CN111236455A - 一种磁流体外墙结构 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种磁流体外墙结构，由若干个可拼接的墙体模块组成，所述墙体模块为立方体结构，其顶部通过上流体出入口连接上导流管道，底部通过下流体出入口连接下导流管道，可旋转杆件与墙体模块的顶部和底部垂直连接，可旋转杆件上设有磁体组合。本发明在夏季墙体模块能大幅度反射太阳光线，避免墙体吸收过多热量，同时磁流体外墙体模块吸收的太阳余热可以转换为建筑内部所需要的能源形式；在冬季，通过对节能墙体内分散在磁流体中的功能材料的置换，高效吸收太阳能光热，补充热量至墙体。避免室内热量的散失，从而达到冬季室内保温的目的。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于绿色节能建筑设计及新材料应用技术领域，具体涉及一种磁流体外墙结构。
背景技术
随着社会的不断发展，能源短缺问题日益显著。近年来，“节能减排”被各行各业所重视，政府也出台多部法律文件，将节能减排作为一项强制性标准。在建筑设计领域，最早提出“节能减排”标准的是美国的“绿色节能标准”——LEED（Leadership in Energy andEnvironmental Design），它是一个评价绿色建筑的工具。宗旨是：在设计中有效地减少环境和住户的负面影响。目的是：规范一个完整、准确的绿色建筑概念，防止建筑的滥绿色化。LEED由美国绿色建筑协会建立并于2003年开始推行，在美国部分州和一些国家已被列为法定强制标准。
目前国内在建筑设计领域也要求建筑师在进行建筑设计时考虑建筑的节能设计。在我国“夏热冬冷”地区进行建筑设计时，首要考虑的是保证室内环境舒适度即做到室内“冬暖夏凉”。为达到这个目的，普遍使用的方法是在建筑外维护结构上采用“被动式”的构造方法与新技术、新材料的运用，但是收效甚微。主要存在以下误区：
1）主观认为“被动式”的构造方法与新材料、新技术的运用可以达到室内空调设备的“零应用”；
2）在建筑设计完成之后进行绿色节能建筑手法的堆积，不能形成***化的节能设计；
3）不注重能源“余热”的再利用，造成能量的损耗。
调研显示，采用“被动式”建筑设计的低能耗建筑，依旧采用空调***进行室内温度的调控。没有达到“被动式”建筑能源低消耗的初衷。目前墙体采用的多是低热导率的保温材料填充墙体及冷热桥位置。墙体在冬季与夏季运行中保持低热导率。在夏季，保温层阻碍热量进入到室内；在冬季，保温层减少室内热量的散失。但是无论夏季与冬季，墙体始终处于向阳面。然而在夏季室内不需要过多的太阳光热，在冬季室内则需要较多的太阳光热。本发明的节能墙体模块改变了原有单一低热导率墙体材料作为保温层的现状，既适用于新建筑也适用于老建筑的改造。通过改变功能材料的物理性质达到冬夏两用的目的。
发明内容
为了满足夏热冬冷地区建筑节能和建筑绿色化需求的不断提升，本发明巧妙的利用太阳能光热服务于建筑节能。本发明提供了一种成本低、材料简单、绿色环保、结构合理且可以高效利用太阳能光热的磁流体外墙模块。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案是：
一种磁流体外墙结构，由若干个可拼接的墙体模块组成，所述墙体模块为立方体结构，其顶部通过上流体出入口连接上导流管道，底部通过下流体出入口连接下导流管道，可旋转杆件与墙体模块的顶部和底部垂直连接，可旋转杆件上设有磁体组合。
