CN105957441A - Plane flow net drawing and seepage principle teaching test device and test method - Google Patents
Plane flow net drawing and seepage principle teaching test device and test method Download PDFInfo
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- CN105957441A CN105957441A CN201610562485.2A CN201610562485A CN105957441A CN 105957441 A CN105957441 A CN 105957441A CN 201610562485 A CN201610562485 A CN 201610562485A CN 105957441 A CN105957441 A CN 105957441A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B25/00—Models for purposes not provided for in G09B23/00, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
- G09B25/02—Models for purposes not provided for in G09B23/00, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes of industrial processes; of machinery
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
- G09B25/00—Models for purposes not provided for in G09B23/00, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
- G09B25/02—Models for purposes not provided for in G09B23/00, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes of industrial processes; of machinery
- G09B25/025—Models for purposes not provided for in G09B23/00, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes of industrial processes; of machinery hydraulic; pneumatic
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- Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a plane flow net drawing and seepage principle demonstration teaching test device and test method. The device comprises a model box filled with saturated sands, and a water injection pump. The sand center of the model box is vertically provided with a pull-out separation plate, which separates the model box into left and right two equal compartments; when the separation plate is inserted to the bottom board of the model box, the left and right two sides of the model box are fully separated; one side wall of one compartment is provided with three water outlets in the bottom most portion, middle portion and the upper portion respectively, and is also provided with two transparent water head measuring tubes; the upper portion of one side wall of the other compartment is provided with three water outlets arranged vertically; and besides, a plurality of removable transparent water head measuring tubes are also included. The test device can be used to draw a two-dimension seepage flow net in the sands, demonstrate the forming process of quicksand phenomenon and measure permeability coefficients, can change complex engineering problems into a visual model operation test, can meet teaching use requirements in different occasions, and can generate better teaching effect and economic benefits.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to the undergraduate course test apparatus of field of civil engineering, be used for demonstrating plane drift net and draw former
The multifunction teaching test that reason and method, seepage erosion principle and evolution and soil body osmotic coefficient measure
Device.The present invention is available for the specialty such as civil engineering, hydraulic engineering and carries out teaching demonstration, belongs to higher education soil
Wood engineering class teaching test instrument.
Background technology
Seepage problems is soil mechanics teaching and the key content of research, and the seepage theory of soil is soil mechanics theory body
The important component part of system.Seepage problems almost contains all of Practical Project construction, from foundation ditch, dam
Stability, the discharging consolidation of soft soil foundation the aspect such as pass through to ocean suction type foundation heavy and are directed to seepage flow and ask
Topic.
Describing one of main method of Seepage problems in the soil body is drafting seepage flow drift net.Drift net by a plurality of streamline with
Isopotential line is orthogonal to be formed, the drafting of drift net mainly by calculating the methods such as method, inscribe circule method and numerical simulation,
But said method is difficult to meet the intuitive of classroom instruction and the requirement of operation demonstration.Such as Chinese patent is open
A kind of water level controllable type flow model in porous media proof box disclosed in number CN2012205649175.Described proof box comprises
Dual-compartment container, culvert system and base.Sand is placed in described dual-compartment container both sides.Described sand surface
Arrange multiple pin hole.Described pin hole places different colours pigment.The soil body is made to produce by opening container drainage system
Raw seepage flow, thus observe seepage field streamline.Model test box disclosed in this patent is only capable of being transported by granules of pigments
Dynamic track observes seepage field streamline distribution, but but cannot draw another important component part of seepage field etc.
Gesture line, thus complete seepage flow drift net cannot be drawn, it is difficult to disclose the essence that in the soil body, seepage field produces.This
Outward, if hydraulic gradient is excessive in the soil body, then seepage flow will be changed into turbulent flow by laminar flow, thus cause granules of pigments
Dyskinesias, cannot observe streamline in causing model test box.
Therefore, it is necessary to develop a set of plane drift net to draw pilot demonstration device, draw soil by method intuitively
The two dimension isopotential line of drift net and streamline in body, strengthen the understanding to Seepage problems, grasps in the soil body drift net and oozes
The essence that flow field produces, strengthens student and starts the ability of practice.Apparatus of the present invention can also be demonstrated quicksand and develop
Journey and mensuration soil body osmotic coefficient, make student the most intuitively grasp the essence of seepage theory, and use seepage flow
Principle analysis solves Practical Project problem.
New by looking into, not yet find similar assay device and the patent of test method and document report.
Summary of the invention
In order to draw complete seepage flow drift net by method intuitively, disclose the essence that in the soil body, seepage field produces,
Improving the quality of teaching, the present invention is based on seepage principle in the soil body and the character of drift net and feature, it is provided that Yi Zhongping
Surface current net is drawn and seepage principle teaching demonstration assay device.
Present invention simultaneously provides the test method utilizing this assay device to carry out plane drift net drafting, Yi Jijin
Row quicksand principle demonstration and the test method of osmotic coefficient investigating.
For reaching above-mentioned purpose, the present invention adopts the technical scheme that:
A kind of plane drift net is drawn and seepage principle teaching demonstration assay device: it includes a transparent mould molding box
With a water injecting pump, being filled with saturated sand in model casing, packed height is 200-250mm；Model casing sand
Soil center is erect has one piece of lamina of septum pellucidum higher than model casing top for simulating sheet pile, and lamina of septum pellucidum is by model
Case is divided into two the equal compartments in left and right, and one of them compartment is referred to as A compartment, and another is referred to as B compartment,
Require that on the one hand lamina of septum pellucidum can be in close contact with model casing front and rear wall and bottom, thus ensure when dividing plate inserts
By completely isolated for A, B compartment during model casing base plate, on the other hand can twitch up and down along model casing front and rear wall again；
It is respectively equipped with three discharge outlet, at A compartment on the bottommost of model casing sidewall, middle part and the top of A compartment
Sidewall on be also inserted with from outside two be served only for measure sand infiltration coefficient band valves transparent heads measure
Pipe；Model casing side wall upper part at B compartment is provided with vertically disposed three discharge outlet；Additionally include many
Moveable transparent head measures pipe, for measuring the gross head height of difference in sand, many heads
Measure pipe and be internally provided with buoy, buoy can in whatever you like test tube water surface change and be freely lifted, buoy end face with
The spacing in test model bottom face is in the surveyed soil body gross head height of a bit.
In order to A, B compartment generation gross head is poor, it is desirable to three discharge outlet height of B compartment necessarily be greater than A
Discharge outlet in the middle part of compartment.
Described transparent mould molding box, lamina of septum pellucidum and transparent head measure pipe and preferentially select pmma material.
Transparent mould molding box length is preferably 400-500mm, and width is preferably 250-300mm, in fact it is highly preferred that for
350-400mm。
Described test sand particle diameter preferably 0.1～the uniform fine sand of 0.25mm.
Described lamina of septum pellucidum is highly preferred higher than model casing height 100mm.
Described lamina of septum pellucidum is preferably with model casing front and rear wall and bottom tight contact structure: before and after model casing
Sidewall centre position along short transverse and on model casing base plate medium position be respectively equipped with in the width direction
Sealing draw-in groove, seal and arrange O RunddichtringO inside draw-in groove, lamina of septum pellucidum vertically inserts sealing draw-in groove can be close
Freely sliding up and down in envelope draw-in groove, after dividing plate inserts base plate sealing draw-in groove, dividing plate A, B compartment is completely isolated.
