CN111492746A - Method for mechanically breaking skin of astragalus seeds by adopting pre-grading - Google Patents
Method for mechanically breaking skin of astragalus seeds by adopting pre-grading Download PDFInfo
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- CN111492746A CN111492746A CN202010325203.3A CN202010325203A CN111492746A CN 111492746 A CN111492746 A CN 111492746A CN 202010325203 A CN202010325203 A CN 202010325203A CN 111492746 A CN111492746 A CN 111492746A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
- B07B—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS BY SIEVING, SCREENING, SIFTING OR BY USING GAS CURRENTS; SEPARATING BY OTHER DRY METHODS APPLICABLE TO BULK MATERIAL, e.g. LOOSE ARTICLES FIT TO BE HANDLED LIKE BULK MATERIAL
- B07B9/00—Combinations of apparatus for screening or sifting or for separating solids from solids using gas currents; General arrangement of plant, e.g. flow sheets
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for mechanically breaking the skin of astragalus seeds by adopting pre-grading, which comprises the steps of sorting firstly and then distributing and polishing, and 1) sorting the astragalus seeds to be subjected to the skin breaking treatment according to size by using a seed cleaner, wherein the astragalus seeds with the diameter of more than 0.35cm are I-grade seeds, the astragalus seeds with the diameter of 0.2-0.35 cm are II-grade seeds, and the astragalus seeds with the diameter of less than 0.2 are III-grade seeds; 2) classifying and polishing the astragalus seeds after classification by using a rice mill, and determining the flow of the astragalus seeds entering a rice milling chamber according to different classifications; class I seed with a flow rate of 23m3H; class II seed at a flow rate of 20m3H; class III seed at a flux of 17m3H is used as the reference value. The invention can conveniently determine the processing parameters of the grinding process, has more standard operation and is convenient to popularize. The classified seeds are convenient to polish, the polishing quality is improved, the germination rate is improved, the loss is reduced, the selling and planting quality is refined, and the selling and finished product grading are realizedThe preliminary division of (1).
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a seed treatment method in a traditional Chinese medicinal material planting process, in particular to a mechanical skin breaking treatment method for astragalus seeds.
Background
The seed coat of a plant is a covering part of the outside of the seed, has the effects of protecting the seed from mechanical damage caused by external force and preventing the invasion of pests, and at the same time, is one of the main causes of dormancy of the seed. Some seeds have thick and solid seed coats, so that oxygen cannot permeate easily; in addition, germination inhibitors may be present on the seed coat to cause seed dormancy.
The germination rate of astragalus seeds determines the amount of harvested seedlings, but the astragalus seeds belong to hard seeds, the seed coats are hard, the hard rate is generally 40-80%, the compact cell layers and pectin substances outside the seed coats are adopted, the seeds with better maturity have thicker surface enamel layers, so that the astragalus seeds have poor water permeability and difficult seed bud penetration, the germination rate of untreated seeds is low and irregular in germination, and generally, the germination rate of the untreated astragalus seeds is only about 15%. Therefore, in order to promote the rapid germination of the seeds and ensure the emergence rate of the astragalus seeds, the seeds need to be manually treated before sowing, but if the treatment is not proper, the germination rate is difficult to exceed 50 percent. For the hard seed, in order to improve the germination rate, the seed coat of the seed is usually subjected to human intervention before sowing, and three methods are mainly adopted, namely seed coat softening, mechanical damage or chemical treatment damage.
1) The seed-coat softening method is characterized in that seeds are soaked in water in a changing way. Soaking in warm water of 40 ℃ in the daytime several days before sowing, changing cold water at night, continuously treating for 3 days and nights, taking out, putting into a tile pot, covering with a wet cloth, putting in a warm place for accelerating germination, and germinating for 3-4 days to obtain the final product. Or rapidly stirring the seeds in boiling water for 1 min, immediately pouring into cold water, cooling to 40 deg.C, soaking for 2 hr, pouring out water, covering with wet gunny bag, sealing for 12 hr, and sowing when the seeds swell or the outer skin cracks. The process of rapidly stirring and repeatedly pouring the seeds into cold water or pouring the water out in the method is time-consuming, labor-consuming and dangerous. In addition, the germination time is required to be about 5 days, the efficiency of the seeder is influenced, and the method is not suitable for mechanized large-area planting. The seed treatment process of the method is complicated, the water temperature and the time must be strictly controlled, the skin breaking effect cannot be achieved after the time is too short, and the germination rate is gradually reduced after the time is too long.
