CN110531051B - Karst collapse simulation experiment device and method based on stratum weakening - Google Patents
Karst collapse simulation experiment device and method based on stratum weakening Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a karst collapse simulation experiment device based on stratum weakening, which comprises a karst collapse experiment system, a water level control system and an intelligent monitoring system. The karst collapse experiment system is used for realizing a karst collapse simulation experiment; the water level control system comprises a water supply device and a water drainage device and is used for simulating groundwater seepage due to the existence of lateral replenishment; the intelligent monitoring system comprises a soil pressure sensor, a laser displacement sensor, a CCD camera and an LED lamp and is used for monitoring the pressure change of a soil body and the displacement and deformation of the earth surface. The invention also discloses a karst collapse simulation experiment method based on stratum weakening. The experimental device can realize the simulation of karst collapse under the conditions of different underground water levels, different stratum weakening degrees and different karst fracture widths, and has the advantages of scientific and effective experiment, simple device and convenient operation.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of karst collapse physical model tests, in particular to a karst collapse simulation experiment device and method based on stratum weakening.
Background
KarstThe collapse refers to a natural phenomenon that a karst cavity exists in the karst rock hidden under the covering layer, and under the action of natural or artificial factors, the covering layer soil body enters the karst cavity along the karst channel to cause the collapse of the covering layer. The distribution of soluble rocks such as carbonate rocks in China is wide, the development area of the karst is large, and the distribution area of the soluble stratum is about 345 km2About 30% or more of the area of the land. In recent years, the subway construction in China is rapidly developed, a large number of subway lines pass through karst areas, stratum disturbance is generated necessarily in the tunnel excavation construction process, the stratum is weakened, the karst collapse frequency is more frequent, the damage is increasingly serious, and the caused damage is increased. Therefore, the development of research on karst collapse is of great significance.
In practice, when complex geological conditions are met, means such as field measurement monitoring and numerical simulation are mainly used, however, due to the influence of factors such as sudden drop of underground water level, geological structure and thickness of a ground surface covering layer, uncertainty of the geological conditions often occurs in the actual monitoring process, and numerical simulation precision is affected by problems such as 'inaccurate parameters' or 'simplified model', so that the geological phenomena and regularity are difficult to accurately describe, but the essential characteristics and regularity of the geological disaster phenomena can be conveniently mastered by applying a physical model established by a similar theory.
The existing simulation device for karst collapse cannot effectively study the karst collapse caused by stratum weakening due to tunnel excavation and the development of the karst collapse under different working conditions. Based on the above, a karst collapse simulation experiment device and method based on stratum weakening are researched, and through a physical model test, conditions such as hydraulic conditions, karst cave size and position of a soil body are changed, so that the collapse phenomenon can be effectively simulated.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defect that the existing simulation device for karst collapse cannot effectively simulate the karst collapse caused by stratum weakening due to tunnel excavation under complex working conditions, the invention provides a simulation experiment device and a simulation experiment method for karst collapse based on stratum weakening.
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention adopts the following technical scheme: a karst collapse simulation experiment device based on stratum weakening comprises a karst collapse experiment system, a water level control system and an intelligent monitoring system;
the karst collapse experiment system comprises an experiment box, a karst cave simulation device and a stratum weakening device;
the experiment box comprises a soil box, a punching partition plate and a metal frame, wherein the soil box is a transparent cubic model integrally, and the upper part of the soil box is opened; the middle part of the soil box is separated by two uniform perforated partition boards; the periphery of the soil box is protected by a stainless steel metal frame; the lower part of the soil box is provided with a communicating port;
the karst cave simulation device comprises a connecting plate, a closed plate, a sliding groove, a karst cave simulation box and a mud outlet pipeline, wherein the connecting plate is further fixed at the upper part of the karst cave simulation box;
the stratum weakening device comprises a plurality of rectangular PVC soft boards, the rectangular PVC soft boards are arranged at the lower part of the soil box, a soil layer is paved between every two layers of the rectangular PVC soft boards, the PVC soft boards are gradually pulled away, and soil body weakening of one layer is realized when one layer is pulled away;
the water level control system comprises a water supply device and a water drainage device and is used for laterally supplying and simulating groundwater seepage, the water supply device comprises a water tank, a water supply pipeline, a valve and a water blocking plate, the water tank is connected with the soil tank through the water supply pipeline, the water supply pipeline is provided with the valve, the water blocking plate is fixed on the outer side of the perforated partition plate and can be pulled up and down, the water blocking plate is pulled up and down, and the valve is adjusted to control whether water seepage exists or not and the height of the water level;
the drainage device comprises a water stop plug arranged on the side surface of the experimental box and a mud outlet pipeline arranged below the karst cave simulation box;
the intelligent monitoring system comprises a soil pressure sensor and a laser displacement sensor and is used for monitoring soil pressure change and surface displacement and deformation;
the soil pressure sensor comprises a plurality of strain type miniature soil pressure boxes which are buried in the lower surface of the experiment box, and soil is uniformly buried on the strain type miniature soil pressure boxes for monitoring soil pressure change;
the laser displacement sensor is arranged above the experimental box and used for monitoring surface subsidence.
