CN110896798A

CN110896798A - Three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method

Info

Publication number: CN110896798A
Application number: CN201911213155.2A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 黄璜; 余政军; 张印; 陈灿; 傅志强; 龚向胜; 陈璐; 陈慧娜; 吕广动; 刘小燕; 戴振炎
Original assignee: Hunan Agricultural University
Current assignee: Hunan Agricultural University
Priority date: 2019-12-02
Filing date: 2019-12-02
Publication date: 2020-03-24
Anticipated expiration: 2039-12-02
Also published as: CN110896798B

Abstract

The invention discloses a three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method, which comprises the following steps: selecting a cold-soaked field or a muddy field, and excavating a surrounding ditch on the inner side of a ridge to prevent underground water from flowing out of spring holes to become temperature-regulated water, wherein the height of the ridge is 40-50cm, and the ridge is provided with a water inlet and a water outlet; respectively disinfecting and fertilizing the fields; feeding crayfish seedlings in the field in 11 months, and fishing the crayfish seedlings in 3 to 4 months next year; and (5) planting aquatic plants in the field in the next 5 months. The crayfish cultivation method can prevent excessive trenching, avoids high temperature in summer in the crayfish growth stage, utilizes underground water to heat in three seasons of autumn, winter and spring, is stable in growth, and ensures yield; the crabs can normally grow in four months of six, seven, eight, nine and the like under the action of cooling of arbor, herbaceous plant, floating plant and submerged plant and the action of underground water, the yield is guaranteed, the shrimps and the crabs grow in autumn and winter and spring, summer and autumn respectively, the symbiotic stage is avoided, the competition is reduced, and the survival rate and the commodity rate are improved.

Description

Three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of agricultural planting and breeding, in particular to a three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method.

Background

The three-dimensional comprehensive planting can plant aquatic plants such as rice, lotus roots, water bamboo and the like, wherein the rice field is used for three-dimensional comprehensive planting of grains, increasing the income of rice farmers, achieving two purposes at one stroke, providing economic guarantee for sustainable production of the rice and being perfect combination of classical agriculture in China in modern agriculture. Particularly, in recent years, the comprehensive planting and breeding in the rice field are rapidly developed, for example, crayfish breeding in the rice field, the provinces with the area exceeding 100 ten thousand mu are Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Jiangxi in turn at present, and the five provinces are also the core production areas of crayfish in China. However, in the comprehensive planting and breeding development process of the rice field, some problems also occur, since the area is rapidly expanded and the market development is not enough from 2019, the price of the crayfish is reduced, the whole crayfish industry is influenced to a certain extent, and the most prominent problem is that the income of crayfish breeding households is obviously reduced, and the production enthusiasm of rice farmers is seriously influenced. The biggest problem is that the shrimp culture area in the rice field in China is close to 2000 ten thousand mu, the benefit of 2000 ten thousand people is involved, rice farmers sign a long-term contract with field masters, ditch and pits, fences and water inlet and drainage facilities are built, the investment of fixed assets in each mu is generally more than 2000 yuan, and if the rice and crayfish symbiotic mode is continued, the loss is inevitable; the loss is greater if the solution exits. The rice grower is faced with dilemma in selecting and embarrassing situation, and the result influences not only the grain production but also the rice grower's interest. Moreover, in the process of ecological planting and breeding development of rice fields in recent years, the problems of overlarge ditches, reduced shrimp yield and difficult yield increase due to reduction of rice areas occur, which is also the reason for causing less profit for a part of rice shrimp production households.

The technical reason for excessive ditching of rice farmers is that the rice farming areas in Yangtze river basin have high summer temperature and low winter temperature, so that stress reaction of crayfishes caused by excessive temperature difference between day and night is prevented for ensuring smooth growth and development of aquatic animals, the ditch area is enlarged, more water is borne, the water body is increased, the temperature difference between day and night is prevented, the temperature reduction in summer and the heat preservation in winter are facilitated, and the yield of aquatic products is improved. Particularly in 7 and 8 months, continuous high-temperature weather is common in China in the main production area of the crayfish, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Jiangxi, which not only influences the crayfish to eat but also causes death.

