CN111011274A - Industrial breeding method of urechis unicinctus - Google Patents
Industrial breeding method of urechis unicinctus Download PDFInfo
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- CN111011274A CN111011274A CN201911073769.5A CN201911073769A CN111011274A CN 111011274 A CN111011274 A CN 111011274A CN 201911073769 A CN201911073769 A CN 201911073769A CN 111011274 A CN111011274 A CN 111011274A
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/40—Culture of aquatic animals of annelids, e.g. lugworms or Eunice
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
- Birds (AREA)
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses an industrial breeding method of urechis unicinctus, which comprises the following steps: 1. site selection and construction of the industrial aquaculture workshop; 2. a method for cultivating urechis unicinctus fries; 3. a method for culturing urechis unicinctus in a factory. According to the method, the culture environment is optimized by artificially controlling the physicochemical environment of the culture water, feeding the feed, preventing and treating diseases and other measures, the bottom mud is not filled, the optimal growth environment is provided for the urechis unicinctus, the seedling and culture density is reasonably controlled, the growth speed is accelerated, the survival rate is improved by 30-50%, the economic benefit is greatly improved, the urechis unicinctus grows rapidly, the quality is improved to the maximum extent, and the young urechis unicinctus is well cultured to the commodity specification.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of aquaculture, in particular to an industrial breeding method of urechis unicinctus.
Background
Urechis unicinctus, common name: the sea intestine and the sea intestine belong to the division of urechis unicinctus, the class urechis, the order urechis unicinctus, the family urechidaceae and the genus urechis. The benthos is distributed in Russia, Japan, Korea and Bohai gulf of China and the like, and is a common species of benthos in intertidal zone lower zone and subtidal zone shallow water zone along sea mud sand bank in northern China.
The urechis unicinctus is large in size and delicious in meat taste, and body wall muscles are rich in protein and various amino acids necessary for human bodies, so that the urechis unicinctus seafood is used as a precious seafood product and has higher economic value.
However, the large-scale difficulty of the urechis unicinctus is high, a large amount of manpower is consumed, and the large-scale development of the urechis unicinctus cultivation production is restricted due to the low yield and low efficiency of the prior art.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems that the large-scale difficulty of urechis unicinctus is high, the culture period is long, the growth speed is slow, the yield is low, the efficiency is not high, the young urechis unicinctus is not easy to culture into a commodity specification, and the economic benefit is low.
In order to achieve the aim, the invention provides an industrial breeding method of urechis unicinctus, which comprises the following steps:
and S1, site selection and construction of the industrial aquaculture workshop.
S11, factory address selection: the environment meets the requirement of GB/T18407.4;
s12, water quality requirement: the water quality of natural seawater meets the requirement of GB11607, the culture seawater meets the regulation of NY5052, the water temperature is 10-22 ℃, the salinity is 25-35, the dissolved oxygen is 5 +/-0.2 mg/L, the pH value is 7.4-8.5, the ammonia nitrogen is 0-0.6 mg/L, and the water is changed for 1 time in a total amount every 10 days;
s2, cultivating the urechis unicinctus fries.
S21, preparation of urechis unicinctus: selecting urechis unicinctus with complete body surface, body length of 7-10cm, body weight of 20-25g, and orange or milky color;
s22, parent transportation: directly loading the urechis unicinctus selected in the step S1 into boxes, wherein each box contains 5 +/-0.5 kg of parents, ice bags are placed in the boxes to cool when the air temperature exceeds 20 ℃, the temperature is controlled to be 20 +/-2 ℃, and the transportation time is 28 +/-2 hours;
s23, insemination: the natural fertilization method comprises the steps of placing the urechis unicinctus in an environment at 5-8 ℃ for 2-3 hours, disinfecting the body surface of the urechis unicinctus, placing the sterilized urechis unicinctus in an egg laying pond, and naturally discharging sperm and eggs from the urechis unicinctus; the artificial insemination method comprises the steps of dissecting the urechis unicinctus, taking out kidney tubes, respectively putting male and female kidney tubes into containers filled with seawater, shearing the kidney tubes to enable sperm and eggs to overflow, stirring to form sperm and egg solutions to enable 10-20 sperms to be arranged around each egg, putting an oxygen head into the bottom of the container, inflating and stirring to enable the eggs to be suspended, filtering the sperm and egg mixed solution, and removing the broken kidney tubes;
s24, hatching: sprinkling fertilized eggs fertilized in the step S3 to a hatching pond for hatching, and stirring up and down for 1 time of pond water every 30-60 min;
s25, culturing planktonic larvae: when the embryos are completely developed to the trochophore, transferring the larvae which live in a floating manner on the upper layer of water into a prepared culture pond for culture, feeding 1-2 times a day, wherein the larvae are fed for 1-2 times in the earlier stage, namely the first 1-5 days, the daily feeding amount is 1-2 ten thousand cells/ml, then the daily feeding amount is increased to 5-10 ten thousand cells/ml, changing water for 1 time a day, changing 1/3-1/2 every time, setting a tourmaline every 3-5 m2, and ensuring that the water quality meets the requirements of NY 5052;
s26, seedling collection: when the larva grows to the later stage of the somite larva, namely the larva grows to 10-12 somites, moving the larva into a young urechis unicinctus cultivation pond, feeding the larva by using rhodotorula benthamii, and after the larva enters sea mud and is transformed into worm-shaped larva from the somite larva, dragging and selecting the worm-shaped larva by using a bolting silk net or collecting the worm-shaped larva by using drainage water;
s27, culturing young urechis unicinctus for 30-40 days, and taking out of the pond when the body length is 5 +/-1 mm.