As one preferable mode of the invention, the communication port is rectangular, the front end and the rear end of the soil box are provided with a plurality of reserved seams for drawing out the PVC soft boards at different heights, and when the plurality of PVC soft boards are required to be drawn out to simulate the weakening of the stratum, the PVC soft boards are drawn out in a staggered manner.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the outer end of the closing plate is further provided with a sliding rod.
As one preferable mode of the present invention, the two ends of the sliding groove are provided with the sealing strips, and the PVC flexible sheet has a thin thickness and a smooth surface.
As one preferable mode of the invention, the two closing plates are respectively positioned in the sliding grooves and are tightly matched.
As one of the preferable modes of the invention, the PVC soft board is specifically 12, and is divided into two sides which are symmetrically layered, and each side is provided with 6 pieces which are sequentially overlapped.
As one of the preferable modes of the invention, the stratum weakening device further comprises a ring buckle and a pull rod, and one end of each PVC soft board is sequentially connected with the ring buckle and the pull rod.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the intelligent monitoring system further comprises a CCD camera and an LED lighting lamp, the CCD camera and the LED lighting lamp form a digital imaging system and are disposed right in front of the experimental box, the LED lighting lamp is used for providing light compensation, and the CCD camera is used for recording the whole process of collapse formation.
As one of the preferable modes of the invention, the two water tanks are positioned at two sides of the experimental box.
The invention also discloses a karst collapse simulation experiment method based on stratum weakening, which comprises the following steps of:
s1, uniformly paving soil pressure sensors at the bottom of the experiment box, fixing the karst cave simulation box and keeping the closing plate closed;
s2, preparing a soil sample, and keeping the water content required by the experiment;
s3, flatly paving the prepared soil sample on the bottom surface of the experiment box, compacting, paving two PVC soft boards above the soil sample after the soil sample reaches a set height, and symmetrically placing the PVC soft boards to ensure that the soft boards can be pulled out from the reserved seam;
s4, repeating the step S3, and continuing to fill the soil layer to the required height according to the experimental requirements after the soft board is laid;
s5, arranging a laser displacement sensor above the experiment box, and arranging a CCD camera and an LED lamp in front of the experiment box;
s6, opening a valve, and controlling the height of the water level by the up-and-down sliding of a water-blocking plate according to the experimental requirements to form an initial seepage field;
s7, opening all monitoring equipment, checking whether the measuring instrument is normally used, and providing light compensation when the space brightness is needed;
s8, slowly moving the closed plate, fixing the closed plate when the width of the karst cave crack is required, and opening cracks with different widths to perform a grouping experiment;
s9, layering and pulling out the soft board to weaken the stratum layer by layer and observe experimental phenomena; several layers of soft boards can be selected to be drawn out according to requirements, and a comparison test is carried out;
and S10, analyzing the simulation experiment result of karst collapse caused by stratum weakening through the experiment data and the image.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: (1) the invention realizes the layered weakening of the stratum by pulling away the PVC soft board, can control the weakening degree and has simple and convenient operation, environment-friendly and recyclable materials; (2) according to the invention, the width of the crack can be controlled by sliding the closing plate, so that the karst collapse condition under complex working conditions of different widths, different weakening degrees and the like can be researched; (3) the invention adopts the transparent organic glass box, and the whole camera records video and can monitor displacement settlement, realize the visualization of the whole collapse process, and the collapse data can be recorded and analyzed, thereby achieving the purpose of deeply researching the collapse mechanism of the karst.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an overall schematic diagram of a simulation experiment apparatus for karst collapse based on formation weakening according to the embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a top view of the experimental box structure of the present embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a side view of the experimental box structure of the present embodiment;
fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a digital imaging system in the present embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the connecting plate and the closing plate in the present embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the uniformly perforated partition of the soil box of the present embodiment;
FIG. 7 is a schematic structural view of the soil pressure sensor of the present embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a schematic perspective view of the karst cave simulation apparatus according to the present embodiment;
fig. 9 is a perspective view of the experimental box of the present embodiment.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. The embodiments and features of the embodiments in the present application may be combined with each other without conflict. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that, if directional indications (such as up, down, left, right, front, and back … …) are involved in the embodiment of the present invention, the directional indications are only used to explain the relative positional relationship between the components, the movement situation, and the like in a specific posture (as shown in the drawing), and if the specific posture is changed, the directional indications are changed accordingly.
In addition, if there is a description of "first", "second", etc. in an embodiment of the present invention, the description of "first", "second", etc. is for descriptive purposes only and is not to be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one such feature. In addition, the meaning of "and/or" appearing throughout includes three juxtapositions, exemplified by "A and/or B" including either A or B or both A and B. In addition, technical solutions between various embodiments may be combined with each other, but must be realized by a person skilled in the art, and when the technical solutions are contradictory or cannot be realized, such a combination should not be considered to exist, and is not within the protection scope of the present invention.
In order to solve the technical problems, referring to fig. 1-9, the karst collapse simulation experiment device based on stratum weakening of the embodiment comprises a karst collapse experiment system, a water level control system and an intelligent monitoring system;
the karst collapse experiment system comprises an experiment box, a karst cave simulation device and a stratum weakening device;
the experiment box comprises a soil box 101, a perforated partition plate 102 and a metal frame 103, wherein the soil box 101 is a transparent cubic model integrally, and the upper part of the soil box is opened; the middle part of the soil box 101 is separated by two uniform perforated partition boards 102; the periphery of the soil box 101 is protected by a stainless steel metal frame 103; a communicating opening is formed in the lower portion of the soil box 101;
it should be noted that the baffle that punches can play fine cushioning effect when adjusting the water level, reduces the washing effect of rivers to the soil layer.
See fig. 5, 8: the karst cave simulation device comprises a connecting plate 201, a closing plate 202, a sliding chute 205, a karst cave simulation box 203 and a mud outlet pipeline 204, and can control the opening or closing of a karst cave crack opening and the size of a crack. The upper part of the karst cave simulation box 203 is also fixedly provided with a connecting plate 201, the middle of the connecting plate 201 is provided with a sliding chute 205, the middle of the sliding chute 205 is provided with a through hole, the lower part of the through hole is introduced into the karst cave simulation box 203, the upper part of the through hole is just communicated with a communication port of the soil box 101 through the connecting plate 202, the joint of the upper part of the karst cave simulation box 203 and the communication port is also provided with a closing plate 202, the closing plate 202 slowly slides on the sliding chute 205 for changing the size of the through hole and fixing the size of the opening, the size of the through hole is simulated as the size of a karst cave crack, the lower part of the karst cave simulation box 203 is provided with a mud outlet pipe 204, and collapsed mud water falls into the karst cave simulation box 203 and is discharged through the mud outlet pipe 204;
the stratum weakening device comprises a plurality of rectangular PVC soft boards 301, the rectangular PVC soft boards 301 are arranged at the lower part of the soil box 101, a soil layer is paved between every two layers of rectangular PVC soft boards, the PVC soft boards 301 are gradually pulled away, and soil body weakening of one layer is realized when one layer is pulled away;
it should be noted that, both ends co-altitude all is equipped with a plurality of reservation seams that supply the PVC soft board to take out around the soil box, if a plurality of PVC soft boards need take out, specifically can stagger the PVC soft board of taking out for the front and back, reduces the influence of taking out the PVC soft board to the soil layer.