In order to increase the accuracy of test, bottom model casing, layout thickness is the permeable version of 3cm.
Measuring pipe for the ease of head and thrust sand, described head measures bottom pipe tapered.
Enter head for the ease of sand soil water and measure pipe, be provided with some permeable bottom described head measurement pipe
Hole.
Measure pipe to prevent tiny soil particle from entering head, measure at head and arrange a metafiltration net bottom pipe.
The method that the present invention utilizes above-mentioned assay device to carry out the drafting test of plane drift net is:
Annotation: described antetheca is to be as the criterion with the one side in the face of operator
Scheme one:
The first step: first get all the transparent mould molding box, lamina of septum pellucidum, head measurement pipe and water pump ready, and check
Head measures pipe internal float and filter screen is the most intact；
Second step: two heads closing model casing A compartment upper and lower drain port and A compartment measure
Tube valve, and open micro pump, water filling in model casing, when in model casing, height of water level is 100mm,
Switch off the pump, inspection model bottom portion and the dense water of sidewall；
3rd step: check errorless after, in model casing, slowly uniformly sow sand, sow water during sand
Pump water filling in model casing all the time, is in saturation with sand in guaranteeing model casing, when sand in model casing
When being highly 200mm, stop stucco in model casing, simultaneously close off water pump, hereafter sand surface is smoothed；
4th step: lamina of septum pellucidum is inserted below sand surface 100mm, now, model casing A, B compartment
Lamina of septum pellucidum is connection with lower part；
5th step: according to a discharge outlet of test requirements document selectively unlocking model casing B compartment, now A every
In the middle part of between, discharge outlet is opened, poor to produce gross head；Meanwhile, by B compartment other two scupper valve
Door is turned off；
6th step: open water pump, water filling in model casing B compartment, adjust waterflood injection rate, it is ensured that gross head
Poor is constant, when the discharge outlet that model casing A, B compartment is opened all has water uniformly to flow out, keeps now water filling
Constant airspeed；
7th step: drawing two dimension drift net isopotential line, during drafting, preference pattern bottom face is as datum level, head
Measure the interior buoy end face of pipe to model casing plane perpendicular distance as measuring point gross head height；
7.1st step: the sand two dimension drift net isopotential line of first rendering model case B compartment, concrete grammar is as follows:
7.1.1 walks: many removable heads measure pipes and is positioned over along in one line inside model casing front side wall
B compartment, adjacent measurement pipe uniform intervals；
7.1.2 walks: first first removable head is measured pipe and thrusts the sand 100mm of B compartment,
In first removable head measures pipe after float stable, will be now between buoy end face and model casing bottom surface
Vertical dimension is as the gross head height of painted isopotential line, and remaining is all removable to adjust B compartment the most respectively
What head measured pipe thrusts the sand degree of depth so that remaining all removable head measures the buoy end face of pipe and mould
Between molding box bottom surface, vertical dimension and first removable head measure between pipe buoy end face and model casing bottom surface
Vertical dimension is identical, records the most all removable heads and measures pipe embedded depth, and by all removable water
Head measures pipe endpoint location correspondence markings outer wall on front side of model casing, and above-mentioned all labelling points are gross head phase
Deng point, be i.e. positioned in seepage field drift net in same isopotential line；
7.1.3 walks: connected by all gross head identical pointses of outer wall institute labelling on front side of model casing with smoothed curve,
This smoothed curve is a part for an isopotential line, owing to dividing plate outward flange and model casing base are two dimension
Drift net streamline, therefore isopotential line should be orthogonal with sheet pile outward flange and model casing base, by above-mentioned painted smoothed curve
Two ends extend so that it is intersect with dividing plate left surface and model casing plane perpendicular respectively, thus draw out one complete
Whole isopotential line；
7.1.4 walks: use said method, thrusts the deep of sand by changing all removable heads measurement pipe
Degree, additionally draws 3-4 bar isopotential line, additionally, B compartment sand surface is also an isopotential line, by sand table
Facial contour line is all marked on outer wall on front side of model casing；
So far, the sand two dimension drift net isopotential line of B compartment is drawn complete；
7.2nd step: the sand two dimension drift net isopotential line of rendering model case A compartment；
First many removable heads are measured pipes and are positioned over A compartment along in one line inside model casing front side wall,
Adjacent measurement pipe uniform intervals；Then according to 7.1.2-7.1.4 step operation；
So far, the sand two dimension drift net isopotential line of A compartment is drawn complete；
7.3rd step: the while that outer wall drawing one article on front side of model casing with dividing plate antetheca base and model casing base just
The vertical curve handed over, this straight line is also an isopotential line；
So far, in model casing, sand two dimension drift net isopotential line is drawn complete；
8th step: after A, B compartment sand two dimension drift net gesture line is drawn, draws a plurality of and each bar equipotentiality
The smoothed curve that line is orthogonal, a smoothed curve is a streamline of two dimension drift net, thus draws a plurality of
Streamline, additionally, lamina of septum pellucidum inserts soil body part, model casing sidewall and soil body contact portion limit and model casing
Base is streamline, and above-mentioned streamline is also marked on outer wall on front side of model casing, so far, a complete two dimension
Seepage flow drift net is drawn complete；
9th step: change model casing B compartment model casing discharge outlet position, repeat above-mentioned 5-8 step and can paint
Two dimensional fluid flow drift net under the conditions of the different gross head difference of system, thus contrast seepage flow drift net under different gross head difference
The similarities and differences.
