CN110994021A - Electrolyte additive, electrolyte and lithium ion battery - Google Patents
Electrolyte additive, electrolyte and lithium ion battery Download PDFInfo
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- CN110994021A CN110994021A CN201911135666.7A CN201911135666A CN110994021A CN 110994021 A CN110994021 A CN 110994021A CN 201911135666 A CN201911135666 A CN 201911135666A CN 110994021 A CN110994021 A CN 110994021A
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- electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
The invention discloses an electrolyte additive, an electrolyte and a lithium ion battery, wherein the electrolyte additive comprises barbituric acid and cyclotriphosphazene compounds, and the structural formula of the cyclotriphosphazene compounds is shown in the specification
Wherein R is1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6Each independently selected from halogen, substituted or unsubstituted C1～12Alkyl, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C2～12Alkenyl, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C6～26Aryl or a group-O-R ', R' being selected from halogen substituted or unsubstituted C1～12Alkyl, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C2～12Alkenyl, halogen substituted or notSubstituted C6～26And (4) an aryl group. The electrolyte additive can be applied to battery electrolyte, can form a compact and stable passive film on the positive and negative electrodes, and prevents the positive and negative active substances from directly contacting with the electrolyte, thereby preventing the adverse reaction of an electrolyte solvent on the positive and negative active materials and improving the cycle performance of the lithium ion battery at high temperature and high pressure.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of batteries, in particular to an electrolyte additive, an electrolyte and a lithium ion battery.
Background
Since the earliest commercialization of lithium ion batteries was achieved by the company sony, japan in 1990, research and development of lithium ion batteries has never been stopped; at present, most of the fields of 3C electronic products, power batteries and the like adopt lithium ion batteries, and the lithium ion batteries have the advantages of high energy density, long cycle life, safety, no memory effect and the like. However, with the progress and development of society, the demand for high energy density lithium ion batteries is more and more urgent. An important means for increasing the energy density of lithium ions is to increase the gram capacity of the positive electrode material by increasing the charge cut-off voltage of the battery, thereby increasing the energy density of the lithium ion battery. The electrolyte is used as an important component of the lithium ion battery, plays a role in transmitting lithium ions in the charge and discharge process, and has a great influence on the high-temperature performance and the high-voltage working performance of the battery. However, the electrolyte solvent used conventionally is easily oxidized and decomposed on the surface of the positive electrode at high temperature and high voltage, and the decomposition of the electrolyte promotes the deterioration reaction of the positive and negative electrode active materials, thereby causing the reduction of the cycle performance of the lithium ion battery, especially the cycle performance at high temperature and high voltage.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention is directed to solving at least one of the problems of the prior art. Therefore, the electrolyte additive, the electrolyte and the lithium ion battery are provided, and the electrolyte additive can be applied to the electrolyte of the battery, can form a stable passive film on a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and can prevent active substances of the positive electrode and the negative electrode from directly contacting the electrolyte, so that adverse reaction of an electrolyte solvent on the active materials of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is prevented.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
in a first aspect of the invention, an electrolyte additive is provided, comprising an additive a and an additive B; the additive A is barbituric acid, and the structural formula of the additive A is as follows:
the additive B is a cyclotriphosphazene compound, and the structural formula of the additive B is as follows:
wherein R is1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6Each independently selected from halogen, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C1～12Alkyl, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C2～12Alkenyl, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C6～26Aryl or a group-O-R ', R' being selected from halogen substituted or unsubstituted C1～12Alkyl, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C2～12Alkenyl, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C6～26And (4) an aryl group. In addition, in R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6And the halogen substituents in R' may each be independently selected from F, Cl or Br; f or Cl is preferred, and F is more preferred.
In the cyclotriphosphazene compound, a group containing an unsaturated bond has strong electron-withdrawing ability; in addition, R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6If the additive contains halogen, the electron-withdrawing effect of the halogen atom can be used for improving the electron-obtaining capability of the central atom, and the characteristics are favorable for forming a compact and stable SEI film on the surface of the negative active material after the additive is applied to the battery electrolyte so as to block the direct contact between the electrolyte and the active material, avoid the occurrence of side reactions and improve the cycle performance of the lithium ion battery at high temperature and high voltage.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the additive B is at least one of the following compound i, compound ii, compound iii;
the chemical formula of the compound I is as follows:
the chemical formula of the compound II is as follows:
the chemical formula of the compound III is as follows:
according to some embodiments of the invention, the mass ratio of the additive A to the additive B is (0.01-10): (0.01-5); preferably, the mass ratio of the additive A to the additive B is (0.1-5): (0.5 to 3).