S3, a method for culturing urechis unicinctus in a factory.
S31, selecting the young urechis unicinctus which has complete body surface from the pool discharged in the step S27;
s32, a transportation method: pouring young urechis unicinctus into young urechis unicinctus boxes after being soaked in seawater, placing 10-20 kg of young urechis unicinctus in each box, adding ice blocks, covering the upper surfaces of the young urechis unicinctus boxes with cloth soaked in seawater, controlling the transportation time within 24 hours, and stopping bait casting 12 hours before transportation;
s33, a stocking method: sprinkling water on young urechis unicinctus cultivated in the same year into the cultivation pond;
s34, feeding method: after the feed is screened by the silk net, the compound feed is sprinkled into the culture pond by adding water;
s35, a harvesting method: and (3) manually checking the weight of the urechis unicinctus with 25-50 g and the size of 20-40 heads/kg by hand in trawl harvesting or draining pool water at midnight.
Preferably, the fertilized eggs in S24 have a density of 15 +/-2 granules/ml, a water temperature of 15-26 ℃, a salinity of 20-37, a pH value of 5.96-9.01, and a temperature difference between the hatching seawater and the insemination seawater within 1 ℃.
Preferably, the water temperature in S25 is 15-30 ℃, the dissolved oxygen is 5 +/-0.2 mg/L, the salinity is 15-35, and the illumination is 500 +/-10 Lx.
Preferably, the cultivation density of the trochophore stage in S25 is 1-4/ml, and the cultivation density of the somite stage is 1-2/ml.
Preferably, the bait in S25 is chrysophyceae, Platymonas mellea, Chlorella vulgaris, Nitzschia closterium, etc.
Preferably, the later-stage seedling picking density of the somite larvae in the S26 is 2-3/cm 2 on average.
In a preferable mode, sea mud with the thickness of 3-5 cm is paved at the bottom of the young urechis unicinctus cultivation pool in S26 to serve as an attaching base of young urechis unicinctus, 100ml/m3 formalin is used for disinfection for 30 +/-2 minutes, seawater is used for elutriation for 1 hour, water is changed for 1 time/d, the water changing amount is 2/5-3/5 of the whole water body, and air is continuously filled.
Preferably, the rhodotorula benthica in S26 is crushed and then screened by a 300-mesh screen, and the rhodotorula benthica is fed for 2 times/d every day, wherein the feeding amount is 1-2 ppm.
In an optimal mode, the stocking time in S33 is 10-12 months, the specification is 400-8000 heads/kg, the stocking water temperature is 8-15 ℃, the difference between the cultivation water salinity of the seedling raising pool and the factory cultivation water salinity is not more than 3, the sprinkling height is 0-10cm away from the water surface of the cultivation pool, and 100-200 heads are thrown in each square meter.
Preferably, the amount of the feed fed in the S34 is 3-5% of the total weight of young urechis unicinctus in 1 breeding pond, the feed is respectively fed for 1 time in the morning and at night, and the compound feed comprises big leaf vegetables, sea mud, dried rainbow flowers and the like.
The invention provides the most suitable growing environment for urechis unicinctus by taking measures of artificially controlling the physicochemical environment of the culture water, feeding feed, preventing and treating diseases and the like, reasonably controls the seedling and culture density and accelerates the growing speed. The oxygen filling head adopts a suspension type treatment, so that the air head is prevented from contacting sea mud or a sand layer, and the condition that bottom mud is not filled to optimize the culture environment is ensured. The marine carmine yeast is used as the bait, the unicellular algae does not need to be cultured, the manpower and material resources for building a bait culture room and culturing the bait are saved, the yeast is beneficial to the digestion and absorption of the urechis unicinctus larvae on the bait, and the digestion and the growth of the larvae are promoted. The invention effectively improves the metamorphosis survival rate of the important links of the growth of the young urechis, and the metamorphosis survival rate of the young urechis is improved from 10 percent in the prior art to 70 to 75 percent in the metamorphosis period of the young urechis in the prior art. The sea mud is used for replacing sand as the attaching base, the small particle size of the sea mud causes little damage to the young urechis unicinctus when the urechis unicinctus enters the pond for the first time, and the nutrient substances in the sea mud are rich, so that extra bait and nutrition can be provided for the young urechis unicinctus, the culture period is effectively shortened, and compared with the technical means of using a sand layer as the attaching base, the culture period is shortened by one time, and the survival rate is improved by 30-50%. Greatly improves the economic benefit, enables the urechis unicinctus to grow fast and improves the quality to the maximum extent, and well cultivates the young urechis unicinctus into the commodity specification.