Scheme (two)
The first step: first get all the transparent mould molding box, lamina of septum pellucidum, head measurement pipe and water pump ready, and check
Head measures pipe internal float and filter screen is the most intact；
Second step: close model casing A compartment upper and lower drain port and A compartment side wall and insert from outside
Two heads measure tube valves, and open micro pump, water filling in model casing, when water level in model casing
When being highly 100mm, switch off the pump, inspection model bottom portion and the dense water of sidewall；
3rd step: check errorless after, in model casing, slowly uniformly sow sand, sow water during sand
Pump water filling in model casing all the time, is in saturation with sand in guaranteeing model casing, when sand in model casing
When being highly 200mm, stop stucco in model casing, simultaneously close off water pump, hereafter sand surface is smoothed；
4th step: lamina of septum pellucidum is inserted below sand surface 100mm, now, model casing A, B compartment
Lamina of septum pellucidum with lower part be connection；
5th step: according to a discharge outlet of test requirements document selectively unlocking model casing B compartment, now A every
In the middle part of between, discharge outlet is opened, poor to produce gross head；Meanwhile, by the other two discharge outlet of B compartment
It is turned off；
6th step: open water pump, water filling in model casing B compartment, adjust waterflood injection rate, it is ensured that gross head
Poor is constant, when the discharge outlet that model casing A, B compartment is opened all has water uniformly to flow out, keeps now water filling
Constant airspeed；
7th step: calculate dividing plate both sides gross head poor, determine the bar number n of isopotential line according to gross head extent,
Wherein equipotentiality number of lines n is odd number；And by poor for gross head (n-1) decile, thus total between adjacent isopotential line
Head difference is 1/ (n-1) of dividing plate both sides gross head difference；
8th step: draw two dimension drift net isopotential line
8.1st step: sand two dimension drift net (n-1)/2 article isopotential line of rendering model case B compartment, concrete grammar is such as
Under:
8.1.1 walks: in B compartment two-dimensional leaking field, measures dividing plate both sides free water elevation poor, i.e. plate
Stake both sides gross head is poor, by all removable heads measurement pipe along placement in one line inside model casing front side wall
In B compartment, all removable heads measure pipe uniform intervals；Outermost (namely first) can be moved
Kinetic head measures contact B compartment sand surface, pipe bottom, and record now first removable head measurement pipe is floating
Vertical height between mark end face and model casing bottom surface, then measures pipe by first removable head and thrusts sand
Soil, now in pipe, buoy begins to decline, and treats that buoy fall reaches dividing plate both sides gross head difference height
Time 1/ (n-1) times, fix first removable head measurement pipe position and keep constant；
8.1.2 walks: respectively remaining all removable head measurement pipe is thrust B compartment sand, when floating in pipe
Between mark end face and model casing bottom surface, vertical dimension measures pipe buoy end face and model with first removable head
When vertical dimension is identical between bottom face, it is fixed, records all removable heads measurement pipe simultaneously and thrust
The sand degree of depth, and the most advanced and sophisticated embedded depth of all water moving heads measurement pipe is marked on model casing antetheca respectively；
8.1.3 walks: with smoothed curve by gross head height identical pointses all determined by outer wall on front side of model casing
Connect, and by painted smoothed curve two ends extend so that it is respectively with dividing plate antetheca border and model casing antetheca at the bottom of
Border, face intersects vertically, thus draws out a complete isopotential line；
8.1.4 walks: repeat step 8.1.1-8.1.3 step, draws out in removable head measures pipe floating successively
Mark fall reaches sheet pile both sides gross head and differs from 2/ (n-1), 3/ (n-1) to corresponding being total to time (n-3)/2 (n-1) times
(n-5)/2 isopotential line, additionally, B compartment sand surface is an isopotential line, has been drawn on its contour line
Outer wall on front side of machine glass molds molding box, adds that 8.1.3 walks the one article of isopotential line drawn, so far, model casing B
The isopotential line of the two-dimentional drift net of compartment is all drawn, altogether (n-1)/2；
8.2nd step: sand two dimension drift net (n-1)/2 isopotential line of rendering model case A compartment；
All removable heads are measured pipe and inserts A compartment, according to 8.1.1-8.1.4 step operation, successively
Draw out in model casing A compartment sand removable head to measure buoy fall in pipe to reach sheet pile both sides total
(n-3)/2 isopotential line altogether corresponding when head difference (n+1)/2 (n-1), (n+3)/2 (n-1) to (n-2)/(n-1) times；
Additionally, model casing A compartment sand surface is an isopotential line, its contour line is drawn on organic glass model
Outer wall on front side of case, so far, the isopotential line of the two-dimentional drift net of model casing A compartment is all drawn, altogether (n-1)/2；
8.3rd step: draw one article of isopotential line respectively with dividing plate antetheca lower limb and model casing antetheca base vertical,
(n-1)/2 isopotential line and (n-1)/2 equipotentiality of 8.2 steps drafting A compartment of B compartment is drawn plus 8.1 steps
Line, so far, the n bar isopotential line of two dimension drift net is all drawn；
9th step: after isopotential line is drawn, draw the smoothed curve that a plurality of and each bar isopotential line is orthogonal, one
Bar smoothed curve is a streamline of two dimension drift net, thus draws a plurality of streamline, and adjacent flows should be spaced
Uniformly, additionally, lamina of septum pellucidum inserts soil body part, model casing sidewall and soil body contact portion limit and model casing
Base is streamline, and above-mentioned streamline is also marked on outer wall on front side of model casing, so far, a complete two dimension
Seepage flow drift net is drawn complete；
Tenth step: change model casing B compartment model casing discharge outlet position, repeat above-mentioned 5th-nine step and can paint
Two dimensional fluid flow drift net under the conditions of the different gross head difference of system, thus contrast seepage flow drift net under different gross head difference
The similarities and differences.
Utilize this device of the present invention in addition to having drafting two dimension drift net function, also can demonstrate quicksand to student and develop
Evolution, calculates soil body critical hydraulic gradient when there is quicksand simultaneously, makes understanding and the grasp of student image
Quicksand essence.Testing program is as follows:
The first step: first get all the transparent mould molding box, lamina of septum pellucidum, head measurement pipe and water pump ready, and check
Head measures pipe internal float and filter screen is the most intact；
Second step: open micro pump, water filling in model casing, when in model casing, height of water level is 100mm
Time, switch off the pump, inspection model bottom portion and the dense water of sidewall, now close model casing A compartment upper
And two heads of lower drain port and A compartment measure tube valve；
3rd step: check errorless after, in model casing, slowly uniformly sow sand, sow water during sand
Pump water filling in model casing all the time, is in saturation with sand in guaranteeing model casing, when sand in model casing
When being highly 200mm, stop stucco in model casing, simultaneously close off water pump, hereafter sand surface is smoothed；
4th step: lamina of septum pellucidum is inserted below sand surface 100mm, now, model casing A, B compartment
Bottom is connection；
5th step: according to a discharge outlet of test requirements document selectively unlocking model casing B compartment, now A every
In the middle part of between, discharge outlet is opened, poor to produce gross head；Meanwhile, by the other two discharge outlet of B compartment
Valve is turned off；
6th step: open water pump, water filling in model casing B compartment, adjust waterflood injection rate, it is ensured that gross head
Poor is constant, when all discharge outlet opened of model casing A, B compartment all have water uniformly to flow out, keeps now
Waterflood injection rate is constant；
7th step: carry on slow for dividing plate, observes the change of dividing plate periphery sand, sand bottom dividing plate simultaneously
Soil particle starts to turn over to A compartment when gushing, and now quicksand phenomenon occurs, and stopping carries dividing plate, record this after
Plate inserts the sand degree of depth, such that it is able to calculate soil body critical hydraulic gradient, critical hydraulic gradient can be by following formula meter
Calculate:In formula:
icrSand critical hydraulic gradient；
Δ h is that dividing plate both sides sand gross head is poor, i.e. A, B compartment water surface elevation is poor；
L is that dividing plate inserts the sand degree of depth；
T is block board thickness.
Additionally, utilize this device of the present invention also can carry out the gas permeability measurement test of sand and coarse-grained soil,
Test procedure is as follows:
The first step: being inserted to by dividing plate in model casing sealed bottom draw-in groove, now A, B compartment is completely isolated, with
Time close two heads of three discharge outlet of model casing A compartment and A compartment and measure tube valves；
Second step: open micro pump, water filling in model casing A compartment, when water level in model casing A compartment
When being highly 100mm, switch off the pump, inspection model bottom portion and the dense water of sidewall；
3rd step: check errorless after, in model casing A compartment, slowly uniformly sow sand, sow sand mistake
Water pump water filling in model casing all the time in journey, is in saturation with sand in guaranteeing model casing, as model casing A
When sand height is 200mm in compartment, stops stucco in model casing, simultaneously close off water pump；
4th step: open model casing A compartment upper discharge outlet, keep the intermediate row mouth of a river, lower drain port with
And two heads of A compartment measure tube valve and continue to close；
5th step: open water pump, water filling in model casing A compartment, it is desirable to waterflood injection rate is constant, it is ensured that A
Compartment upper discharge outlet has water uniformly to flow out；
6th step: two heads opening model casing A compartment measure tube valve and bottom discharge mouth valve,
Now there is water uniformly to flow out from lower drain port and collect the water of outflow, recording corresponding time, simultaneously model
In two heads of case A compartment measure pipe, water level produces difference in height, in head measures pipe after stable level,
Record two heads measurement pipe heights of water level poor, be gross head loss in sand；
7th step: measure the water that the model casing A compartment lower drain port collected was discharged within the corresponding time
Amount, so far, soil body osmotic coefficient can be calculated by following formula:
In formula: k is sand infiltration coefficient；
Q is that total displacement collected by measuring cup；
L is that 2 heads measure vertical distance between pipe；
A is 0.5 times of model casing base areas；
T is for collecting the time used by displacement.