At present, in order to solve the problem of excessive trenching, a space exists in the technical level, but the implementation is difficult. Firstly, the pond is connected with the field, the water body of the pond replaces the water body of the ditch, a suitable habitat is provided for the crayfishes, but most of rice fields are not adjacent to the pond, and the connection between the pond and the field is difficult to realize. Secondly, deep ditch digging, namely, in a limited ditch, the depth is increased, and the space area is changed, but deep ditch digging is difficult to realize in most paddy fields, because the depth is increased, the edges are easy to collapse, and a large amount of silt enters the ditch to be silted up. Therefore, in actual practice, it is the simplest and most practical method to increase the amount of water per unit area or to dig wide trenches.

In conclusion, the current three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding face the problems of reduced output and reduced output value, and needs to be solved by adjusting the whole scheme urgently.

Disclosure of Invention

The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: the three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method solves the problems in the prior art, and increases output, improves output value, develops advantages, avoids disadvantages and reduces risks.

The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:

a three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method comprises the following steps:

selecting a field: selecting a cold-soaked field or a muddy field, and excavating a surrounding ditch on the inner side of a ridge to prevent underground water from flowing out of spring holes to become temperature-regulated water, wherein the height of the ridge is 40-50cm, and the ridge is provided with a water inlet and a water outlet;

sterilizing and fertilizing: respectively disinfecting and fertilizing the fields;

lobster breeding: feeding crayfish seedlings in the field in 11 months, and fishing the crayfish seedlings in 3 to 4 months next year;

planting aquatic plants: and (5) planting aquatic plants in the field in the next 5 months.

By selecting a cold-soaked field or a muddy field, underground water emerging from spring eyes cannot flow outwards, water in the field becomes temperature-adjusted water, the temperature in winter and the temperature in summer are guaranteed, the putting date of the crayfishes can be advanced to 11 months, and the crayfishes can grow normally.

Preferably, the three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method further comprises the following steps:

planting submerged plants: and (4) planting submerged plants in the surrounding ditch for 10 months, and further preserving the heat of water in winter.

Submerged plants are planted, the heat capacity is increased, a submerged plant heat absorption layer is formed, the temperature can be reduced in summer, and the temperature can be increased in winter.

Specifically, the submerged plant is one or more of hydrilla verticillata, eel grass, waterweed and curly pondweed.

planting deciduous tree groups: planting arbor groups on ridges 5 months before next year;

aquatic animal breeding: throwing aquatic animals in the field in the next 5 months;

planting herbaceous plants and floating plants: planting herbaceous plants and floating plants in the surrounding ditch in the next 5 months.

Preferably, the deciduous arbor group is mulberry and broussonetia papyrifera, and the mulberry and the broussonetia papyrifera are planted alternately. Deciduous arbor mulberry and paper mulberry are planted on the ridge, the stem and leaf of the canopy form an arbor heat-insulating layer, hot air is blocked in summer, a cool environment is formed under the tree, and aquatic animals are protected from going over summer; before winter comes, a large number of leaves fall down to form a withered leaf layer below the leaves, so that aquatic animals can live through the winter.

Preferably, the aquatic animals are one or more of crabs, river snails, mussels, turtles, silver carps, spotted silver carps and loaches. The multilayer fishes move in the ditches and the fields, water bodies are stirred, the exchange amount of the water bodies on the upper layer and the lower layer is increased, and the high-temperature season cooling and the low-temperature season heating are facilitated.

Preferably, the water plants are one or more of water hyacinth, water peanuts and duckweed.

Preferably, the aquatic plants are one or more of rice, lotus root and wild rice stem, one of the aquatic plants is mainly planted when a plurality of aquatic plants are planted, and the planting quantity of other aquatic plants is very small.

Preferably, the aquatic plant is rice, and the rice is a one-season rice high-stalk lodging-resistant variety. The stem leaves of the high-stalk rice form a herbaceous heat insulation layer, the field temperature is reduced, the biomass of the single-season rice high-stalk variety and the group is large in the high-temperature period of 7 and 8 months, the heat conduction is effectively blocked, and the field temperature is reduced.

Preferably, in order to prevent the crayfish from escaping, the water inlet and the water outlet are provided with escape-proof devices.