Detailed Description
1. Factory address selection: far from industrial areas or ports, there are no pollution sources around the perimeter that pose a threat to the farming environment. The water quality is stable, the water source is sufficient, and no large amount of fresh water flows into the vicinity of the sea area where red tide frequently occurs. Convenient communication, transportation, sufficient electric power, rich seawater or underground seawater resources, stable salinity and fresh water source. The environment meets the requirements of GB/T18407.4.
2. The water quality requirement is as follows: the water quality of natural seawater should meet the requirement of GB11607, and the culture seawater should meet the regulation of NY 5052. The water temperature is 10-22 ℃, the salinity is 25-35, the dissolved oxygen is 5 +/-0.2 mg/L, the pH value is 7.4-8.5, and the ammonia nitrogen is 0-0.6 mg/L.
3. A breeding device.
Water inlet and drainage system: the water inlet system comprises a pump room, a sedimentation tank, a sand filter, a water storage tank and a water supply pipeline; the drainage system has trench, waste water treatment pond, be equipped with the water pump in the pump house, the water pump communicates sedimentation tank, sand filtration device, cistern and breed pond in proper order through water supply pipe, the water pump is taken seawater into the sedimentation tank from the pond, and impurity nature subsides back in the seawater gets into sand filter tank filter sand, then gets into the cistern is stored reserve, it is equipped with the drain valve to breed the bottom of the pool portion, the drain valve below is equipped with the trench, trench intercommunication waste water treatment pond.
An inflation system: the device consists of a blower, a gas conveying pipeline, a gas quantity regulating valve, a gas pipe and a gas head. Aeration is carried out by an inflator pump through air or pure oxygen or liquid oxygen is used for aeration.
A heat exchange system: a fresh air and exhaust ventilation device containing a total heat exchange core. The working principle is as follows: when the device is in operation, indoor exhaust air and fresh air respectively flow through the heat exchanger core in a quadrature mode, because the temperature difference and the steam partial pressure difference exist in the air flow at the two sides of the airflow division plate, the heat and mass transfer phenomena are presented when the two air flows pass through the division plate, and the total heat exchange process is caused. When the water temperature is lower in winter, a low-consumption breeding mode of low-temperature seedling protection can be adopted, underground well water can be used for heating breeding, and a boiler can be used for heating normal breeding. And cooling measures are not needed in summer.
The low-temperature seedling-keeping and low-consumption breeding mode adopts a method of less water change and less feeding, seawater at 4-6 ℃ below ice in a pond is used for overwintering and seedling keeping, the low-temperature seedling-keeping and low-consumption breeding mode has the advantages of low energy consumption cost and the defects that the larva grows slowly or even does not grow, but the survival rate is guaranteed, and the growth speed is accelerated by frequently feeding more baits after the next spring is started.
The underground well water heat exchange temperature-rising seawater culture mode adopts a heat exchanger, and underground purified water is used for maintaining culture water at 12-14 ℃ for normal culture management, and has the advantages of low cost and the defects of regional limitation.
The normal feeding mode of boiler temperature rise is characterized in that the seawater temperature is controlled at 14-18 ℃ through boiler coal burning temperature rise, normal feeding and management are carried out, the advantages of rapid growth and high cost are achieved, and the normal feeding mode of boiler temperature rise is usually carried out together with overwintering seedling protection of sea cucumber seedlings.
A culture pond: the method is characterized in that the method is an indoor cement pond, the cultivation area of a single pond is 15-50 square meters, the water depth is 0.8-1.0 m, the shape of a circle, a square or an octagon can be adopted, fine sand is laid at the bottom of the pond for 10-25 cm, and a water permeable PVC pipe with the height of 15-30 cm is inserted into a water discharge hole at the bottom of the pond to prevent the sand and the urechis unicinctus from being discharged when water is changed.
Supporting facilities: can supply the complete power generator, water quality and biological detection equipment, communication equipment, basic living facilities and the like for the normal operation of the whole aquaculture water body. The water quality and biological detection equipment comprises a YSI water quality analyzer, a water quality detection kit, a water quality index device measured by a standard titration analysis method and a pathogen detector.
4. And (5) cultivating seedlings.
(1) Preparing urechis unicinctus: the urechis unicinctus which is from artificial culture or sexual maturity in natural sea area is used as the urechis unicinctus. The specification of breeding urechis unicinctus: the body length is 7-10cm, and the body weight is 20-25 g. The quality of the breeding urechis unicinctus: no damage to body surface, strong vitality, full renal duct, and bright orange or milk white color.