In a second aspect of the invention, there is provided an electrolyte comprising an electrolytic lithium salt, an organic solvent and any one of the electrolyte additives provided in the first aspect of the invention.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the electrolyte additive is present in the electrolyte in an amount of 0.02 to 15% by weight. Specifically, the mass percentage content of the additive A in the electrolyte additive in the electrolyte can be 0.01-10%, preferably 0.1-5%; the mass percentage of the additive B in the electrolyte can be 0.01-5%, preferably 0.1-5%.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the electrolytic lithium salt is an organic lithium salt or an inorganic lithium salt, for example, the electrolytic lithium salt may be selected from LiPF6(lithium hexafluorophosphate), LiBOB (lithium bis (oxalato) borate), LiBF4(lithium tetrafluoroborate), LiFSI (lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide), and LiTFSI (lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide). Preferably, the electrolyte lithium salt is an inorganic lithium salt, and the concentration of the electrolyte lithium salt in the electrolyte is 0.5-2 mol/L; further preferably, the concentration of the electrolyte lithium salt in the electrolyte is 0.9 to 1.3 mol/L.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the organic solvent is an organic complex solvent, and the organic complex solvent is a combination of at least two of cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate, and carboxylic ester.
According to some embodiments of the invention, the cyclic carbonate is at least one of Ethylene Carbonate (EC) and Propylene Carbonate (PC); the linear carbonate is at least one of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC); the carboxylic ester is at least one of Propyl Propionate (PP), ethyl propionate and methyl propionate.
In a third aspect of the invention, there is provided a lithium ion battery comprising any one of the electrolytes provided in the second aspect of the invention. Specifically, the lithium ion battery may include a positive electrode tab, a negative electrode tab, a separator disposed between the positive electrode tab and the negative electrode tab, and an electrolyte.
The embodiment of the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the embodiment of the invention provides an electrolyte additive which can be applied to battery electrolyte, wherein the oxidation potential of barbituric acid as an additive A is lower than that of a conventionally used organic solvent, the barbituric acid can be preferentially oxidized on the surface of a positive electrode in the first charging process of a battery to form a compact solid electrolyte phase interface film (namely a CEI film), and the formed CEI film has strong stability at high temperature, can effectively reduce the decomposition of the solvent on the positive electrode, effectively prevent a positive electrode material and the electrolyte from generating side reactions on the surface of the positive electrode, can effectively reduce the increase of the interface impedance of the positive electrode in the circulating process, and is beneficial to improving the performance of the battery; the cyclotriphosphazene compound of the additive B has strong electron-withdrawing ability, a compact SEI film can be formed on the surface of a negative active material, and the main component of the SEI film can still maintain the main structure of the cyclotriphosphazene, namely, the hexatomic cyclic compound formed by connecting nitrogen and phosphorus single-double bond colloids is special in molecular structure and stable in chemical structure, so that the formed SEI film can still maintain thermal stability at high temperature. By the matching of the additive A and the additive B, the electrolyte additive is added and applied to the battery electrolyte, and a compact and stable protective layer can be formed on the surfaces of the positive and negative active materials, so that the direct contact between a solvent and the active materials is blocked, the occurrence of side reactions is avoided, and the cycle performance of the lithium ion battery under high temperature and high voltage is effectively improved.
Detailed Description
The concept and technical effects of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments to fully understand the objects, features and effects of the present invention. It is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments, and those skilled in the art can obtain other embodiments without inventive effort based on the embodiments of the present invention, and all embodiments are within the protection scope of the present invention.