In concrete realization, the PVC soft board in this embodiment is very thin, and the surface is more smooth to reduce the frictional force of taking out the PVC soft board, further reduced the influence to the soil layer.
The water level control system comprises a water supply device and a water drainage device, and is used for lateral supply and simulation of groundwater seepage, the water supply device comprises a water tank 401, two water tanks are arranged on two sides of the experiment box, a water supply pipeline 402, a valve 403 and a water blocking plate 405, the water tank 401 is connected with the soil box 101 through the water supply pipeline 402, the valve 403 is arranged on the water supply pipeline 402, the water blocking plate 405 is fixed on the outer side of the perforated partition plate 102 and can be pulled up and down, and the water blocking plate 405 and the adjusting valve 403 are pulled up and down to control whether water seepage exists and the height of the water level;
it should be noted that the water blocking plate of this embodiment can be drawn out in an up-and-down sliding manner, and specifically, chutes may be provided at the front and rear ends in the water tank to draw out through the chutes.
The drainage device comprises a water stop plug 404 arranged on the side surface of the experimental box and a mud outlet pipeline 204 arranged below the karst cave simulation box 203; drainage can be performed by both the water stop plug 404 and the mud pipe 204.
The intelligent monitoring system comprises a soil pressure sensor 502 and a laser displacement sensor 501, and is used for monitoring soil pressure change and surface displacement and deformation;
the soil pressure sensor 502 comprises a plurality of strain type miniature soil pressure boxes which are buried in the lower surface of the experiment box 1, and soil is uniformly buried on the miniature soil pressure boxes for monitoring soil pressure change;
the laser displacement sensor 501 is arranged above the experimental box 1 and used for monitoring the ground surface settlement, and a plurality of laser displacement sensors can be distributed above the experimental box 1.
Further, the communication port is rectangular, the outer end of the closed board 202 is further provided with a sliding rod 206, the closed board 202 is convenient to move through the sliding rod 206, so that the size of a karst cave crack is changed, the two ends of the sliding groove 205 are provided with sealing strips 207, liquid leakage in the sliding process of the closed board 202 is prevented, the closed board 202 is specifically two, the two closed boards are respectively located in the sliding groove 205 and are tightly matched, the adjustment of the closed board is more convenient, the PVC soft board 301 is specifically 12, the PVC soft board is divided into two sides which are symmetrically layered, and each side is provided with 6 pieces which are sequentially stacked.
Preferably, the stratum weakening device further comprises a ring buckle 302 and a pull rod 303, one end of each PVC soft board 301 is sequentially connected with the ring buckle 302 and the pull rod 303, and the soft boards are more convenient to draw.
Preferably, the intelligent monitoring system further comprises a CCD camera 503 and an LED illuminating lamp 504, the CCD camera 503 and the LED lamp 504 form a digital imaging system and are arranged right in front of the experiment box, the LED lamp 504 is used for providing light compensation, and the CCD camera 503 is used for recording the whole process of collapse formation.
Further, the water tanks 401 are two water tanks located at two sides of the experimental box.
The experimental device of this embodiment can realize the simulation that the karst sinks under different ground water level, different stratum weakening degree and the different karst crack width circumstances to the experiment science is effective, and the device is simple, and the operation is convenient.