Temporary breeding of urechis unicinctus: temporary breeding density of urechis unicinctus is 5-6/m3The water was changed 2 times a day, each time changing 1/2 in full amount. A small amount of air is filled, the bait is properly thrown, and the temporary culture time is l to 2 days.
(2) Carrying out parent transportation: the parent transportation method is a dry transportation method, the selected parent is directly put into a foam box during dry transportation, each box is filled with 5 plus or minus 0.5kg of the parent, the temperature is 20 plus or minus 2 ℃, ice is added into the box to cool when the air temperature exceeds 20 ℃, an automobile is used as a transportation tool, the time is 28 plus or minus 2 hours under the condition of the air temperature of 20 ℃, and water is preferably sprayed frequently during transportation.
(3) Insemination: the fertilized eggs can be obtained by adopting a natural fertilization or artificial insemination mode.
Natural fertilization method: and (3) cooling to 5-8 ℃, standing for 2-3 h, putting the parent urechis unicinctus with disinfected body surface into a spawning pond, and naturally discharging sperm and eggs. And when the fertilized egg density reaches 15 +/-2 grains/ml, transferring the parent urechis to other ponds to continue laying eggs.
Artificial insemination method: dissecting the parent urechis unicinctus longitudinally, taking out the kidney tube, putting the male and female kidney tubes into different containers filled with clean seawater respectively, shearing the kidney tube to enable the sperm and eggs to overflow automatically, stirring uniformly to form sperm and egg solution, wherein the number of the sperm is preferably 10-20 per egg, and the oxygen head is put into the bottom of the container to be inflated to suspend the eggs. The sperm-egg mixed solution was filtered through a 60-mesh silk net to remove broken renal ducts.
(4) And (6) hatching.
Hatching density: and sprinkling the fertilized eggs into an incubation pool for incubation, wherein the incubation density of the fertilized eggs is 15 +/-2 grains/ml. Hatching conditions: the water temperature is 15-26 ℃, the salinity is 20-37, and the pH value is 5.96-9.01. The temperature difference between the seawater for hatching and the seawater for insemination is within 1 ℃.
Stirring the pond: in the hatching process, the pond water is stirred up and down by a stirring rake every 30-60 min for 1 time without forming vortexes.
(5) And (5) culturing the planktonic larvae.
And (3) larva selection: and (3) when the embryos are completely developed to the trochophore, carrying out larva optimization, namely transferring the high-quality larva of the floating life on the water layer into a prepared culture pond by adopting a siphon method for culture.
The water quality requirement is as follows: the water temperature is 15-30 ℃, the dissolved oxygen is 5 +/-0.2 mg/L, the salinity is 15-35, and the illumination is 500 +/-10 Lx. The water quality meets the NY5052 requirement.
Cultivation density: the culture density of the trochophore stage is 1 to 4 per ml, and the culture density of the somite stage is 1 to 2 per ml.
Controlling the water quality: dailyChanging water for 1 time, wherein the water is changed for 1/3-1/2 each time. According to the water quality condition, the water quality is improved by adopting a bottom suction or water filtering basket method. The air exchange adopts a micro-inflation mode, and the air exchange is carried out every 3-5 m2An air stone.
Feeding baits: the golden algae, the Platymonas mellifera, the chlorella vulgaris and the Nitzschia closterium are used as baits, the baits are thrown for 1-2 times every day, the daily bait throwing amount is 1-2 ten thousand cells/ml in the early stage (1-5 days) of the trochophore, and the daily bait amount is gradually increased to 5-10 ten thousand cells/ml according to the stomach fullness degree of the larva. The actual amount of bait to be applied should be determined based on the density of the larvae, feeding, etc.
(6) And (5) collecting seedlings.
The seedling picking time is as follows: and (3) moving the larva to a late stage of the somite larva, namely forming 10-12 somites, into a young urechis unicinctus culture pond for attachment metamorphosis, namely enabling the larva to enter sea mud and metamorphose the somite larva into worm-shaped larva.
And (3) seedling picking density: in an average of 2 to 3 pieces/cm2It is preferable.
And (5) breeding young urechis unicinctus.
The requirements of the young urechis unicinctus culture pond are as follows: spreading sea mud with thickness of 3-5 cm at bottom of the pond as attaching base of young urechis unicinctus, 100ml/m3Formalin disinfection for 30 +/-2 minutes, and seawater elutriation for 1 hour.
The seedling picking method comprises the following steps: and (4) carrying out dragging separation by using a 300-mesh silk screen or draining and collecting.
Water quality management: changing water for 1 time/d, wherein the water changing amount is 2/5-3/5 of the whole water body, and continuously aerating.
Feeding baits: the marine rhodotorula benthica is taken as a main material, the marine rhodotorula benthica is crushed and then passes through a 300-mesh screen, 2 times/d of the marine rhodotorula benthica is fed every day, the feeding amount is 1-2 ppm, and the feeding amount is properly adjusted according to the food intake and the residual feed amount.
(7) And (6) discharging from the pool.
The young urechis unicinctus is cultivated for 30-40 days, and the average body length reaches 5 +/-1 mm, so that the urechis unicinctus can be discharged from the pool.