2) The mechanical damage is usually done by rice mill or stone mill, sand mill or combination of stone mill and sand mill. The intensity and times of grinding seeds by the rice mill are determined according to the type of the rice mill and the specific conditions of astragalus membranaceus variety, humidity, maturity and the like, and a certain operation experience is needed for abrading the glaze layer of the seeds by utilizing the high-speed rotation of a grinding wheel of the rice mill. The stone grinding and the grinding are easy to grind larger and full high-quality seeds, the operation is completely dependent on the experience of workers, the quality cannot be guaranteed, the embryo is injured due to over grinding, the seeds are easy to be infected by germs, the seeds are rotten after being sown, the germination rate is influenced, and the emergence rate is reduced. Wherein the screening of seeds requires high labor costs. And the germination time needs 5 days, which affects the efficiency of the seeder and is not suitable for mechanized large-area planting. The seeds are ground by sand grinding or combination of stone grinding and sand grinding, although the seed grinding is applied to batch production, the technology is not easy to master, and the defects that the embryo is injured due to over grinding, the seeds are easily infected by germs, the rotten seeds after sowing are more, the germination rate is influenced, and the emergence rate is reduced also exist.
3) Chemical agents treat lesions, where the traditionally effective method is to treat astragalus seeds with sulfuric acid. According to the hardness degree of the enamel layer of the seed coat, a 50-80% sulfuric acid solution can be selected, the aged and hard seeds need to be soaked in a 70-80% sulfuric acid solution, the soaking time can be adjusted within 3-5 minutes, the seeds are taken out and quickly placed in running water for washing for 30 minutes, or the seeds are washed by clean water for multiple times, and the seeds can be sowed after being slightly dried. Although the sulfuric acid rotten skin method has high speed and good effect, the germination rate can reach more than 90%. The method has the advantages of high danger, high requirement on workers, high water consumption and high cost in the operation process.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the prior art, the invention provides a method for mechanically breaking the skin of astragalus seeds by adopting pre-grading, which has the advantages of standard operation, convenience, rapidness and safety, improves the germination rate of the astragalus seeds, saves the cost, is beneficial to popularization and is suitable for large-area production and planting.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a method for mechanically breaking the skin of astragalus seeds by adopting pre-grading, which comprises the following steps:
step one, seed sorting: sorting the astragalus seeds to be subjected to the skin breaking treatment into I-grade seeds, II-grade seeds and III-grade seeds according to the size by using a seed sorting machine, wherein the I-grade seeds with the diameter of more than 0.35cm, the II-grade seeds with the diameter of 0.2cm-0.35cm and the III-grade seeds with the diameter of less than 0.2cm are selected;
step two, polishing seeds: the method comprises the following steps that a rice mill is used, wherein the rice mill comprises a feeding device, a rice milling chamber, a discharging device and a transmission device, a rice roller, a rice sieve and a rice cutter are arranged in the rice milling chamber, an outlet end cover of the rice milling chamber is provided with an adjusting hand wheel, and the pressure of a compression spring is adjusted through the adjusting hand wheel; when the rice mill works, the rice roller is driven by the motor through the transmission device to rotate at a high speed in the rice milling chamber, the astragalus seeds from the feeding device in the rice milling chamber are continuously pushed forward and extruded, and friction and rubbing are generated among the astragalus seeds, the rice roller, the rice sieve and the rice knife and among the astragalus seeds in motion, so that the astragalus seeds are broken;
determining the flow of the astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber in the process according to different grades of the astragalus seeds;
grade I seeds, wherein the flow of astragalus seeds entering a rice milling chamber is set to be 23m3/h；
II-grade seed, setting the flow of radix astragali seed into rice milling chamber to be 20m3/h；
Grade III seed, setting the flow of radix astragali seed into rice milling chamber to be 17m3/h。
Further, the rice mill adopts a household rice mill complete equipment; 1) the flow rate of the astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber is set to be 23m3When the rice milling chamber is used for milling rice, the gaps between the rice roller and the rice sieve and between the rice roller and the rice cutter are respectively 3/4 with the largest gaps, and meanwhile, the pressure of a compression spring on the outlet end cover of the rice milling chamber is the largest; 2) setting the flow of Astragalus seeds into a milling chamberThe amount is 20m3When the rice milling chamber is used for milling rice, the gaps between the rice roller and the rice sieve and between the rice roller and the rice cutter are respectively 1/2 of the maximum gap, and meanwhile, the pressure of a compression spring on the outlet end cover of the rice milling chamber is 1/2 of the maximum pressure; 3) the flow rate of the astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber is set to be 17m3When the rice milling chamber is used for milling rice, the gaps between the rice roller and the rice sieve and between the rice roller and the rice cutter are respectively 1/3 of the maximum gap, and meanwhile, the pressure of a compression spring on the outlet end cover of the rice milling chamber is 1/3 of the maximum pressure.