Example 2
The embodiment also discloses a karst collapse simulation experiment method based on stratum weakening, which comprises the following steps:
s1, uniformly paving soil pressure sensors at the bottom of the experiment box, fixing the karst cave simulation box and keeping the closing plate closed;
s2, preparing a soil sample, and keeping the water content required by the experiment;
s3, flatly paving the prepared soil sample on the bottom surface of the experiment box, compacting, paving two PVC soft boards above the soil sample after the soil sample reaches a set height, and symmetrically placing the PVC soft boards to ensure that the soft boards can be pulled out from the reserved seam;
s4, repeating the step S3, and continuing to fill the soil layer to the required height according to the experimental requirements after the soft board is laid;
s5, arranging a laser displacement sensor above the experiment box, and arranging a CCD camera and an LED lamp in front of the experiment box;
s6, opening a valve, and controlling the height of the water level by the up-and-down sliding of a water-blocking plate according to the experimental requirements to form an initial seepage field;
s7, opening all monitoring equipment, checking whether the measuring instrument is normally used, and providing light compensation when the space brightness is needed;
s8, slowly moving the closed plate, fixing the closed plate when the width of the karst cave crack is required, and opening cracks with different widths to perform a grouping experiment;
s9, layering and pulling out the soft board to weaken the stratum layer by layer and observe experimental phenomena; several layers of soft boards can be selected to be drawn out according to requirements, and a comparison test is carried out;
and S10, analyzing the simulation experiment result of karst collapse caused by stratum weakening through the experiment data and the image.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and all modifications and equivalents of the present invention, which are made by the contents of the present specification and the accompanying drawings, or directly/indirectly applied to other related technical fields, are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. The utility model provides a karst simulation experiment device that collapses based on stratum weakening which characterized in that: the system comprises a karst collapse experiment system, a water level control system and an intelligent monitoring system;
the karst collapse experiment system comprises an experiment box, a karst cave simulation device and a stratum weakening device;
the experiment box comprises a soil box (101), a perforated partition plate (102) and a metal frame (103), wherein the soil box (101) is integrally a transparent cubic model, and the upper part of the soil box is opened; the middle part of the soil box (101) is separated by two uniform perforated partition plates (102); the periphery of the soil box (101) is protected by a stainless steel metal frame (103); the lower part of the soil box (101) is provided with a communicating port;
the karst cave simulation device comprises a connecting plate (201), a closed plate (202), a sliding groove (205), a karst cave simulation box (203) and a mud outlet pipeline (204), wherein the connecting plate (201) is further fixed at the upper part of the karst cave simulation box (203), the sliding groove (205) is arranged in the middle of the connecting plate (201), a through hole is formed in the middle of the sliding groove (205), the lower part of the through hole is communicated with the interior of the karst cave simulation box (203), the upper part of the through hole is just communicated with a communication port of the soil box (101) through the connecting plate (202), the closed plate (202) is further arranged at the connection part of the upper part of the karst cave simulation box (203) and the communication port, the closed plate (202) slowly slides on the sliding groove (205) to change the size of the through hole and can fix the size of the through hole, the size of the through hole is simulated to be the size of a karst cave crack, the mud outlet pipeline (204) is arranged at the lower part of the karst cave simulation box (203), and collapsed mud falls into the karst cave simulation box (203), is discharged through a mud outlet pipeline (204);
the stratum weakening device comprises a plurality of rectangular PVC soft boards (301), the rectangular PVC soft boards (301) are arranged at the lower part of the soil box (101), a soil layer is paved between every two layers of rectangular PVC soft boards (301), the PVC soft boards (301) are gradually pulled away, and soil body weakening of one layer is realized when one layer is pulled away;
the water level control system comprises a water supply device and a drainage device and is used for lateral supply and simulation of groundwater seepage;
the water supply device comprises a water tank (401), a water supply pipeline (402), a valve (403) and a water blocking plate (405), wherein the water tank (401) is connected with the soil box (101) through the water supply pipeline (402), the valve (403) is arranged on the water supply pipeline (402), the water blocking plate (405) is fixed on the outer side of the perforated partition plate (102) and can be pulled up and down, and the water blocking plate (405) and the adjusting valve (403) are pulled up and down to control whether water seepage exists and the height of the water level;
the drainage device comprises a water stop plug (404) arranged on the side surface of the experimental box;
the intelligent monitoring system comprises a soil pressure sensor (502) and a laser displacement sensor (501), and is used for monitoring soil pressure change and surface displacement and deformation;
the soil pressure sensor (502) comprises a plurality of strain type miniature soil pressure boxes which are buried in the lower surface of the experiment box, and soil is uniformly filled on the soil pressure boxes for monitoring soil pressure change;
the laser displacement sensor (501) is arranged above the experimental box and used for monitoring surface subsidence.