5. Young urechis unicinctus and transportation.
Selecting young urechis unicinctus: the young urechis unicinctus has the advantages of natural body extension, normal and smooth body color, no trauma, regular specification, strong activity and no pathogenic bacteria.
The transportation method comprises the following steps: and (4) transporting by adopting a dry transportation method, soaking the young urechis unicinctus in seawater in a common foam box, pouring the young urechis unicinctus into the foam box, and adding ice blocks to cool. And 10-20 kg of young urechis unicinctus is placed in each box. Covering with a gauze soaked with seawater, and controlling the transportation time within 24 hours. Bait casting was stopped 12 hours before shipping.
6. And (5) breeding.
(1) And (4) putting young urechis unicinctus.
Stocking time: and putting young urechis unicinctus cultivated in the current year in 10-12 months. The industrial breeding of the urechis unicinctus is realized by single-crop breeding, namely, the breeding production is carried out once a year, and the suitable water temperature for putting the seedlings is 8-15 ℃.
Stocking specification: according to the culture conditions, the yield requirement and the harvest specification, young urechis unicinctus with the specification of 400-8000 heads/kg can be stocked.
Stocking density: the stocking density of the urechis unicinctus fries can be reasonably controlled according to different specifications of young urechis unicinctus and the harvest specification of finished products, and 100-200 heads are put in each square meter.
The stocking method comprises the following steps: usually, the fertilizer is directly and uniformly spread on the attaching base at the bottom of the pool, and the young urechis unicinctus with water is uniformly sprinkled into the pool at a position 0-10cm away from the water surface, so that the young urechis unicinctus is automatically submerged into the sand layer. The salinity difference of the young urechis unicinctus, namely the salinity difference between the culture water of the seedling factory and the culture water prepared for industrial culture, is not more than 3.
(2) And (5) feeding the feed.
The types of the feed are as follows: the compound feed is prepared by mixing multiple nutrient substances, including the leafy vegetables, the sea mud, the dried rainbow and the like.
Feeding amount: the mixed feed is fed by the weight of the stored pond, namely 3-5% of the total weight of the urechis unicinctus in one culture pond, and is fed once in the morning and at night, and the water in the pond is clear after 4-6 hours after feeding is taken as a standard.
The feeding method comprises the following steps: after the mixed feed which is proportioned in advance is screened by a 200-mesh silk net, water is added uniformly and splashed in the whole pool.
Water quality management: timely fishing out sundries in the tank and keeping the water in the tank clean. The water was changed every 10 days.
Sampling inspection: and (3) draining the pond water every 15-25 days to check the urechis unicinctus conditions including the bottom color, the residual bait and the excrement state, measuring the health condition and the weight of the urechis unicinctus, and checking the growth condition of the urechis unicinctus. And cutting open the urechis unicinctus, and checking the skin yield and the food intake condition.
7. And (6) harvesting.
Harvesting specification: the harvested specification is more than 25g, namely the weight of the monomer is more than 25g, and the commodity specification is calculated within 20 heads/kg.
Harvesting time: harvesting at midnight or harvesting at any time when the specification of the commodity is reached.
The harvesting method comprises the following steps: using the sand discharge habit at 12 ℃ and hauling to harvest at midnight; or manually checking and harvesting the water in the clean pond.
Example 1
1. Factory address selection: and selecting an underground well water area for building a factory.
2. The water quality requirement is as follows: the water temperature is 10 ℃, the salinity is 25, the dissolved oxygen is 5.0mg/L, the pH value is 7.4, and the ammonia nitrogen is 0.6 mg/L.
3. A breeding device.
Water inlet and drainage system: the water inlet system is provided with a pump room, a sedimentation tank, a sand filter, a reservoir and a water supply pipeline, the water discharge system is provided with a trench and a wastewater treatment tank, and the water outlet is far away from the water inlet. Be equipped with the water pump in the pump house, the water pump passes through water supply pipe and communicates sedimentation tank, sand filter equipment, cistern and breed the pond in proper order, the water pump is taken seawater into the sedimentation tank from the pond, and impurity nature settlement back in the seawater gets into sand filter tank filter sand, then gets into reserve is stored to the cistern, breeds the bottom of the pool portion and is equipped with the drain valve, the drain valve below is equipped with the trench, trench intercommunication waste water treatment pond.
An inflation system: the aeration pump uses pure oxygen for aeration.
A heat exchange system: in winter, the underground well water heat exchange temperature-rising mariculture mode is adopted when the water temperature is lower, and in summer, the temperature-reducing measure is not adopted.
A culture pond: the method is characterized in that the method is an indoor cement pond, a single pond culture area is 15 square meters, the water depth is 0.8 round pond, fine sand is laid at the bottom of the pond by 10cm, and a water permeable pvc pipe with the height of 30cm is inserted into a water discharge hole at the bottom of the pond to prevent the sand and the urechis unicinctus from being discharged when water is changed.