The invention has the following beneficial effects:

one is to prevent excessive trenching. On the premise of few ditches, the total area of the ditches is controlled within 10 percent, and the method is solved by two measures: firstly, the crayfish seedling feeding period is advanced from the original 3 and 4 months to the 11 months of the previous year, the crayfish seedling feeding period is advanced from 4 to 5 months, the harvesting period is advanced from 3 and 4 months, the bottom of 4 months is ensured to be basically harvested, the high temperature of 6 to 9 months is successfully avoided, and the low temperature stage in winter passes through the ditch bottom, as shown in the rice, shrimp and crab farming scheduling in figure 1. And secondly, arbor, herbaceous plant, floating plant and submerged plant form a cooling and temperature regulating community, underground water of the cold-dipped field automatically flows into the rice field to form temperature regulating water, biological and physical factors cooperate with each other to reduce the temperature of the rice field, so that the ecological method is beneficial to safe summer-crossing. In winter, the trees fall leaves, and the rice field around the ridge can obtain sunlight, so that the temperature is increased, and the crayfish seedlings can live through the winter; the straw left after harvesting the rice can not block the sunlight, so that the water temperature of the rice field is increased; the water hyacinth and other floating plants wither in winter, do not block sunlight, and are beneficial to increasing the field temperature; the submerged plants are dormant in winter, and sunlight is not influenced to be emitted into a water body; the underground water and spring water of the cold soaking field automatically flow into the rice field to increase the temperature.

And secondly, the output is improved. The crayfish growth stage avoids high temperature in summer, and underground water is used for heating in three seasons of autumn, winter and spring, so that the crayfish grows stably, and the yield is guaranteed; the crabs can normally grow in four months, such as six months, seven months, eight months, nine months and the like, through the cooling effect of arbors, herbaceous plants, floating plants and submerged plants and the effect of underground water, and the yield is guaranteed.

And thirdly, the quality is improved. The shrimps and the crabs grow in autumn and winter and spring, summer and autumn respectively, so that the symbiotic stage is avoided, the competition is reduced, and the survival rate and the commodity rate are improved; the biodiversity formed by the animal and plant communities provides more abundant baits for animals and promotes the improvement of the nutritional quality and the taste quality; the benthonic animals can purify water quality and the bottom layer and promote the self-purification of the rice field ecological system.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a comparative diagram of a farming schedule;

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of the biological layout of the paddy field according to the example;

wherein 1 is mulberry, 2 is broussonetia papyrifera, 3 is waterweed, 4 is hydrilla verticillata, 5 is eel grass, 6 is curly pondweed, 7 is hyacinth, 8 is water peanut, 9 is rice, 10 is crayfish, 11 is river snail, 12 is mussel, 13 is spring eye, 14 is ridge, 15 is gutter, 16 is crab, and 17 is loach.

Detailed description of the preferred embodiments

In order to better understand the technical solution, the technical solution will be described in detail with reference to the drawings and the specific embodiments.

Example 1

As shown in FIG. 1, a dune 2503m was initially selected in 10 months of 2016²In the cold-dip field, spring holes 9 are arranged at two adjacent ridges, one 91 meter (spring hole 5) and one 27.5 meter (spring hole 4), 4 enclosing ditches are dug, the total area of the dug ditches is controlled within 10%, the spring holes are maintained, the mud dug out from the ditches is heightened to reinforce the ridges, and the height of the ridges is 50 cm. The ridges are provided with water inlets and water outlets which are positioned on the two ridges without spring holes, the water inlets and the water outlets are provided with anti-escape devices, and the water inlets and the water outlets are in a closed state when water is not changed, so that underground water emitted by the spring holes cannot flow out.

The drain pipe is horizontally placed, the position of the drain pipe is controlled to be lower than the field surface, the drain pipe is positioned at the bottom of the ditch and is not buried in mud, and water on the field surface is discharged, so that the field surface is kept dry. After being aired, the field blocks are uniformly scattered with 75 kg/mu of quicklime and kept in a dry state for 2 days. After 2 days, no water is drained, new water is reserved, the salary depth is 4cm, and after soaking for 7 days, 800 kg/mu of farmyard manure is applied.