进一步的，所述磁体组合包括第一永磁体、第二永磁体和磁流体，所述可旋转杆件上开有若干凹槽，凹槽与凹槽间隔15-25cm，所述凹槽的中心轴线与所述可旋转杆件垂直，所述凹槽内设有第一永磁体，凹槽开口处连接有第二永磁体，所述第二永磁体外表面吸附磁流体。所述第一和第二永磁体为非能耗永磁体。
进一步的，所述墙体模块内还设有控制装置，控制装置与可旋转杆件和第一永磁体连接。控制装置可以控制可旋转杆件的旋转以及控制第一永磁体在凹槽内的移动，以调节第一永磁体和第二永磁体之间的距离。
进一步的，所述墙体模块的厚度为10-12cm，高度为1-1.5m。墙体模块通过上下导流管道与其他的节能墙体模块相互连接，拼接好的节能墙体模块依附于建筑外墙工作。
进一步的，所述磁流体是含有纳米材料的磁流体。
进一步的，所述纳米材料为纳米氧化铝和/或纳米二氧化硅，尺寸均为300-500纳米。
进一步的，本发明还提供含有纳米材料的磁流体的制备方法，包括如下几个步骤：
1)四氧化三铁、多孔氧化铝和漂珠加入水中混合搅拌，并加入乙酸溶液，调节pH值至10-11，洗涤干燥研磨得四氧化三铁粉末；
2) 将步骤1）得到的四氧化三铁粉末加入到作为分散剂的柠檬酸溶液中，加入氨水，搅拌并加热至100℃，加入正硅酸乙酯进行反应，反应结束后，产物冷却洗涤后得到表面包覆二氧化硅的四氧化三铁；
3)将步骤2）得到的表面包覆二氧化硅的四氧化三铁通过磁分离的方式洗涤后，调节pH为10，干燥、清洗、除空胶束，将剩余沉淀加入去离子水，沉淀与去离子水的质量体积比，mg:mL为10：1，即得到含纳米材料的磁流体。
外墙模块适用于夏热冬冷地区，为较大减少该热工分区内建筑单体室内能耗设备开启的频率，外墙模块需要起到夏季降温，冬季保温的作用。因此设计的节能墙体模块分为冬季与夏季两种运行工况。
附着在永磁体上的纳米流体直接吸收太阳能能够有效提高对太阳能光热的吸收，而且还可以通过改变纳米颗粒的种类、尺寸、形状等提高对太阳能光热的吸收效率，但是自然界很难找到一种和太阳能可见光波段完全匹配且高吸收的物质。纳米磁流体是一类特殊的纳米流体，它既具有固体物质的磁性，又具有液体的流动特性。当有外加磁场作用时，它可以被控制、定位、定向和移动，也起到强化传热作用，同时，磁性纳米粒子的分布结构特征会发生变化，使得纳米磁流体的光学性质会发生变化。在有外加磁场时，纳米磁流体在磁场的作用下沿磁力线形成规则有序的空间排布形如山丘型结构的突起，这些由纳米流体形成的山丘型结构可以使光在各个峰体形成的空间中多次反射散射吸收，形成捕获光束的特殊结构。可以通过控制磁场布置方式和磁场强度以改变磁力线分布和山丘型结构大小从而改变磁性粉体的空间排布结构来匹配太阳光的波长，提高对光热的吸收率。
与现有技术相比，本发明的创新之处在于：提供了一种成本低、材料简单、绿色环保、结构合理且可以高效利用太阳能光热的磁流体外墙模块，在夏季墙体模块能大幅度反射太阳光线，避免墙体吸收过多热量，同时磁流体外墙体模块吸收的太阳余热可以转换为建筑内部所需要的能源形式；在冬季，通过对节能墙体内分散在磁流体中的功能材料的置换，高效吸收太阳能光热，补充热量至墙体。避免室内热量的散失，从而达到冬季室内保温的目的。
附图说明
图1为本发明的模块整体结构示意图；
图2为图1中可旋转杆件的放大示意图；
图3第二永磁体与磁流体结构示意图。
具体实施方式
为了加深对本发明的理解，下面将结合实施例和附图对本发明作进一步详述，该实施例仅用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明保护范围的限定。