The rice mill adopts large-scale rice mill, and the flow that the astragalus seed got into the rice milling room from feed arrangement's holding hopper is controlled through establishing the feeding picture peg at rice milling room feed inlet department.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. because the seeds are classified in advance according to the size and the specific gravity, and then the seeds in different grades are distributed and mechanically polished, the processing parameters of the polishing process are convenient to determine, the operation is more standard, and the popularization is convenient.
2. The classified seeds are convenient to polish, the polishing quality is improved, the germination rate is improved, and the loss is reduced.
3. In addition, the graded seeds refine the quality of sale and planting, and achieve the primary classification of sale and finished product grade.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a comparison of the germination rates of the astragalus seeds after the skin is broken by the method of the present invention and other treatment methods;
FIG. 2 is a comparison of the emergence rate of Astragalus membranaceus seeds after the hull breaking by the method of the present invention and several other treatment methods;
FIG. 3 is a comparison of the mass loss of the seeds after the dehulling in the method of the invention compared to the mass loss before the treatment in several other treatment methods.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples, which are not intended to limit the invention in any way.
The invention aims at solving the problems that in the existing astragalus seed mechanical damage peeling method, due to the fact that the particle sizes of astragalus seeds are different, in the grinding process under the selected grinding processing parameters, excessive grinding can be caused on partial seeds with larger particle sizes to cause embryo injury, the seeds are easily infected by germs, the number of seeds rotted after sowing is large, the germination rate is influenced, the emergence rate is reduced, the yield is reduced finally, and the quality cannot be guaranteed. Based on the method, the astragalus seeds are classified according to the diameter before polishing, and then the polishing process parameters can be selected with high pertinence for the seeds with the same size and grade during polishing, so that large-batch processing can be completed, the working benefit is improved, the quality of seed crust breaking is ensured, and the germination rate of the astragalus seeds is improved.
Examples 1,
The method for mechanically breaking the peel of the astragalus seeds by adopting the pre-grading is adopted to treat the astragalus seeds and comprises the following steps:
step one, seed sorting: classifying the astragalus seeds to be subjected to the skin breaking treatment by using a seed cleaner according to the size:
the seed cleaner selects the air screen cleaner, mainly depends on the vertical air screen to finish the separation function, it is according to the aerodynamic characteristic of the seed, according to the difference of seed and impurity critical speed, through the speed of adjusting the air current, realize the purpose of separation, lighter impurity is sucked the settling chamber and concentrated and discharged, better seed gets into the shale shaker after passing through the air screen. The vibrating screen is provided with an upper layer screen, a middle layer screen and a lower layer screen, and four ports are arranged. The large impurities, the small impurities and the selected seeds can be discharged respectively (the cleaning and grading can be completed at one time for series products with four layers and multilayer sieve boxes). The sorting principle of the vibrating screen is determined according to the geometric dimension characteristics of seeds, the types and varieties of the seeds are different, the sizes are also different, and the sorting requirements can be met by selecting and replacing sieve sheets with different specifications.