Four water plants of hydrilla verticillata, waterweed, eel grass and curly pondweed are planted in the ditch 10 months in 2016 years, the total area is less than one third of the area of the ditch, and the specification is 40 x 40 cm.

(1) Planting hydrilla verticillata: harvesting hydrilla verticillata in the natural water area, putting 100-200 kg of grass in each mu, and enabling the hydrilla verticillata to survive in mud and grow fibrous roots naturally. The water depth in the daytime and the water depth in the evening promote the growth of fibrous roots.

The water depth in the early stage of planting is controlled to be about 20 cm, and the water level is gradually increased along with the growth of hydrilla verticillata. Shallow water is irrigated as much as possible, and the aquatic weeds are prevented from being eaten by the fishes in the seedling emergence period.

(2) Planting tape grass: the plant-line spacing is 30-80cm, and each stump is 5-8 plants. Planting at any time; the seedlings are sunk into the water on the way when the transportation distance is long, so that the survival rate is improved. Weeds and foreign matters in the planting area are removed in time, and the water quality is kept clear. The first year needs to be fertilized for 1-2 times. In the first year, the snails are prevented from eating the tender bitter herbs.

(3) Planting water caltrop: cutting with root, sufficient nutrition requirement of substrate mud and water quality, avoiding strong light exposure of plantlet, and increasing water level timely to cover the height of potamogeton crispus plant.

(4) Planting the elodea nutans: cultivating by adopting a stem planting method. Cutting grass into 10cm, inserting the grass into a muddy pool like rice transplanting, wherein the row spacing of the grass is 20 multiplied by 20 cm, reserving blank belts for planting, providing a moving space for crabs, keeping the water level of the pool at 30cm at the initial stage of planting, and gradually deepening the water in the pool after the water plants grow over the whole pool.

6000 crayfish seedlings which are separated from the parent are thrown in each mu in 2016, 11 months and the beginning.

1 mulberry tree with the height of 1.5 m is planted every 10 m in 12 months in 2016, 24 mulberry trees are planted, 1 mulberry tree with the height of 1.5 m is planted every 10 m, 24 mulberry trees are planted alternately.

(1) Mulberry tree

① selecting mulberry seedling, selecting grafting seedling suitable for local planting, with strong mulberry seedling, strong root system, high yield and strong stress resistance, soaking seedling root in 20% lime slurry for 30min, washing with clear water, and transplanting with slurry;

② the method comprises placing mulberry seedling vertically in the center of the planting pit, making the root system stretch and bend naturally, supporting the mulberry seedling, backfilling fine soil around the root, slightly lifting the mulberry seedling, compacting with feet, filling a layer of fine soil with a height of 7-10 cm above the junction of root neck and radix et rhizoma Rhei, and irrigating sufficient water to fix root;

③ management of mulberry field, namely, thinning buds when young shoots grow to 15-25 cm, removing inner parts and outer parts, removing weak parts and strong parts, removing more and less parts at dense parts and leaving less and more parts at gaps, and performing the process when the height of a mulberry twig is 7-10 cm, wherein the amount of the buds is 2 times of the amount of the buds left by each plant;

④ prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests, wherein the mulberry black and white powdery mildew is prevented and controlled by spraying 5% of barium polysulfide or 20% of potassium sulfate in the early stage of disease occurrence, leaf blight is treated by spraying 1000 times of 70% thiophanate methyl after cutting off diseased leaves, the leaf blight is treated by spraying 2-3 times of 500 ten thousand units of agricultural streptomycin at intervals of 7 days, brown spots are prevented and controlled by spraying 1000 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, and mulberry looper is killed by spraying or artificially capturing 90% 1000-3000 times of trichlorfon.

2) Planting paper mulberry

① planting by applying compound fertilizer to the bottom of the planting hole, mixing with soil in the hole, planting seedling in the planting hole, and covering with soil;

② daily management, trimming and shaping in time in summer and autumn;

and water hyacinth and water peanuts are planted in 2017 in 5 months, and the area of the water hyacinth and the water peanuts is less than 10% of the total area of the ditch.

(1) Planting water hyacinth: and (5) carrying out plant division propagation. The cross-growing stolons are cut into a plurality of sections or are cut with roots to separate a plurality of axillary buds, and the axillary buds can naturally survive after being put into water.