实施例1 含有纳米材料的磁流体的制备
1）称量四氧化三铁（上海超威纳米科技有限公司，100至400nm）、多孔氧化铝粉末（上海超威纳米科技有限公司，500nm）、漂珠（上海超威纳米科技有限公司，500nm）并加入去离子水中得到混合液，混合液恒温50℃磁力搅拌，恒温磁力搅拌转速为1200r/min ，形成红褐色溶液，持续恒温搅拌过程中加入乙酸水溶液（质量分数10.4%），混匀后调节pH值至10-11 ，将转速调至1200r/min继续搅拌30分钟后，自然冷却至室温，除去上层清液，用去离子水离心洗涤沉淀，离心机转速为8000r/min ，离心洗涤10min ，然后超声振散再用去离子水重复离心洗涤三次，最后在50摄氏度真空干燥，研磨得到四氧化三铁纳米粉末:
2）按照四氧化三铁粉末与柠檬酸溶液质量体积比mg:mL为3:1 的比例，将步骤(1)制备的四氧化三铁粉末纳米粉末加入柠檬酸溶液（质量分数15%）中，再加入氨水至pH值为6 ，边搅拌边加热至沸腾，搅拌转速为800r/min ，将正硅酸乙酯滴加在分散液中，保持沸腾并搅拌，结束后将溶液冷却至室温并除去上清液，沉淀用去离子水和酒精交替离心洗涤至中性，离心机转速为8000r/min ，得到表面包覆Si02 的四氧化三铁，Si02粒径约300-500nm；
(3) 将步骤(2)表面包覆二氧化硅的四氧化三铁，通过磁分离的方式用无水乙醇冲洗三次，然后按照、质量体积比mg:mL为3: 1 的比例分散在乙醇中得到乙醇分散液，在乙醇分散液中添加氨水将pH值调至10。再将悬浮液在40摄氏度真空干燥至糊状，用去离子水清洗，离心去除空的胶束，离心机转速为8000r/min ，机械搅拌和超声使沉淀分散在去离子水中，沉淀与去离子水的质量体积比mg:mL为10: 1，即得到含义纳米材料的磁流体。
实施例2 磁流体外墙结构
如图所示，磁流体外墙结构，由若干个可拼接的墙体模块1组成，墙体模块1为立方体结构，其顶部通过上流体出入口6连接上导流管道4，底部通过下流体出入口7连接下导流管道5，可旋转杆件2与墙体模块1的顶部和底部垂直连接，可旋转杆件上设有磁体组合3。如图2和3所示，磁体组合3包括第一永磁体31、第二永磁体32和磁流体33，可旋转杆件2上开有若干凹槽9，凹槽与凹槽间隔15-25cm，凹槽9的中心轴线与所述可旋转杆件垂直，凹槽内设有第一永磁体31，凹槽9开口处连接有第二永磁体32，第二永磁体32外表面吸附磁流体33，第一和第二永磁体为非能耗永磁体。墙体模块内还设有控制装置（图中未示出，控制装置的控制原理采用现有技术设计），控制装置与可旋转杆件2和第一永磁体31连接。控制装置可以控制可旋转杆件的旋转以及控制第一永磁体在凹槽内的移动，以调节第一永磁体和第二永磁体之间的距离。
墙体模块1为立方体，墙体模块的厚度为12cm，高度为1.5m。墙体模块1通过上下导流管道与其他的节能墙体模块相互连接，拼接好的节能墙体模块依附于建筑外墙工作。磁流体33是含有纳米材料的磁流体。
实施例3 夏季工况使用原理；