Supporting facilities: small generator set, water quality and biological detection equipment, communication equipment, basic living facilities and the like. The water quality and biological detection equipment comprises a YSI water quality analyzer, a water quality detection kit, a water quality index device measured by a standard titration analysis method and a pathogen detector.
4. And (5) cultivating seedlings.
(1) Preparing urechis unicinctus: the sex-matured urechis unicinctus from artificial culture is used as the seed urechis unicinctus, the body length is 7cm, the weight is 20g, the body surface is not damaged, the activity is strong, the renal duct is full, and the color is bright orange.
Temporary breeding of urechis unicinctus: temporary breeding density of urechis unicinctus is 5/m3Per m3The water was changed 2 times a day, each time changing 1/2 in full amount. A small amount of air is filled, the bait is properly thrown, and the temporary culture time ld is kept.
(2) And (3) transportation: the parent transportation method is a dry transportation method, the selected parents are directly put into a foam box during dry transportation, 5kg of the parents are put into each box, ice is added into the box to cool when the temperature exceeds 20 ℃, an automobile is used as a transportation tool, the time is 28 hours, and water is frequently sprayed during transportation.
(3) Insemination: adopting an artificial insemination method, dissecting the parent urechis unicinctus longitudinally, taking out the kidney tube, respectively putting the male and female kidney tubes into different containers filled with clean seawater, shearing the kidney tube to enable the sperm and eggs to automatically overflow, uniformly stirring to form sperm and egg solution, arranging 10-15 sperms around each egg, and putting an oxygen head into the bottom of the container to inflate to suspend the eggs. The sperm-egg mixed solution was filtered through a 60-mesh silk net to remove broken renal ducts.
(4) And (6) hatching. Hatching density: and sprinkling the fertilized eggs into a hatching pond for hatching, wherein the hatching density of the fertilized eggs is 15 grains/ml. Hatching conditions: the water temperature is 20 deg.C, salinity is 25, and pH is 5.96. The temperature difference between the seawater for hatching and the seawater for insemination is within 1 ℃. Stirring the pond: in the hatching process, the pond water is stirred by a stirring rake up and down for 1 time every 30min without forming vortexes.
(5) And (5) culturing the planktonic larvae. And (3) larva selection: after the embryos are completely developed to the trochophore, transferring the high-quality larvae which live in floating on the upper layer of the water into a prepared culture pond by adopting a siphon method for culture.
The water quality requirement is as follows: the water temperature is 20 ℃, the dissolved oxygen is 5.0mg/L, the salinity is 25, and the illumination is 500 Lx. The water quality meets the NY5052 requirement.
Cultivation density: the culture density of the trochophore stage is 2/ml, and the culture density of the somite stage is 1/ml.
Controlling the water quality: the water was changed 1 time a day, 1/2 each time. According to the water quality condition, the water quality is improved by adopting a bottom suction or water filtering basket method. Micro-inflating is adopted, and the air volume is 4m2An air stone.
Feeding baits: the golden algae, Platymonas mellifera, Chlorella vulgaris and Nitzschia closterium are used as baits, the baits are thrown for 1 time every day, the daily bait throwing amount is 1 ten thousand cells/ml in the first 3 days of the trochophore, and the daily bait throwing amount is gradually increased to 5 ten thousand cells/ml according to the stomach satiety degree of the larva later.
(6) And (5) collecting seedlings. And (3) when the larva grows to the later stage of the somite larva to form 10 somites, moving the larva into a young urechis unicinctus culture pond for attachment metamorphosis, namely, the larva enters sea mud and is metamorphosed into worm-shaped larva from the somite larva. Average seedling density of 2/cm2。
Young urechis unicinctus cultivation
The requirements of the young urechis unicinctus culture pond are as follows: spreading sea mud with thickness of 5cm at bottom of the pond as attaching base of young urechis unicinctus, 100ml/m3Formalin disinfection for 30 minutes, and seawater elutriation for 1 hour.
The seedling picking method comprises the following steps: and (4) carrying out dragging separation by using a 300-mesh silk screen or draining and collecting.
Water quality management: changing water for 1 time/d, wherein the water changing amount is 1/2 of the whole water body, and continuously inflating.
Feeding baits: pulverizing Rhodotorula benthica, sieving with 300 mesh sieve, and feeding for 2 times per day with a bait feeding amount of 1ppm, and adjusting properly according to food intake and residual bait amount.
(7) And (6) discharging from the pool. The young urechis unicinctus is cultivated for 30 days, and the average body length reaches 5mm, namely the urechis unicinctus goes out of the pool.
5. Young urechis unicinctus and transportation.
Selecting young urechis unicinctus: the young urechis unicinctus has the advantages of natural body extension, normal and smooth body color, no trauma, regular specification, strong activity and no pathogenic bacteria.