The invention have the advantage that
1) use simplicity method intuitively to draw two dimensional fluid flow drift net in sand, make abstract two-dimentional drift net concept
Become easy-to-understand, disclose the essence of seepage theory in the soil body and represent the distribution form of seepage field in the soil body.
2) forming process of quicksand phenomenon, announcement critical hydraulic gradient concept directly perceived is shown by test method.
Meanwhile, also image present sheet pile important function played in Geotechnical Engineering and other Geotechnical Engineerings are put into practice.
3) repeatedly draw drift net by the different gross head difference of change to test, disclose the reality causing seepage through soil mass
The matter soil body produces gross head poor.
4) complicated engineering problem can be become model manipulation test, this assay device system intuitively by the present invention
Make simplicity, with low cost, easy to operate, beneficially observation.This device is beneficial to laboratory popularization and application, simultaneously
The teaching that can meet different occasion uses, and produces preferable teaching efficiency and economic benefit.
Range of application of the present invention is the civil construction field living closely bound up with people, to this area study
For college student, researcher and technical staff, this device can intuitively analyze Seepage problems as one
And observe the instrument of the engineering phenomenon that seepage flow causes.Additionally, by the analysis to experimental phenomena and result of the test,
The purposes of this device can be expanded, thus it is theoretical more comprehensively to represent seepage through soil mass, makes abstract reason
Opinion becomes directly perceived.The had outstanding feature of this device and marked improvement are that building teaching test provides one entirely
New model test equipment, possesses the creativeness of Patent Law the 3rd section of the 22nd article regulation.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of assay device embodiment of the present invention, in figure with on the left of dividing plate for B compartment,
As a example by right side is A compartment.
Fig. 2 is the structural representation that in Fig. 1, removable head measures pipe.
In figure: 1-dividing plate, 2-water injecting pump, 3-B compartment discharge outlet, 4-may move head and measures pipe, 5-model
Case, 6-sand, 7-porous disc, 8-seals draw-in groove, and 9-A compartment head measures pipe, and 10-A compartment upper is arranged
The mouth of a river, discharge outlet in the middle part of 11-A compartment, 12-A compartment lower drain port, 13-isopotential line, 14-streamline,
The permeable mouth of 15-, 16-filter screen, 17-buoy.
Detailed description of the invention
Technical scheme is further illustrated below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings with detailed description of the invention.
As shown in Figure 1-2, the plane drift net of the present invention is drawn and seepage principle teaching demonstration assay device includes one
Individual organic glass model case 5 and moveable water injecting pump 2, be disposed with the saturating of 3cm thickness bottom model casing 5
Water plate 7, is filled with the height saturated sand 6 for 200-250mm in model casing 5；Saturated sand 6 center
Erectting and have one piece of lucite spacer 1 higher than model casing 5 top for simulating sheet pile, dividing plate 1 is by model
Case 5 is completely isolated for the equal compartment in two, left and right, and the most left compartment is referred to as B compartment, and right compartment is referred to as A
Compartment, is respectively equipped with three discharge outlet on bottommost, middle part and the top of model casing 5 right side wall, claims respectively
For discharge outlet 11, A compartment upper discharge outlet 10 in the middle part of A compartment lower drain port 12, A compartment, at model
The head being also inserted with two band valves on case 5 right side wall from outside measures pipe 9；On model casing 5 left side wall
Portion is provided with vertically disposed three B compartment discharge outlet 3, as can be seen from Figure 1: three B compartment discharge outlet
3 height are higher than discharge outlet 11 in the middle part of A compartment.
The present invention additionally includes four removable heads and measures pipe 4, and structure is shown in Fig. 2, from figure 2, it is seen that can
Mobile head measures bottom pipe 4 tapered, measures at removable head and is provided with some permeable holes 15 bottom pipe 4,
Metafiltration net 16 and a buoy it is disposed with in inside.
Aforementioned barriers 1 inserts model casing:
Inside model casing 5 front-rear side walls centre position along short transverse and on model casing 5 base plate in position
Put and be respectively equipped with sealing draw-in groove 8 in the width direction, seal and inside draw-in groove 8, O RunddichtringO, dividing plate 1 are set
The vertical sealing draw-in groove that inserts freely can slide up and down in sealing draw-in groove, after dividing plate insertion base plate seals draw-in groove,
Dividing plate A, B compartment is completely isolated.
Each part dimension in embodiment:
Model casing length 400-500mm, width 250-300mm, highly 350-400mm.
Divider height is higher than model casing height 100mm.
The method that the present invention utilizes above-mentioned assay device to carry out the drafting test of plane drift net has two.