2. The formation weakening based karst collapse simulation experiment device of claim 1, wherein: the intercommunication mouth is the rectangle, both ends co-altitude all is equipped with a plurality of reservation seams that supply PVC soft board (301) to take out around soil box (101), when needing to take out a plurality of PVC soft boards (301) and come the simulated formation weakening, specifically stagger around taking out the PVC soft board.
3. The formation weakening based karst collapse simulation experiment device of claim 1, wherein: the outer end of the closing plate (202) is also provided with a sliding rod (206).
4. The formation weakening based karst collapse simulation experiment device of claim 1, wherein: sealing strips (207) are arranged at two ends of the sliding groove (205), and the PVC soft board (301) is thin in thickness and smooth in surface.
5. The formation weakening based karst collapse simulation experiment device of claim 1, wherein: the two closing plates (202) are respectively positioned in the sliding grooves (205) and are tightly matched.
6. The formation weakening based karst collapse simulation experiment device of claim 1, wherein: the PVC soft boards (301) are specifically 12, are symmetrically layered on two sides, and are sequentially stacked by 6 pieces on each side.
7. The formation weakening based karst collapse simulation experiment device of claim 1, wherein: the stratum weakening device further comprises a ring buckle (302) and a pull rod (303), and one end of each PVC soft board (301) is sequentially connected with the ring buckle (302) and the pull rod (303).
8. The formation weakening based karst collapse simulation experiment device of claim 1, wherein: the intelligent monitoring system further comprises a CCD camera (503) and an LED illuminating lamp (504), the CCD camera (503) and the LED lamp (504) form a digital imaging system and are arranged right in front of the experiment box, the LED lamp (504) is used for providing light compensation, and the CCD camera (503) is used for recording the whole collapse forming process.
9. The formation weakening based karst collapse simulation experiment device of claim 1, wherein: the water tanks (401) are two water tanks which are positioned at two sides of the experimental box.
10. The experimental method of the karst collapse simulation experimental device based on the stratum weakening as claimed in claim 2 is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
s1, uniformly paving soil pressure sensors at the bottom of the experiment box, fixing the karst cave simulation box and keeping the closing plate closed;
s2, preparing a soil sample, and keeping the water content required by the experiment;
s3, flatly paving the prepared soil sample on the bottom surface of the experiment box, compacting, paving two PVC soft boards above the soil sample after the soil sample reaches a set height, and symmetrically placing the PVC soft boards to ensure that the soft boards can be pulled out from the reserved seam;
s4, repeating the step S3, and continuing to fill the soil layer to the required height according to the experimental requirements after the soft board is laid;
s5, arranging a laser displacement sensor above the experiment box, and arranging a CCD camera and an LED lamp in front of the experiment box;
s6, opening a valve, and controlling the height of the water level by the up-and-down sliding of a water-blocking plate according to the experimental requirements to form an initial seepage field;
s7, opening all monitoring equipment, checking whether the measuring instrument is normally used, and providing light compensation when the space brightness is needed;
s8, slowly moving the closed plate, fixing the closed plate when the width of the karst cave crack is required, and opening cracks with different widths to perform a grouping experiment;
s9, layering and pulling out the soft board to weaken the stratum layer by layer and observe experimental phenomena; several layers of soft boards can be selected to be drawn out according to requirements, and a comparison test is carried out;
and S10, analyzing the simulation experiment result of karst collapse caused by stratum weakening through the experiment data and the image.
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| CN111122830B (en) * | 2020-01-09 | 2021-05-25 | 山东大学(齐河)新材料与智能装备研究院 | Covering type karst collapse simulation test device and operation method thereof |
| CN111982632B (en) * | 2020-08-27 | 2023-11-21 | 大同煤矿集团有限责任公司 | Weakening zone simulation method for weakening coal mine roof cutting |
| CN114429727A (en) * | 2020-09-22 | 2022-05-03 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | Water tank experimental device and method for simulating development of underground karst system |
| CN112414915B (en) * | 2020-11-02 | 2022-07-29 | 山东大学 | Test system and method for simulating tunnel excavation seepage change under complex geological conditions |
| CN113252549A (en) * | 2021-05-18 | 2021-08-13 | 中铁十二局集团有限公司 | Test device and method for simulating safe distance of shield tunneling in karst area |
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