The transportation method comprises the following steps: and (4) soaking the young urechis unicinctus in seawater in a common foam tank, pouring the young urechis unicinctus into the common foam tank, and adding ice blocks to cool. 10kg of young urechis unicinctus is placed in each box. Covering with gauze soaked with seawater, transporting for 24 hr, and stopping feeding 12 hr before transportation.
6. And (5) breeding.
(1) And (4) putting young urechis unicinctus.
The requirements of young urechis unicinctus: the young urechis unicinctus conforms to the natural extension of the body, the body color is normal and smooth, no trauma is caused, the specification is neat, the activity is strong, and pathogenic bacteria are not carried.
Stocking time: placing young urechis unicinctus cultivated in the same year in 10 months, wherein the water temperature for placing the urechis unicinctus is 8 ℃.
Stocking specification: young urechis unicinctus within 8000 heads/kg of stocking specification.
Stocking density: putting 200 heads per square meter.
The stocking method comprises the following steps: directly and uniformly spreading on the attaching base at the bottom of the pond, and uniformly splashing the young urechis with water into the pond at a position 10cm away from the water surface, so that the young urechis can be automatically submerged into the sand layer. The salinity difference of the young urechis unicinctus is 2, namely the salinity difference between the culture water of the nursery plant and the culture water prepared for industrial culture.
(2) And (5) feeding the feed.
The types of the feed are as follows: special commercial compound feed.
Feeding amount: the compound feed accounting for 3 percent of the total weight of the urechis unicinctus in one culture pond is fed, the water in the pond is clear after 4 hours after the compound feed is fed, and the compound feed is fed twice every day.
The feeding method comprises the following steps: after the mixed feed which is proportioned in advance is screened by a 200-mesh silk net, water is added uniformly and splashed in the whole pool.
Water quality management: timely fishing out sundries in the tank and keeping the water in the tank clean. The water was changed every 10 days.
Sampling inspection: and (4) draining the pond water every 15 days to check the condition of the urechis unicinctus, including the color of the bottom material, the states of residual bait and excrement, measuring the health condition and the weight of the urechis unicinctus, and checking the growth condition of the urechis unicinctus. And cutting open the urechis unicinctus, and checking the skin yield and the food intake condition.
7. Harvesting:
harvesting specification: the harvest size was 25g, i.e. a unit weight of 25g, size 20 heads/kg.
Harvesting time: harvesting at midnight or harvesting at any time when the specification of the commodity is reached.
The harvesting method comprises the following steps: the method utilizes the sand-yielding habit of urechis unicinctus at 12 ℃ and trawls for harvesting at midnight.
The survival rate of the larva in the stage of transforming the larva from the somite larva into the worm-like larva after entering the sea mud is 70%, and is greatly improved compared with the survival rate of 10% in the prior art.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be able to cover the technical solutions and the inventive concepts of the present invention within the technical scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. An industrial breeding method of urechis unicinctus is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, site selection and construction of factory aquaculture workshop
S11, factory address selection: the environment meets the requirement of GB/T18407.4;
s12, water quality requirement: the water quality of natural seawater meets the requirement of GB11607, the culture seawater meets the regulation of NY5052, the water temperature is 10-22 ℃, the salinity is 25-35, the dissolved oxygen is 5 +/-0.2 mg/L, the pH value is 7.4-8.5, the ammonia nitrogen is 0-0.6 mg/L, and the water is changed for 1 time in a total amount every 10 days;
s2 method for cultivating urechis unicinctus fries
S21, preparation of urechis unicinctus: selecting urechis unicinctus with complete body surface, body length of 7-10cm, body weight of 20-25g, and orange or milky color;
s22, parent transportation: directly loading the urechis unicinctus selected in the step S1 into boxes, wherein each box contains 5 +/-0.5 kg of parents, ice bags are placed in the boxes to cool when the air temperature exceeds 20 ℃, the temperature is controlled to be 20 +/-2 ℃, and the transportation time is 28 +/-2 hours;
s23, insemination: the natural fertilization method comprises the steps of placing the urechis unicinctus in an environment at 5-8 ℃ for 2-3 hours, disinfecting the body surface of the urechis unicinctus, placing the sterilized urechis unicinctus in an egg laying pond, and naturally discharging sperm and eggs from the urechis unicinctus; the artificial insemination method comprises the steps of dissecting the urechis unicinctus, taking out kidney tubes, respectively putting male and female kidney tubes into containers filled with seawater, shearing the kidney tubes to enable sperm and eggs to overflow, stirring to form sperm and egg solutions to enable 10-20 sperms to be arranged around each egg, putting an oxygen head into the bottom of the container, inflating and stirring to enable the eggs to be suspended, filtering the sperm and egg mixed solution, and removing the broken kidney tubes;
s24, hatching: sprinkling fertilized eggs fertilized in the step S3 to a hatching pond for hatching, and stirring up and down for 1 time of pond water every 30-60 min;
s25, culturing planktonic larvae: when the embryos are completely developed to the trochophore, transferring the larvae which live in a floating manner on the upper layer of water into a prepared culture pond for culture, feeding 1-2 times a day, wherein the larvae are fed for 1-2 times in the earlier stage, namely the first 1-5 days, the daily feeding amount is 1-2 ten thousand cells/ml, then the daily feeding amount is increased to 5-10 ten thousand cells/ml, changing water for 1 time a day, changing 1/3-1/2 every time, setting a tourmaline every 3-5 m2, and ensuring that the water quality meets the requirements of NY 5052;
s26, seedling collection: when the larva grows to the later stage of the somite larva, namely the larva grows to 10-12 somites, moving the larva into a young urechis unicinctus cultivation pond, feeding the larva by using rhodotorula benthamii, and after the larva enters sea mud and is transformed into worm-shaped larva from the somite larva, dragging and selecting the worm-shaped larva by using a bolting silk net or collecting the worm-shaped larva by using drainage water;
s27, culturing young urechis unicinctus for 30-40 days, and taking out of the pond when the body length is 5 +/-1 mm.