Scheme one:
The first step: first assemble assay device, and check that head measures pipe internal float and filter screen is the most intact；
Second step: close A compartment upper discharge outlet 10 and lower drain port 12 and A compartment head measures
Pipe 9 valve, and open water pump 2, water filling in model casing 5, when in model casing 5, height of water level is 100mm
Time, switch off the pump 2, bottom inspection model case 5 and the dense water of sidewall；
3rd step: check errorless after, in model casing 5, slowly uniformly sow sand 6, during sowing sand
Water pump 2 water filling in model casing 5 all the time, is in saturation with sand in guaranteeing model casing 5, works as model
When sand height is 200mm in case 5, stops stucco in model casing 5, simultaneously close off water pump 2, hereafter
Sand surface is smoothed；
4th step: lamina of septum pellucidum 1 is inserted below saturated sand 6 surface 100mm, now, A, B
The lamina of septum pellucidum 1 of compartment is connection with lower part；
5th step: according to test requirements document selectivity be separately turned on model casing B compartment a discharge outlet 3 and
Discharge outlet 11 in the middle part of A compartment, poor to produce gross head；Meanwhile, by remaining two discharge outlet 3 of B compartment
Valve is turned off；
6th step: open water pump 2, water filling in model casing B compartment, adjust waterflood injection rate, it is ensured that gross head
Poor is constant, when the discharge outlet of model casing A, B compartment all has water uniformly to flow out, keeps now waterflood injection rate
Constant；
7th step: drawing two dimension drift net isopotential line, during drafting, preference pattern case 5 bottom surface is as datum level；
7.1st step: the sand two dimension drift net isopotential line of first rendering model case B compartment, concrete grammar is as follows:
7.1.1 walks: four removable heads measure pipes 4 and puts along in one line inside model casing 5 front side wall
It is placed in B compartment, adjacent measurement pipe uniform intervals；
7.1.2 walks: first first removable head is measured pipe 4 and thrusts the sand 100mm of B compartment,
In head measures pipe after float stable, by now vertical dimension conduct between buoy end face and model casing bottom surface
The gross head height of painted isopotential line, adjusts its excess-three of B compartment the most respectively and moves head measurement pipe 4 only
Thrust the sand degree of depth so that its excess-three move only head measure pipe 4 gross head height and first only
The gross head height that mobile head measures pipe is identical, records now head and measures pipe embedded depth, and by four
Removable head measures pipe 4 endpoint location correspondence markings outer wall on front side of model casing 5, aforementioned four labelling point
It is the point that gross head is equal, is i.e. positioned in seepage field drift net in same isopotential line；
7.1.3 walks: with smoothed curve by all gross head identical pointses of outer wall institute labelling on front side of model casing 5 even
Connecing, this smoothed curve is a part for an isopotential line, due to dividing plate 1 outward flange and model casing 5 base
It is two dimension drift net streamline, therefore isopotential line should be orthogonal with dividing plate 1 outward flange and model casing 5 base, by above-mentioned
Painted smoothed curve two ends extend so that it is intersect with dividing plate left surface and model casing plane perpendicular respectively, thus
Draw out a complete isopotential line；
7.1.4 walks: use said method, thrusts sand by changing all removable heads measurement pipe 4
The degree of depth, additionally draws 3-4 bar isopotential line, additionally, B compartment sand surface is also an isopotential line, by sand
Surface profile line is all marked on outer wall on front side of model casing；
So far, the sand two dimension drift net isopotential line of B compartment is drawn complete；
7.2nd step: the sand two dimension drift net isopotential line of rendering model case A compartment；
First four removable heads measure pipes 4 put along uniform intervals is in one line inside model casing 5 antetheca
It is placed in A compartment, then according to 7.1.2-7.1.4 step operation；
So far, the sand two dimension drift net isopotential line of A compartment is drawn complete；
7.3rd step: model casing antetheca draw downwards along dividing plate antetheca base one article orthogonal with model casing base
Vertical curve；
So far, in model casing, sand two dimension drift net isopotential line is drawn complete；
8th step: after A, B compartment sand two dimension drift net gesture line is drawn, draws a plurality of and each bar equipotentiality
The smoothed curve that line is orthogonal, a smoothed curve is a streamline of two dimension drift net, thus draws a plurality of
Streamline.Additionally, dividing plate 1 inserts soil body part, model casing 5 sidewall and soil body contact portion limit and model casing 5
Base is streamline, and above-mentioned streamline is also marked on outer wall on front side of model casing 5, so far, one complete two
Dimension seepage flow drift net is drawn complete；
9th step: change B compartment discharge outlet 3 position, repeats above-mentioned 5-8 step and can draw different total water
Two dimensional fluid flow drift net under the conditions of head difference, thus contrast the similarities and differences of seepage flow drift net under different gross head difference.
Scheme (two)
The first step: first assemble assay device, and check that head measures pipe internal float and filter screen is the most intact；
Second step: close A compartment upper discharge outlet 10 and lower drain port 12 and A compartment head measures
Pipe 9 valve, and open water pump 2, water filling in model casing 5, when in model casing 5, height of water level is 100mm
Time, switch off the pump 2, bottom inspection model case 5 and the dense water of sidewall；
3rd step: check errorless after, in model casing 5, slowly uniformly sow sand, during sowing sand
Water pump 2 water filling in model casing 5 all the time, is in saturation with sand in guaranteeing model casing 5, works as model
When sand height is 200mm in case 5, stops stucco in model casing 5, simultaneously close off water pump 2, hereafter
Sand surface is smoothed；
4th step: lamina of septum pellucidum 1 is inserted below saturated sand 6 surface 100mm, now, A, B every
Between lamina of septum pellucidum 1 with lower part be connection；
5th step: according to test requirements document selectivity be separately turned on model casing B compartment a discharge outlet 3 and
Discharge outlet 11 in the middle part of A compartment, poor to produce gross head；Meanwhile, by remaining two discharge outlet 3 of B compartment
Valve is turned off；
6th step: open water pump 2, water filling in model casing B compartment.Adjust waterflood injection rate, it is ensured that gross head
Poor is constant, when the discharge outlet that model casing A, B compartment is opened all has water uniformly to flow out, keeps now water filling
Constant airspeed；
7th step: calculate lucite spacer 1 both sides gross head poor, determine according to gross head extent
The bar number n of gesture line, wherein equipotentiality number of lines n is odd number, n=9 in the present embodiment,；And gross head is differed from 8
Decile, thus the gross head difference between adjacent isopotential line is sheet pile both sides gross head difference 1/8.
8th step: draw two dimension drift net isopotential line
8.1st step: four articles of isopotential lines of sand two dimension drift net of rendering model case B compartment, concrete grammar is as follows:
8.1.1 walks: in B compartment two-dimensional leaking field, measures dividing plate 1 both sides free water elevation poor, i.e.
Sheet pile both sides gross head is poor, four removable heads is measured pipe 4 and is positioned over B compartment, removable head amount
Test tube 4 is along in one line inside model casing 5 front side wall, and four removable heads measure pipe 4 uniform intervals；
Outermost (namely first) head is measured contact B compartment sand surface, pipe bottom, record now the
One removable head measures the vertical height between pipe 4 buoy end face and model casing bottom surface, then by first
The most removable head measure pipe 4 thrust sand, in pipe, buoy begins to decline, treat buoy fall reach every
During 1/8 times of plate both sides gross head difference height, fix first removable head and measure pipe 4 position and keep constant；
8.1.2 walks: its excess-three moves head measurement pipe 4 respectively only and thrusts sand, when buoy in test tube
Between end face and model casing bottom surface, vertical dimension measures pipe 4 buoy end face and model with first removable head
When between case 5 bottom surface, vertical dimension is identical, being fixed, record test tube thrusts the sand degree of depth simultaneously, and will
All removable heads measure the most advanced and sophisticated embedded depth of pipe and are marked on model casing antetheca respectively；
8.1.3 walks: with smoothed curve by equal for all gross head height determined by outer wall on front side of model casing 5
Point connects, and is extended at painted smoothed curve two ends so that it is respectively with dividing plate antetheca border and model casing antetheca
Border, bottom surface intersects vertically, thus draw out a complete isopotential line；
8.1.4 walks: repeat step 8.1.1-8.1.3 step, draws out removable head successively and measures in pipe 4
Buoy fall reaches dividing plate both sides gross head and differs from totally two isopotential lines corresponding when 2/8 and 3/8 times.This
Outward, B compartment sand surface is an isopotential line, outside being drawn on front side of organic glass model case 5 by its contour line
Wall, adds that 8.1.3 walks one article of isopotential line being drawn, so far, the two-dimentional drift net of model casing B compartment etc.