The seed cleaning and sorting machine is used for separating astragalus seeds into I-grade seeds, II-grade seeds and III-grade seeds, wherein the I-grade seeds with the diameter of more than 0.35cm, the II-grade seeds with the diameter of 0.2cm-0.35cm and the III-grade seeds with the diameter of less than 0.2cm are selected;
step two, polishing seeds: using a household rice mill complete equipment to distribute and mill the classified astragalus seeds:
the rice milling machine comprises a feeding device, a rice milling chamber, a discharging device and a transmission device, wherein a rice roller, a rice sieve and a rice cutter are arranged in the rice milling chamber, an outlet end cover of the rice milling chamber is provided with an adjusting hand wheel, and the pressure of a compression spring is adjusted through the adjusting hand wheel; when the rice mill works, the rice roller is driven by the motor through the transmission device to rotate at a high speed in the rice milling chamber, the astragalus seeds from the feeding device in the rice milling chamber are continuously pushed forward and extruded, and friction and rubbing are generated among the astragalus seeds, the rice roller, the rice sieve and the rice knife and among the astragalus seeds in motion, so that the astragalus seeds are broken;
determining the flow of the astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber in the process according to different grades of the astragalus seeds;
grade I seeds, wherein the flow of astragalus seeds entering a rice milling chamber is set to be 23m3/h；
II-grade seed, setting the flow of radix astragali seed into rice milling chamber to be 20m3/h；
Grade III seed, setting the flow of radix astragali seed into rice milling chamber to be 17m3/h。
The rice mill shell adopts a household rice mill complete set or a large-scale rice mill. When the rice mill works, the rice roller is driven by the motor through the speed reducer to rotate at a high speed in the rice milling chamber, astragalus seeds from a material containing hopper of the feeding device in the rice milling chamber are continuously pushed forward to generate extrusion, friction and rubbing are generated among the astragalus seeds, the rice roller, the rice sieve and the rice cutter and among the astragalus seeds in motion, and seed coats of the astragalus seeds are damaged. The astragalus seeds and the damaged cortex are discharged from an outlet of the rice milling chamber, the astragalus seeds after the skin breaking are separated by the separating part and flow into the seed collecting device through the outlet, and the damaged cortex and other impurities are discharged from the other port.
If a household rice mill complete equipment is used, the flow of astragalus seeds entering a rice milling chamber from a material containing hopper of a feeding device is controlled by adjusting the pressure of a compression spring on a rice roller and a rice sieve, a gap between the rice roller and a rice cutter and an outlet end cover.
For I-grade seeds, the flow rate of the astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber is set to be 23m3When the rice milling chamber is used for milling rice, the gaps between the rice roller and the rice sieve and between the rice roller and the rice cutter are adjusted to 3/4 with the largest gap, and meanwhile, the pressure of a compression spring on the outlet end cover of the rice milling chamber is the largest;
for II-grade seeds, the flow rate of the astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber is set to be 20m3When the rice milling chamber is used for milling rice, 1/2 that the gap between the rice roller and the rice sieve and between the rice roller and the rice cutter is the largest is adjusted, and the pressure of a compression spring on an outlet end cover of the rice milling chamber is 1/2 of the largest pressure;
for III-grade seeds, the flow rate of the astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber is set to be 17m3And when the rice milling chamber is subjected to the pressure regulation, 1/3 that the gaps between the rice roller and the rice sieve and between the rice roller and the rice cutter are the maximum is adjusted, and 1/3 that the pressure of a compression spring on the outlet end cover of the rice milling chamber is the maximum pressure.
Of course, according to the different specific models of the rice mill complete equipment, the flow of the astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber can be adjusted to the specified flow by the technicians in the industry with reference to the adjusting method.
If a large-scale rice mill is used, the flow of the astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber from the material containing hopper of the feeding device is controlled by the feeding inserting plate arranged at the feeding port of the rice milling chamber.
Comparative examples 1,
The astragalus seeds are treated by a water temperature change seed soaking method: soaking in warm water of 40 deg.C in the daytime several days before sowing, changing cold water at night, continuously treating for 3 days and nights, taking out, placing into tile pot, covering with wet cloth, germinating in warm place, and sowing after 3 days.
Comparative examples 2,
Treating the astragalus seeds by using a sanding damage method: uniformly mixing 1 part of fine river sand and 2 parts of astragalus seeds, putting the mixture on a roller with a medium size, paving the roller with a thickness of 4 cm, and grinding until the seed coats are fluffy and stabbed. Sieving seeds after grinding, soaking in warm water at 20 deg.C for 1 day, composting in warm place, and sowing after germination for about 5 days.
Comparative example 3, treatment of astragalus seeds with sulphuric acid: soaking the astragalus seeds in 60% sulfuric acid solution for 5 min, taking out, quickly washing in running water for 30 min, or washing the seeds with clear water for several times to remove residual sulfuric acid, and slightly drying for sowing.
Comparative example 4, unfractionated astragalus seeds were milled according to the usual method of the prior art using a domestic rice mill plant.
Germination rate, emergence rate and quality loss test results after treatment of comparative examples 1 to 4 and example 1
Table 1 shows the results of germination rate tests of astragalus seeds in a culture dish after the seeds are peeled by different treatment methods.
Table 2 shows the emergence rates of the astragalus seeds in the natural environment of the field after the peels are broken by different treatment methods.
Table 3 shows the mass loss of the astragalus seeds after the skin is broken by different treatment methods before treatment, which is shown in Table 3.