S3 method for culturing urechis unicinctus in factory
S31, selecting the young urechis unicinctus which has complete body surface from the pool discharged in the step S27;
s32, a transportation method: pouring young urechis unicinctus into young urechis unicinctus boxes after being soaked in seawater, placing 10-20 kg of young urechis unicinctus in each box, adding ice blocks, covering the upper surfaces of the young urechis unicinctus boxes with cloth soaked in seawater, controlling the transportation time within 24 hours, and stopping bait casting 12 hours before transportation;
s33, a stocking method: sprinkling water on young urechis unicinctus cultivated in the same year into the cultivation pond;
s34, feeding method: after the feed is screened by the silk net, the compound feed is sprinkled into the culture pond by adding water;
s35, a harvesting method: and (3) manually checking the weight of the urechis unicinctus with 25-50 g and the size of 20-40 heads/kg by hand in trawl harvesting or draining pool water at midnight.
2. The industrial urechis unicinctus cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the fertilized eggs in S24 have a density of 15 +/-2 eggs/ml, a water temperature of 15-26 ℃, a salinity of 20-37, a pH value of 5.96-9.01, and a temperature difference between the hatching seawater and the seawater during insemination of within 1 ℃.
3. The industrial urechis unicinctus culturing method according to claim 1, wherein water temperature in S25 is 15-30 ℃, dissolved oxygen is 5 +/-0.2 mg/L, salinity is 15-35, and illumination is 500 +/-10 Lx.
4. The industrial urechis unicinctus cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the cultivation density of the trochophore in S25 is 1-4/ml, and the cultivation density of the somite larva is 1-2/ml.
5. The industrial urechis unicinctus cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bait in S25 is selected from golden algae, Platymonas minor, Chlorella, Nitzschia closterium, etc.
6. The industrial urechis unicinctus cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the density of the poststage seedlings collected by the somniferous larvae in S26 is 2-3/cm 2 on average.
7. The industrial urechis unicinctus cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein sea mud with the thickness of 3-5 cm is paved at the bottom of the young urechis unicinctus cultivation pond in S26 to serve as an attaching base of the young urechis unicinctus, 100ml/m3 formalin is used for disinfection for 30 +/-2 minutes, seawater is used for elutriating for 1 hour, water is changed for 1 time/d, the water change amount is 2/5-3/5 of the whole water body, and air is continuously filled.
8. The method for cultivating urechis unicinctus fries according to claim 1, wherein the crushed marine carmine yeast in S26 is sieved by a 300-mesh sieve, and the crushed marine carmine yeast is fed for 2 times/d every day, and the feeding amount is 1-2 ppm.
9. The industrial urechis unicinctus cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the cultivation time in S33 is 10-12 months, the specification is 400-8000 heads/kg, the water temperature for seedling cultivation is 8-15 ℃, the difference between the cultivation water salinity of the seedling cultivation pool and the factory cultivation water salinity is not more than 3, the sprinkling height is 0-10cm from the water surface of the cultivation pool, and 100-200 heads are thrown per square meter.
10. The industrial urechis unicinctus culturing method according to claim 1, wherein the amount of feed fed in S34 is 3-5% of the total weight of young urechis unicinctus in 1 culturing pond, and the feed is fed 1 time each in the morning and evening, and the compound feed comprises big leaf vegetables, sea mud, dried rainbow and the like.
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| CN112136733A (en) * | 2020-08-17 | 2020-12-29 | 大连市现代农业生产发展服务中心 | Industrialized three-dimensional ecological breeding method for stichopus japonicus and urechis unicinctus |
| CN112673998A (en) * | 2020-12-25 | 2021-04-20 | 烟台市海洋经济研究院(烟台市海洋科学技术研究所、烟台市渔业技术推广站、烟台市水生动物疫病防控中心) | Cyclic cultivation method for stichopus japonicus and urechis unicinctus |
| CN112913724A (en) * | 2021-02-08 | 2021-06-08 | 中国农业大学烟台研究院 | Indoor high-density circulating water overwintering device and method for young urechis unicinctus |
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