Gesture line is all drawn, totally four；
8.2nd step: four articles of isopotential lines of sand two dimension drift net of rendering model case A compartment；
All removable heads measurement pipe 4 is inserted A compartment, according to 8.1.1-8.1.4 step operation, depends on
Secondary draw out in model casing A compartment sand buoy fall in head measures pipe and reach sheet pile both sides gross head
Differ from totally three isopotential lines corresponding when 5/8,6/8 and 7/8 times.Additionally, model casing A compartment sand surface
It is an isopotential line, its contour line is drawn on outer wall on front side of model casing 5, so far, model casing A compartment
The isopotential line of two dimension drift net is all drawn, totally four；
8.3rd step: draw one article of isopotential line respectively with sheet pile antetheca lower limb and model casing antetheca base vertical,
Plus four isopotential lines and four isopotential lines of 8.2 steps drafting A compartment of 8.1 steps drafting B compartments, so far,
Nine isopotential lines of two dimension drift net are all drawn；
9th step: after isopotential line is drawn, draw the smoothed curve that a plurality of and each bar isopotential line is orthogonal, one
Bar smoothed curve is a streamline of two dimension drift net, thus draws a plurality of streamline, and adjacent flows should be spaced
Uniformly.Additionally, lamina of septum pellucidum 1 inserts soil body part, model casing 5 sidewall and soil body contact portion limit and mould
Molding box 5 base is streamline, and above-mentioned streamline is also marked on outer wall on front side of model casing 5, and so far, one complete
Whole two dimensional fluid flow drift net is drawn complete；
Tenth step: change model casing B compartment model casing discharge outlet position, repeat above-mentioned 5th-nine step and can paint
Two dimensional fluid flow drift net under the conditions of the different gross head difference of system, thus contrast seepage flow drift net under different gross head difference
The similarities and differences.
Utilize this device of the present invention in addition to having drafting two dimension drift net function, also can demonstrate quicksand phenomenon to student
Evolving development process, simultaneously calculate occur quicksand time soil body critical hydraulic gradient, make student image understanding and
Grasp quicksand phenomenon essence.Testing program is as follows:
The first step: first assemble assay device, and check that head measures pipe internal float and filter screen is the most intact；
Second step: open micro pump 2, water filling in model casing 5, when in model casing 5, height of water level is
During 100mm, switch off the pump 2, bottom inspection model case 5 and the dense water of sidewall, now close A compartment
Two heads of top discharge outlet 10 and lower drain port 12 and A compartment measure pipe 9 valve；
3rd step: check errorless after, in model casing 5, slowly uniformly sow sand, during sowing sand
Water pump water filling in model casing all the time, is in saturation, when model casing 5 with sand 6 in guaranteeing model casing
When interior sand height is 200mm, stops stucco in model casing 5, simultaneously close off water pump 2, hereafter by sand
Soil 6 surfaces smooth；
4th step: dividing plate 1 is inserted below saturated sand 6 surface 100mm, now, model casing A, B
It it is connection bottom compartment；
5th step: be separately turned on a discharge outlet and the A of model casing B compartment according to test requirements document selectivity
Discharge outlet 11 in the middle part of compartment, poor to produce gross head；Meanwhile, remaining scupper valve is turned off；
6th step: open water pump 2, water filling in model casing B compartment, adjust waterflood injection rate, it is ensured that gross head
Poor is constant, when the discharge outlet of model casing A, B compartment all has water uniformly to flow out, keeps now waterflood injection rate
Constant；
7th step: carry on slow for dividing plate 1, observes the change of dividing plate 1 periphery sand, when dividing plate 1 simultaneously
Bottom sand grains starts to turn over to A compartment when gushing, and now quicksand phenomenon occurs, and stopping carries dividing plate 1, note
Record now dividing plate and insert the sand degree of depth, such that it is able to calculate soil body critical hydraulic gradient.Critical hydraulic gradient can
Calculated by following formula:In formula:
icrSand critical hydraulic gradient；
Δ h is that dividing plate both sides sand gross head is poor, i.e. A, B compartment water surface elevation is poor；
L is that dividing plate inserts the sand degree of depth；
T is block board thickness.
Additionally, utilize this device of the present invention also can carry out the gas permeability measurement test of sand and coarse-grained soil,
Test procedure is as follows:
The first step: dividing plate 1 is inserted in model casing 5 sealed bottom draw-in groove 8, now A, B compartment completely every
From, simultaneously close off model casing A compartment upper, middle part and lower drain port 10,11,12 and A compartment two
Head measures pipe 9 valve；
Second step: open micro pump 2, water filling in model casing A compartment, when water in model casing A compartment
Position height when being 100mm, switches off the pump, bottom inspection model case 5 and the dense water of sidewall；
3rd step: check errorless after, in model casing A compartment, slowly uniformly sow sand, sow sand mistake
In journey, water pump 2 water filling in model casing A compartment all the time, is in saturation with sand in guaranteeing model casing,
When sand height is 200mm in model casing A compartment, stops stucco in model casing, simultaneously close off water pump
2；
4th step: open model casing A compartment upper discharge outlet 10, keeps the intermediate row mouth of a river 11 and bottom row
Compartment two heads in the mouth of a river 12 and A measure pipe 9 valve closing；
5th step: open water pump 2, continues water filling in model casing A compartment, it is desirable to waterflood injection rate is constant,
Guarantee that A compartment upper discharge outlet 10 has water uniformly to flow out；
6th step: open two head two side pipe 9 valves of model casing A compartment and bottom discharge mouth 12 valve,
Now there is water uniformly to flow out from bottom discharge mouth 12 and collect the water of outflow, recording corresponding time, simultaneously mould
In two heads of molding box A compartment measure pipe 9, water level produces difference in height, and in treating head measurement pipe 9, water level is steady
After Ding, record two heads measurement pipe 9 heights of water level poor, be gross head loss in sand；
7th step: measure the water that the model casing A compartment lower drain port collected was discharged within the corresponding time
Amount, so far, soil body osmotic coefficient can be calculated by following formula:
In formula: k is sand infiltration coefficient；
Q is that total displacement collected by measuring cup；
L is that 2 heads measure vertical distance between pipe；
A is 0.5 times of model casing base areas；
T is for collecting the time used by displacement.
Claims (10)
1. a plane drift net is drawn and seepage principle teaching demonstration assay device, it is characterised in that it includes
One transparent mould molding box and a water injecting pump, be filled with saturated sand in model casing, packed height is 200-250
mm；Model casing sand center is erect has one piece of lamina of septum pellucidum higher than model casing top for simulating sheet pile, thoroughly
Model casing is divided into two the equal compartments in left and right by bright dividing plate, and one of them compartment is referred to as A compartment, another
Individual referred to as B compartment, it is desirable on the one hand lamina of septum pellucidum can be in close contact with model casing front and rear wall and bottom, thus
Ensure completely isolated for A, B compartment when dividing plate inserts model casing base plate, on the other hand again can be along model casing
Front and rear wall is twitched up and down；It is respectively equipped with three on the bottommost of model casing sidewall, middle part and the top of A compartment
Discharge outlet, is also inserted with the two band valves being served only for measuring sand infiltration coefficient on the sidewall of A compartment from outside
The transparent head of door measures pipe；Model casing side wall upper part at B compartment is provided with vertically disposed three discharge outlet,
Three discharge outlet height necessarily be greater than the discharge outlet in the middle part of A compartment；Additionally include many moveable transparent
Head measures pipe, and for measuring the gross head height of difference in sand, many heads measure and set inside pipe
It is equipped with buoy.
2. plane drift net as claimed in claim 1 is drawn and seepage principle teaching demonstration assay device, and it is special
Levying and be, described transparent mould molding box, lamina of septum pellucidum and transparent head measure pipe and select pmma material.