(2) Planting the alternanthera philoxeroides: planting the root of the Arachis hypogaea in the water bottom, digging a pit about every 50cm at the bottom of a shallow water area with the water depth of 30-60 cm, selecting a plant with the length of 20-25 cm, inserting one end with fibrous roots into the pit, planting 4-5 roots in each pit, and then, cultivating the plant with mud to prevent the plant from floating. When in a wet state, digging a shallow trench on the edge of water, putting the plant into the trench, and covering soil. Watering at proper time according to the dryness and wetness of the soil, preventing drought, and growing the plants in the shallow water area of the water area right after the water level rises.

Sowing rice in late 5 months in 2017, planting a rice high-stalk lodging-resistant variety, and transplanting rice in middle 6 months, wherein the specification is 20 multiplied by 30 cm. 280kg of 600 river snail seedlings and 15kg of 20 clam seedlings are thrown in the early 3 months in 2017. 10-15 kg of compound feed is put in daily, and 120kg of compound fertilizer is applied, wherein 100kg of compound feed is used as a base fertilizer, and 20kg of compound fertilizer is used as an additional fertilizer. As shown in Table 1, crayfish was harvested at 3/2 in 2017 and harvested at 29/4 in total of 304.5 kg. And (4) harvesting the crabs from the bottom of 7 months in 2017, fishing after 30 days in 9 months, and harvesting 283.6kg of crabs. 1583.1kg of rice was harvested in 2017, 10 months and 15 days. And in 2017, beginning to harvest river snails in 8 th ten days, and harvesting 525.4kg of the river snails. According to the investigation at the beginning of 11 months in 2017, a large number of crayfish seedlings are bred by crayfish which is not harvested at the end of 4 months in 2017.

Lime is applied every half month15g/m²The water is splashed in advance or pushed back when meeting abnormal weather; before lime is applied for the first time, the lime is desilted, and then lime water is sprayed. Manpower is used for cleaning, and the dirty water is sprinkled in the middle of the rice to avoid hurting the crayfish.

Example 2

On the basis of the original example 1 in 10 months in 2017, six dunes of the cold waterlogged paddy field with the same specification are newly added, and the selection standard is spring eyes, so that the irrigation and drainage are facilitated. The same method is adopted to carry out mixed three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding of the broussonetia papyrifera, the mulberry, the waterweed, the hydrilla verticillata, the eel grass, the water hyacinth, the water peanuts, the rice, the crayfish, the crabs, the river snails and the mussels, and the harvesting results are shown in table 1. Lime 15g/m is applied every half month²The water is splashed in advance or pushed back when meeting abnormal weather; before lime is applied for the first time, the lime is desilted, and then lime water is sprayed. Manpower is used for cleaning, and the dirty water is sprinkled in the middle of the rice to avoid hurting the crayfish.

TABLE 1 summary of the results of crayfish, crab products, rice, river snail

While preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described, additional variations and modifications in those embodiments may occur to those skilled in the art once they learn of the basic inventive concepts. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims be interpreted as including preferred embodiments and all such alterations and modifications as fall within the scope of the invention. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made in the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, if such modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention is also intended to include such modifications and variations.

Claims

1. A three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

2. The three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method of claim 1, characterized by further comprising the following steps:

planting submerged plants: and (5) planting submerged plants in the surrounding ditches in 10 months.

3. The three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method of claim 2, characterized in that: the submerged plant is one or more of hydrilla verticillata, eel grass, waterweed and curly pondweed.

4. A three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized by further comprising the steps of:

5. A three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: the deciduous arbor group is composed of mulberry and broussonetia papyrifera which are planted alternately.

6. A three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: the aquatic animals are one or more of crab, river snail, mussel, turtle, silver carp, spotted silver carp and loach.

7. A three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: the water plant is one or more of water hyacinth, water peanuts and duckweed.

8. A three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: the aquatic plant is one or more of rice, lotus root and wild rice stem.

9. A three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: the aquatic plant is rice, and the rice is a one-season rice high-stalk lodging-resistant variety.

10. A three-dimensional comprehensive planting and breeding method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that: the water inlet and the water outlet are provided with escape-proof devices.