Fig. 1, fig. 2 and fig. 3 show the germination rate, emergence rate and mass loss comparison curves of the astragalus seeds treated in comparative examples 1-4 and example 1, respectively, and it can be seen that the germination rate and emergence rate of the astragalus seeds are greatly improved by the method for hull breaking treatment, compared with several conventional methods for hull treatment in the prior art, the germination rate can be improved by 5.4-21%, and the emergence rate can be improved by 13.3-29%. In addition, the loss of the seeds in the process of the hull breaking treatment is greatly reduced, and the loss is only 28 percent of that of the ungraded grinding treatment method.
Although the present invention has been described above, the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, which are only illustrative and not restrictive, and those skilled in the art can make many modifications without departing from the spirit of the present invention, which falls within the protection of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A method for mechanically breaking the skin of astragalus seeds by adopting pre-grading is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, seed sorting: sorting the astragalus seeds to be subjected to the skin breaking treatment into I-grade seeds, II-grade seeds and III-grade seeds according to the size by using a seed sorting machine, wherein the I-grade seeds with the diameter of more than 0.35cm, the II-grade seeds with the diameter of 0.2cm-0.35cm and the III-grade seeds with the diameter of less than 0.2cm are selected;
step two, polishing seeds: the method comprises the following steps that a rice mill is used, wherein the rice mill comprises a feeding device, a rice milling chamber, a discharging device and a transmission device, a rice roller, a rice sieve and a rice cutter are arranged in the rice milling chamber, an outlet end cover of the rice milling chamber is provided with an adjusting hand wheel, and the pressure of a compression spring is adjusted through the adjusting hand wheel; when the rice mill works, the rice roller is driven by the motor through the transmission device to rotate at a high speed in the rice milling chamber, the astragalus seeds from the feeding device in the rice milling chamber are continuously pushed forward and extruded, and friction and rubbing are generated among the astragalus seeds, the rice roller, the rice sieve and the rice knife and among the astragalus seeds in motion, so that the astragalus seeds are broken;
determining the flow of the astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber in the process according to different grades of the astragalus seeds;
grade I seeds, wherein the flow of astragalus seeds entering a rice milling chamber is set to be 23m3/h；
II-grade seed, setting the flow of radix astragali seed into rice milling chamber to be 20m3/h；
Grade III seed, setting the flow of radix astragali seed into rice milling chamber to be 17m3/h。
2. The method for mechanically breaking the skins of the astragalus seeds by adopting the pre-grading according to claim 1, wherein in the second step, the rice mill adopts a household rice mill complete equipment;
setting astragalus seeds to enter a rice milling chamberHas a flow rate of 23m3When the rice milling chamber is used for milling rice, the gaps between the rice roller and the rice sieve and between the rice roller and the rice cutter are respectively 3/4 with the largest gaps, and meanwhile, the pressure of a compression spring on the outlet end cover of the rice milling chamber is the largest;
setting the flow of astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber to be 20m3When the rice milling chamber is used for milling rice, the gaps between the rice roller and the rice sieve and between the rice roller and the rice cutter are respectively 1/2 of the maximum gap, and meanwhile, the pressure of a compression spring on the outlet end cover of the rice milling chamber is 1/2 of the maximum pressure;
the flow rate of the astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber is set to be 17m3When the rice milling chamber is used for milling rice, the gaps between the rice roller and the rice sieve and between the rice roller and the rice cutter are respectively 1/3 of the maximum gap, and meanwhile, the pressure of a compression spring on the outlet end cover of the rice milling chamber is 1/3 of the maximum pressure.
3. The method for mechanically peeling astragalus seeds by pre-grading according to claim 1, wherein in the second step, the rice mill is a large-scale rice mill, and the flow rate of the astragalus seeds entering the rice milling chamber from the hopper of the feeding device is controlled by a feeding plugboard arranged at the feeding port of the rice milling chamber.
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Cited By (3)
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| CN112655309A (en) * | 2020-12-03 | 2021-04-16 | 中国农业大学 | Method for breaking hard seeds of astragalus mongholicus |
| CN114667821A (en) * | 2022-03-29 | 2022-06-28 | 内蒙古蒙草草种业有限公司 | Method for improving germination rate of torch tree seeds |
| CN114667822A (en) * | 2022-03-29 | 2022-06-28 | 内蒙古蒙草草种业有限公司 | Method for improving germination rate of astragalus meliloti seeds |
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| CN112655309A (en) * | 2020-12-03 | 2021-04-16 | 中国农业大学 | Method for breaking hard seeds of astragalus mongholicus |
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