are all higher than those of single cropping, the branch number is lower than that of the single cropping, and in the yield characters of the peanuts, the fresh weight of the intercropping plants is improved by 9.6 percent compared with the single cropping single plants, and the dry weight of the intercropping plants is improved by 12.9 percent.
TABLE 3
Example 3 differs from example 1 in the replacement of intercropped varieties in comparison tests.
In the embodiment, 3 modes of actinidia arguta and peanut intercropping, prune and peanut intercropping and prune single cropping are set, the test adopts conventional field management, and peanuts adopt large-fruit early-maturing products for flower cultivation of No. 22; and (3) carrying out intercropping on prunes: the row spacing of the prune plants is 2m multiplied by 3m, and fixed poles of 40-50cm are reserved after planting.
TABLE 4
The unreasonable intercropping and interplanting can achieve the effect of getting half the result; if the intercropping and interplanting are reasonable (the productivity is superior), the yield and the quality of crops are improved. Therefore, the selection of intercropping and interplanting varieties is crucial, and proper intercropping and interplanting varieties can be uniformly fertilized with water and fertilizer, so that the field management is simplified, and the labor is greatly saved.
The invention selects proper intercropping and interplanting varieties to change the planting of single crops, increases the diversity of plants, and can effectively prevent and control the accumulation of single nutrients in soil, reduce the salt content of the soil, improve the microbial flora of the soil and promote the growth of the crops by complementary selection of nutrient absorption of the crops.
Example 4
The difference from example 1 is in the shading treatment.
The test was started 24 days 6 and 24 months in 2019, and statistical analysis of the data was performed 30 days later. 3 shading treatments are designed, 40% (T1) of shading, 60% (T2) of shading, CK (shading is not shaded by full light), and the actinidia arguta with consistent size, medium growth and no plant diseases and insect pests is selected in the test and is repeated for 3 times.
The test result shows that: after 30 days of field shading treatment, the plant height of Actinidia arguta T1 treated is 69.6cm, the plant height without shading is 54.6cm, the arrangement sequence of stem thickness from large to small is T1> T2> CK, the branch number of T1 treated branches is at most 4 branches, and the difference between T2 and control CK is not obvious; and no red spider pest occurs in the shading treatment.
Peanut: the T1 peanut yield is improved by 18% compared with the non-shading yield under intercropping conditions.
Although the invention has been described above by way of general illustration and specific embodiments, it is within the scope of the invention as claimed that modifications and improvements may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The cultivation method for planting peanuts during the young actinidia arguta trees is characterized in that the cultivation method for planting peanuts during the young actinidia arguta trees comprises the following steps:
firstly, selecting a land parcel with the soil pH value below 7.2, turning over the land, applying decomposed farmyard manure and building a shed frame;
secondly, interplanting peanuts in actinidia arguta;
thirdly, managing fertilizer and water, managing tree forms, shading in summer and preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests;
wherein, the summer hides the shade: covering the greenhouse frame with single-layer shading net at temperature higher than 35 deg.C; and (4) after rain or irrigation, covering the actinidia arguta tree with grass for preserving soil moisture.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first-crop depth is 60 ± 5 cm; applying decomposed farmyard manure for 3 cubic meters per mu.
3. The cultivation method of actinidia arguta as peanut during sapling period as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method comprises planting a windbreak forest belt around the land, wherein the windbreak forest is selected from shrub or small tree species with dense branches and leaves, the width of the forest belt is 0.8-1.0 m, and the height of the tree is 3 ± 0.5 m.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein a medium shelf is constructed: laying a vertical cement rod and a main line; the cement poles are cement columns with cross sections of 10cm multiplied by 10cm and heights of 2.5m, the cement poles are lined by quicklime before standing, 5 multiplied by 5m arrangement is kept orderly, the cement poles are embedded with 50cm underground, the overground part is 2m, and the cement poles are connected and fixed by oiled silk; three steel wires are pulled in the horizontal direction of the cement rod, the steel wires are spaced into 0.5m, and the cement rod and the three steel wires are in a shape like a Chinese character feng.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the actinidia arguta is cultivated in a shed-stand type in a shed-stand single-stem multi-vine mode.
6. The cultivation method for peanuts during the sapling period of actinidia arguta according to claim 1, wherein actinidia arguta in the second category has a row spacing of 3m, a furrow width of 30 ± 5cm and a depth of 10cm, a plant spacing of 3m, and a planting pit depth of 30 cm; the center of the planting pit is a convex soil bag, humic acid organic fertilizers are circularly applied along the periphery of the convex soil bag, 2.5kg of organic fertilizer is applied to each plant, and thin soil with the thickness of 2-3 cm is coated after the fertilizers are applied; placing Actinidia arguta seedlings on the convex-shaped soil bags, dredging and scattering root systems along slopes, treading the soil, irrigating head water in a ditch mode, covering soil around the tree tray the next day, and repairing planting ditches.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the second stage of peanut colonization comprises: the peanuts are planted in a one-film three-row flat sowing mode, the distance between the outer peanuts and the adjacent actinidia arguta is 50cm, 6 rows of peanuts are planted in the middle of the actinidia arguta, the row spacing of the peanuts is 30cm, and the hole spacing is 15 cm.
8. The cultivation method of actinidia arguta during sapling period as peanut according to claim 1, wherein the fertilizer water management of the three fertilizer water management systems comprises drip irrigation of actinidia arguta and peanut, and water control is performed by different valves.
9. The method of claim 1 for peanut cultivation during actinidia arguta sapling period, wherein pest control in three categories: preventing and treating pests such as chafer, red spider, pear flower and stinkbug, and leaf spot.
10. The cultivation method for peanuts during the young actinidia arguta trees according to claim 1, wherein the tree form of actinidia arguta is managed by adopting a single trunk and multiple vines, the trunk of actinidia arguta is 1.3-1.5 m high, 3-5 permanent main vines are planted at the upper end of the trunk, and the vine distance is 40-60 cm; the branches and tendrils are uniformly tied on the horizontal or slightly inclined frame surface.
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