3. plane drift net as claimed in claim 1 is drawn and seepage principle teaching demonstration assay device, and it is special
Levying and be, the described a length of 400-500mm of transparent mould molding box, width is 250-300mm, and height is
350-400mm；Described sand particle diameter is 0.1～0.25mm；Described lamina of septum pellucidum height is high higher than model casing
100mm。
4. plane drift net as claimed in claim 1 is drawn and seepage principle teaching demonstration assay device, and it is special
Levying and be, described lamina of septum pellucidum with model casing front and rear wall and bottom tight contact structure is: before and after model casing
Sidewall centre position along short transverse and on model casing base plate medium position be respectively equipped with in the width direction
Seal draw-in groove, seal and be provided with O RunddichtringO inside draw-in groove.
5. plane drift net as claimed in claim 1 is drawn and seepage principle teaching demonstration assay device, and it is special
Levy and be, bottom model casing, be disposed with the permeable version that thickness is 3cm.
6. plane drift net as claimed in claim 1 is drawn and seepage principle teaching demonstration assay device, and it is special
Levying and be, described head measures and is provided with some permeable holes bottom pipe；Measure at head and arrange one layer bottom pipe
Filter screen.
7. one kind utilizes the side that the arbitrary described assay device of claim 1-6 carries out the drafting test of plane drift net
Method, it is characterised in that
The first step: first get all the transparent mould molding box, lamina of septum pellucidum, head measurement pipe and water pump ready, and check
Head measures pipe internal float and filter screen is the most intact；
Second step: two heads closing model casing A compartment upper and lower drain port and A compartment measure
Tube valve, and open micro pump, water filling in model casing, when in model casing, height of water level is 100mm,
Switch off the pump, inspection model bottom portion and the dense water of sidewall；
3rd step: check errorless after, in model casing, slowly uniformly sow sand, sow water during sand
Pump water filling in model casing all the time, is in saturation with sand in guaranteeing model casing, when sand in model casing
When being highly 200mm, stop stucco in model casing, simultaneously close off water pump, hereafter sand surface is smoothed；
4th step: lamina of septum pellucidum is inserted below sand surface 100mm, now, model casing A, B compartment
Lamina of septum pellucidum is connection with lower part；
5th step: according to a discharge outlet of test requirements document selectively unlocking model casing B compartment, now A every
In the middle part of between, discharge outlet is opened, poor to produce gross head；Meanwhile, by B compartment other two scupper valve
Door is turned off；
6th step: open water pump, water filling in model casing B compartment, adjust waterflood injection rate, it is ensured that gross head
Poor is constant, when the discharge outlet that model casing A, B compartment is opened all has water uniformly to flow out, keeps now water filling
Constant airspeed；
7th step: drawing two dimension drift net isopotential line, during drafting, preference pattern bottom face is as datum level, head
Measure the interior buoy end face of pipe to model casing plane perpendicular distance as measuring point gross head height；
7.1st step: the sand two dimension drift net isopotential line of first rendering model case B compartment, concrete grammar is as follows:
7.1.1 walks: many removable heads measure pipes and is positioned over along in one line inside model casing front side wall
B compartment, adjacent measurement pipe uniform intervals；
7.1.2 walks: first first removable head is measured pipe and thrusts the sand 100mm of B compartment,
In first removable head measures pipe after float stable, will be now between buoy end face and model casing bottom surface
Vertical dimension is as the gross head height of painted isopotential line, and remaining is all removable to adjust B compartment the most respectively
What head measured pipe thrusts the sand degree of depth so that remaining all removable head measures the buoy end face of pipe and mould
Between molding box bottom surface, vertical dimension and first removable head measure between pipe buoy end face and model casing bottom surface
Vertical dimension is identical, records the most all removable heads and measures pipe embedded depth, and by all removable water
Head measures pipe endpoint location correspondence markings outer wall on front side of model casing, and above-mentioned all labelling points are gross head phase
Deng point, be i.e. positioned in seepage field drift net in same isopotential line；
7.1.3 walks: connected by all gross head identical pointses of outer wall institute labelling on front side of model casing with smoothed curve,
This smoothed curve is a part for an isopotential line, owing to dividing plate outward flange and model casing base are two dimension
Drift net streamline, therefore isopotential line should be orthogonal with sheet pile outward flange and model casing base, by above-mentioned painted smoothed curve
Two ends extend so that it is intersect with dividing plate left surface and model casing plane perpendicular respectively, thus draw out one complete
Whole isopotential line；
7.1.4 walks: use said method, thrusts the deep of sand by changing all removable heads measurement pipe
Degree, additionally draws 3-4 bar isopotential line, additionally, B compartment sand surface is also an isopotential line, by sand table
Facial contour line is all marked on outer wall on front side of model casing；
So far, the sand two dimension drift net isopotential line of B compartment is drawn complete；
7.2nd step: the sand two dimension drift net isopotential line of rendering model case A compartment；
First many removable heads are measured pipes along inside model casing front side wall in one line be positioned over A every
Between, adjacent measurement pipe uniform intervals；Then according to 7.1.2-7.1.4 step operation；
So far, the sand two dimension drift net isopotential line of A compartment is drawn complete；
7.3rd step: the while that outer wall drawing one article on front side of model casing with dividing plate antetheca base and model casing base just
The vertical curve handed over, this straight line is also an isopotential line；
So far, in model casing, sand two dimension drift net isopotential line is drawn complete；
8th step: after A, B compartment sand two dimension drift net gesture line is drawn, draws a plurality of and each bar equipotentiality
The smoothed curve that line is orthogonal, a smoothed curve is a streamline of two dimension drift net, thus draws a plurality of
Streamline, additionally, lamina of septum pellucidum inserts soil body part, model casing sidewall and soil body contact portion limit and model casing
Base is streamline, and above-mentioned streamline is also marked on outer wall on front side of model casing, so far, a complete two dimension
Seepage flow drift net is drawn complete；
9th step: change model casing B compartment model casing discharge outlet position, repeat above-mentioned 5-8 step and can paint
Two dimensional fluid flow drift net under the conditions of the different gross head difference of system, thus contrast seepage flow drift net under different gross head difference
The similarities and differences.