在夏季，将第一永磁体31与第二永磁体32间距控制在1cm使得永磁体产生的磁场靠近磁流体。这时磁场力比较大，磁场强度比较高。磁流体包裹着磁性材料。磁力线比较密集，形成密集型的尖锐山丘状，使其不匹配太阳光的波长，提高对光热的反射率。同时在墙体模块1内置入介质水8。当夏季阳光直射时，太阳光通过介质水8形成“一次反射”反射掉大部分光线。通过介质水8折射的剩余的太阳光线，又被磁流体进行“二次反射”。反射过程中产生的热量，在磁流体与介质水8热量交换完成后，介质水8通过外接抽水泵由上流体出入口6经过上导流管道4运输出墙体模块1做二次利用。同时从下流体出口7经过下导流管道5注入常温的介质水8继续填充墙体模块1，形成热量运输的循环***，避免室内温度升高。
实施例4冬季工况使用原理；
在冬季将第一永磁体31与第二永磁体32的间距控制在5cm，使永磁体产生的磁场远磁流体，这时候磁场减弱，磁场强度减小。被磁场吸引的磁力变弱，那么山丘也变得相对比较平缓。使其匹配太阳光的波长，提高对光热的吸收率。同时使节能墙体模块内部保持干燥状态。当冬季白天日照时，磁流体吸收热量的同时加热外墙表面，提升室内温度。冬季夜晚，外墙自带的保温层大大阻止了室内热量向室外的流失，从而形成冬季白天吸热、夜晚保温的运行机制，大大提高了冬季建筑的室内温度。
实施例3和实施例4中第一永磁体31与第二永磁体32间距控制通过控制装置控制，另外，可旋转杆件2可以通过控制装置来控制杆件的旋转，使磁流体始终面向太阳光线，采集太阳光的能量，可以通过光敏传感器连接控制装置，控制装置根据光敏传感器传送的信号调节杆件的旋转。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种磁流体外墙结构，其特征在于，由若干个可拼接的墙体模块组成，所述墙体模块为立方体结构，其顶部通过上流体出入口连接上导流管道，底部通过下流体出入口连接下导流管道，可旋转杆件与墙体模块的顶部和底部垂直连接，可旋转杆件上设有磁体组合。
2.根据权利要求1所述的磁流体外墙结构，其特征在于，所述磁体组合包括第一永磁体、第二永磁体和磁流体，所述可旋转杆件上开有若干凹槽，凹槽与凹槽间隔15-25cm，所述凹槽的中心轴线与所述可旋转杆件垂直，所述凹槽内设有第一永磁体，凹槽开口处连接有第二永磁体，所述第二永磁体外表面吸附磁流体。
3.根据权利要求2所述的磁流体外墙结构，其特征在于，所述第一和第二永磁体为非能耗永磁体。
4.根据权利要求2所述的磁流体外墙结构，其特征在于，所述墙体模块内还设有控制装置，控制装置与可旋转杆件和第一永磁体连接。
5.根据权利要求2所述的磁流体外墙结构，其特征在于，所述墙体模块的厚度为10-12cm，高度为1-1.5m。
6.根据权利要求2所述的磁流体外墙结构，其特征在于，所述磁流体是含有纳米材料的磁流体。
7.根据权利要求6所述的磁流体外墙结构，其特征在于，所述纳米材料为纳米氧化铝和/或纳米二氧化硅，尺寸均为300-500nm。
8.根据权利要求7所述的磁流体外墙结构，其特征在于，所述含有纳米材料的磁流体的制备方法，包括如下几个步骤：
1)四氧化三铁、多孔氧化铝和漂珠加入水中混合搅拌，并加入乙酸溶液，调节pH值至10-11，洗涤干燥研磨得四氧化三铁粉末；
2) 将步骤1）得到的四氧化三铁粉末加入到作为分散剂的柠檬酸溶液中，加入氨水，搅拌并加热至100℃，加入正硅酸乙酯进行反应，反应结束后，产物冷却洗涤后得到表面包覆二氧化硅的四氧化三铁；
3)将步骤2）得到的表面包覆二氧化硅的四氧化三铁通过磁分离的方式洗涤后，调节pH为10，干燥、清洗、除空胶束，将剩余沉淀加入去离子水，沉淀与去离子水的质量体积比，mg:mL为10：1，即得到含纳米材料的磁流体。
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