Preparation of electrolyte
Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Propylene Carbonate (PC), diethyl carbonate (DEC) and Propyl Propionate (PP) are mixed according to the mass ratio of 1:1:1:0.5, and the mixture is uniformly mixed to form the organic composite solvent. Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF) was then added6) And calculating the required mass of lithium hexafluorophosphate according to the concentration of the lithium salt of 1.2mol/L, and uniformly stirring to obtain the electrolyte mother liquor. Then, on the basis of the above, adding barbituric acid as an additive A and cyclotriphosphazene compounds as an additive B in different proportions (see table 1 specifically), obtaining 12 electrolytes in all of comparative examples 1 to 5 and examples 1 to 7, and hermetically storing the electrolytes at normal temperature for later use. Wherein, the additive A and the additive B in each example and comparative example are combined to form the corresponding electrolyte additive.
TABLE 1 contents of additive A and additive B in the electrolyte additives of comparative examples 1 to 5 and examples 1 to 7
Note: the weight ratio of additive a to additive B in the electrolyte is given in table 1. Wherein, the chemical formula of the compound I is:
preparation of (II) lithium ion battery
(1) Preparing a positive plate: fully stirring and mixing lithium cobaltate particles as a positive electrode active material, Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT) as a conductive agent and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder in a proper amount of N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent according to a weight ratio of 96.5:2:1.5 to form uniform positive electrode slurry; and coating the slurry on a positive current collector Al foil with the thickness of 10 mu m, drying and cold-pressing to obtain the positive plate.
(2) Preparing a negative plate: fully stirring and mixing negative active material graphite, conductive carbon black (super-p) serving as a conductive agent, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC) serving as a binder and Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) in a proper amount of deionized water solvent according to a weight ratio of 95:1.5:1.5:2 to form uniform negative slurry; and coating the slurry on a negative current collector Cu foil with the thickness of 6 microns, drying and cold-pressing to obtain the negative plate.
(3) Assembling: stacking a positive plate, a diaphragm (a PE porous polymer film) and a negative plate in sequence, wherein the diaphragm is arranged between the positive plate and the negative plate and wound to form a bare cell, welding a positive aluminum tab on the positive plate, welding a negative copper tab on the negative plate, and packaging by adopting an aluminum-plastic film to form a soft package battery to be injected with liquid; and then injecting the prepared electrolyte into a soft package battery, and then carrying out the processes of vacuumizing and packaging, standing, forming, shaping and the like to obtain the lithium ion battery, wherein the nominal capacity of the battery is 3 Ah.
Specifically, the lithium ion batteries L #1 to L #12 are prepared by the method and the electrolytes of the comparative examples 1 to 5 and the examples 1 to 7, and the lithium ion batteries L #1 to L #12 have no difference in other aspects except for different electrolyte additives.
(III) Battery cycling test
The lithium ion batteries L # 1-L #12 prepared in the above way are respectively tested in a constant temperature box at 45 ℃ for 700 weeks by carrying out 1C multiplying power charging and discharging, and the specific test method is as follows: firstly, the lithium ion battery is placed in a constant temperature box at 45 ℃ for 4 hours, then the lithium ion battery is charged to 4.45V at constant current and constant voltage with the multiplying power of 1C, and the current is cut off at 0.05C; standing for 10min, then discharging to 3.0V at constant current of 1C multiplying power, and standing for 10 min; and repeating the charge-discharge cycle, recording the charge-discharge capacity, and testing the full-state voltage, the internal resistance and the thickness of the battery every 50 weeks until the test is finished. The capacity retention rate and the internal resistance increase rate after the cycle are respectively calculated according to the following formulas:
capacity retention rate after cycling ═ (discharge capacity after cycling/discharge capacity at first cycle) × 100%;
the increase rate (%) of the internal resistance was (internal resistance after the cycle/internal resistance before the test-1) × 100%.
The lithium ion batteries L # 1-L #12 are subjected to cycle performance test by adopting the method, and the electrolyte selected by each lithium ion battery and the specific cycle performance test result are shown in the following table 2.
TABLE 2 Capacity conservation Rate and internal resistance increase Rate after lithium ion batteries L #1 to L #12 cycling
| Battery sample | Selected electrolyte | Capacity retention rate of 700 weeks | 700 weeks increase rate of internal resistance |
| Lithium ion battery L #1 | Comparative example 1 | 63％ | 135.5％ |
| Lithium ion battery L #2 | Comparative example 2 | 65.9％ | 121.3％ |
| Lithium ion battery L #3 | Comparative example 3 | 64.3％ | 127.2％ |
| Lithium ion battery L #4 | Comparative example 4 | 62.7％ | 137.6％ |
| Lithium ion battery L #5 | Comparative example 5 | 63.7％ | 130.4％ |
| Lithium ion battery L #6 | Example 1 | 72.1％ | 89.5％ |
| Lithium ion battery L #7 | Example 2 | 77.1％ | 75.7％ |
| Lithium ion battery L #8 | Example 3 | 84.6％ | 49.8％ |
| Lithium ion battery L #9 | Example 4 | 83.7 | 53.7％ |
| Lithium ion battery L #10 | Example 5 | 80.6％ | 66.4％ |
| Lithium ion battery L #11 | Example 6 | 78.2％ | 72.6％ |
| Lithium ion battery L #12 | Example 7 | 66.9％ | 110.4％ |
As can be seen from the above tables 1 and 2, the appropriate amount of barbituric acid and cyclotriphosphazene compounds are added to the electrolyte of the lithium ion battery, so that the high-temperature cycle capacity retention rate of the lithium ion battery can be remarkably improved, and the internal resistance increase rate is small; and the barbituric acid and the cyclotriphosphazene compound are not used for combination, or the addition proportion of the barbituric acid and the cyclotriphosphazene compound is improper, the capacity retention rate of the battery is relatively low, and the internal resistance increasing rate is high.
The capacity loss of a battery after cycling at high temperatures can be divided into reversible capacity and irreversible capacity, and the main factor causing the reversible capacity loss is the increase of internal resistance. In the lithium ion battery, an important reason for increasing the internal resistance is that the organic solvent generates side reactions on the surfaces of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and byproducts generated by the side reactions are continuously accumulated to block a transmission channel of lithium ions, so that the internal resistance is increased. In the embodiment of the invention, the barbituric acid additive A in the battery electrolyte additive can form a compact, low-impedance and high-temperature stable SEI film on the surface of the negative active material, the cyclotriphosphazene compound additive B can form a compact, low-impedance and high-temperature stable CEI film on the surface of the positive active material, and when the additive A and the cyclotriphosphazene compound are used together, a compact protective layer can be formed on the surfaces of the positive and negative active materials, so that the direct contact between an organic solvent and the active materials is blocked, and the occurrence of side reactions is avoided. However, excessive amounts of additives can result in the formation of an excessively thick protective layer, which can increase the impedance of the lithium ion battery and adversely affect the battery.
Claims (10)
1. The electrolyte additive is characterized by comprising an additive A and an additive B; the additive A is barbituric acid; the additive B is a cyclotriphosphazene compound, and the structural formula of the additive B is as follows:
wherein R is1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6Each independently selected from halogen, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C1～12Alkyl, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C2～12Alkenyl, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C6～26Aryl or a group-O-R ', R' being selected from halogen substituted or unsubstituted C1～12Alkyl, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C2～12Alkenyl, halogen substituted or unsubstituted C6～26And (4) an aryl group.
2. The electrolyte additive according to claim 1, wherein the additive B is at least one of the following compound I, compound II, and compound III;
the chemical formula of the compound I is as follows:
the chemical formula of the compound II is as follows:
the chemical formula of the compound III is as follows:
3. the electrolyte additive according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the mass ratio of the additive A to the additive B is (0.01-10): (0.01-5).
4. An electrolytic solution, characterized by comprising an electrolytic lithium salt, an organic solvent, and the electrolyte additive according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
5. The electrolyte of claim 4, wherein the electrolyte additive is present in the electrolyte in an amount of 0.02-15% by weight.
6. The electrolyte of claim 4, wherein the electrolytic lithium salt is an organic lithium salt or an inorganic lithium salt.
7. The electrolyte according to claim 5, wherein the electrolyte lithium salt is an inorganic lithium salt, and the concentration of the electrolyte lithium salt in the electrolyte is 0.5-2 mol/L.
8. The electrolyte according to claim 4, wherein the organic solvent is an organic complex solvent, and the organic complex solvent is a combination of at least two of cyclic carbonate, linear carbonate, and carboxylic ester.
9. The electrolyte according to claim 8, wherein the cyclic carbonate is at least one of ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate; the linear carbonate is at least one of dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate and diethyl carbonate; the carboxylic ester is at least one of propyl propionate, ethyl propionate and methyl propionate.
10. A lithium ion battery comprising the electrolyte of any one of claims 4 to 9.
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