8. one kind utilizes the side that the arbitrary described assay device of claim 1-6 carries out the drafting test of plane drift net
Method, it is characterised in that
The first step: first get all the transparent mould molding box, lamina of septum pellucidum, head measurement pipe and water pump ready, and check
Head measures pipe internal float and filter screen is the most intact；
Second step: close model casing A compartment upper and lower drain port and A compartment side wall and insert from outside
Two heads measure tube valves, and open micro pump, water filling in model casing, when water level in model casing
When being highly 100mm, switch off the pump, inspection model bottom portion and the dense water of sidewall；
3rd step: check errorless after, in model casing, slowly uniformly sow sand, sow water during sand
Pump water filling in model casing all the time, is in saturation with sand in guaranteeing model casing, when sand in model casing
When being highly 200mm, stop stucco in model casing, simultaneously close off water pump, hereafter sand surface is smoothed；
4th step: lamina of septum pellucidum is inserted below sand surface 100mm, now, model casing A, B compartment
Lamina of septum pellucidum with lower part be connection；
5th step: according to a discharge outlet of test requirements document selectively unlocking model casing B compartment, now A every
In the middle part of between, discharge outlet is opened, poor to produce gross head；Meanwhile, by the other two discharge outlet of B compartment
It is turned off；
6th step: open water pump, water filling in model casing B compartment, adjust waterflood injection rate, it is ensured that gross head
Poor is constant, when the discharge outlet that model casing A, B compartment is opened all has water uniformly to flow out, keeps now water filling
Constant airspeed；
7th step: calculate dividing plate both sides gross head poor, determine the bar number n of isopotential line according to gross head extent,
Wherein equipotentiality number of lines n is odd number；And by poor for gross head (n-1) decile, thus total between adjacent isopotential line
Head difference is 1/ (n-1) of dividing plate both sides gross head difference；
8th step: draw two dimension drift net isopotential line
8.1st step: sand two dimension drift net (n-1)/2 article isopotential line of rendering model case B compartment, concrete grammar is such as
Under:
8.1.1 walks: in B compartment two-dimensional leaking field, measures dividing plate both sides free water elevation poor, i.e. plate
Stake both sides gross head is poor, by all removable heads measurement pipe along placement in one line inside model casing front side wall
In B compartment, all removable heads measure pipe uniform intervals；First removable head is measured pipe bottom
Contact B compartment sand surface, record now first removable head measures at the bottom of pipe buoy end face and model casing
Vertical height between face, then measures pipe by first removable head and thrusts sand, now buoy in pipe
Begin to decline, when buoy fall reaches 1/ (n-1) times of dividing plate both sides gross head difference height, fix
One removable head measures pipe position and keeps constant；
8.1.2 walks: respectively remaining all removable head measurement pipe is thrust B compartment sand, when floating in pipe
Between mark end face and model casing bottom surface, vertical dimension measures pipe buoy end face and model with first removable head
When vertical dimension is identical between bottom face, it is fixed, records all removable heads measurement pipe simultaneously and thrust
The sand degree of depth, and the most advanced and sophisticated embedded depth of all water moving heads measurement pipe is marked on model casing antetheca respectively；
8.1.3 walks: with smoothed curve by gross head height identical pointses all determined by outer wall on front side of model casing
Connect, and by painted smoothed curve two ends extend so that it is respectively with dividing plate antetheca border and model casing antetheca at the bottom of
Border, face intersects vertically, thus draws out a complete isopotential line；
8.1.4 walks: repeat step 8.1.1-8.1.3 step, draws out in removable head measures pipe floating successively
Mark fall reaches sheet pile both sides gross head and differs from 2/ (n-1), 3/ (n-1) to corresponding being total to time (n-3)/2 (n-1) times
(n-5)/2 isopotential line, additionally, B compartment sand surface is an isopotential line, has been drawn on its contour line
Outer wall on front side of machine glass molds molding box, adds that 8.1.3 walks the one article of isopotential line drawn, so far, model casing B
The isopotential line of the two-dimentional drift net of compartment is all drawn, altogether (n-1)/2；
8.2nd step: sand two dimension drift net (n-1)/2 isopotential line of rendering model case A compartment；
All removable heads are measured pipe and inserts A compartment, according to 8.1.1-8.1.4 step operation, successively
Draw out in model casing A compartment sand removable head to measure buoy fall in pipe to reach sheet pile both sides total
(n-3)/2 isopotential line altogether corresponding when head difference (n+1)/2 (n-1), (n+3)/2 (n-1) to (n-2)/(n-1) times；
Additionally, model casing A compartment sand surface is an isopotential line, its contour line is drawn on organic glass model
Outer wall on front side of case, so far, the isopotential line of the two-dimentional drift net of model casing A compartment is all drawn, altogether (n-1)/2；
8.3rd step: draw one article of isopotential line respectively with dividing plate antetheca lower limb and model casing antetheca base vertical,
(n-1)/2 isopotential line and (n-1)/2 equipotentiality of 8.2 steps drafting A compartment of B compartment is drawn plus 8.1 steps
Line, so far, the n bar isopotential line of two dimension drift net is all drawn；
9th step: after isopotential line is drawn, draw the smoothed curve that a plurality of and each bar isopotential line is orthogonal, one
Bar smoothed curve is a streamline of two dimension drift net, thus draws a plurality of streamline, and adjacent flows should be spaced
Uniformly, additionally, lamina of septum pellucidum inserts soil body part, model casing sidewall and soil body contact portion limit and model casing
Base is streamline, and above-mentioned streamline is also marked on outer wall on front side of model casing, so far, a complete two dimension
Seepage flow drift net is drawn complete；
Tenth step: change model casing B compartment model casing discharge outlet position, repeat above-mentioned 5th-nine step and can paint
Two dimensional fluid flow drift net under the conditions of the different gross head difference of system, thus contrast seepage flow drift net under different gross head difference
The similarities and differences.
9. utilizing the method that the arbitrary described assay device of claim 1-6 carries out quicksand test, it is special
Levy and be,
The first step: first get all the transparent mould molding box, lamina of septum pellucidum, head measurement pipe and water pump ready, and check
Head measures pipe internal float and filter screen is the most intact；
Second step: open micro pump, water filling in model casing, when in model casing, height of water level is 100mm
Time, switch off the pump, inspection model bottom portion and the dense water of sidewall, now close model casing A compartment upper
And two heads of lower drain port and A compartment measure tube valve；
3rd step: check errorless after, in model casing, slowly uniformly sow sand, sow water during sand
Pump water filling in model casing all the time, is in saturation with sand in guaranteeing model casing, when sand in model casing
When being highly 200mm, stop stucco in model casing, simultaneously close off water pump, hereafter sand surface is smoothed；
4th step: lamina of septum pellucidum is inserted below sand surface 100mm, now, model casing A, B compartment
Bottom is connection；
5th step: according to a discharge outlet of test requirements document selectively unlocking model casing B compartment, now A every
In the middle part of between, discharge outlet is opened, poor to produce gross head；Meanwhile, by the other two discharge outlet of B compartment
Valve is turned off；
6th step: open water pump, water filling in model casing B compartment, adjust waterflood injection rate, it is ensured that gross head
Poor is constant, when all discharge outlet opened of model casing A, B compartment all have water uniformly to flow out, keeps now
Waterflood injection rate is constant；
7th step: carry on slow for dividing plate, observes the change of dividing plate periphery sand, sand bottom dividing plate simultaneously
Soil particle starts to turn over to A compartment when gushing, and now quicksand phenomenon occurs, and stopping carries dividing plate, record this after
Plate inserts the sand degree of depth, such that it is able to calculate soil body critical hydraulic gradient, critical hydraulic gradient can be by following formula meter
Calculate:In formula:
icrSand critical hydraulic gradient；
Δ h is that dividing plate both sides sand gross head is poor, i.e. A, B compartment water surface elevation is poor；
L is that dividing plate inserts the sand degree of depth；
T is block board thickness.
10. one kind utilizes the side that the arbitrary described assay device of claim 1-6 carries out gas permeability measurement test
Method, it is characterised in that
The first step: being inserted to by dividing plate in model casing sealed bottom draw-in groove, now A, B compartment is completely isolated, with
Time close two heads of three discharge outlet of model casing A compartment and A compartment and measure tube valves；
Second step: open micro pump, water filling in model casing A compartment, when water level in model casing A compartment
When being highly 100mm, switch off the pump, inspection model bottom portion and the dense water of sidewall；
3rd step: check errorless after, in model casing A compartment, slowly uniformly sow sand, sow sand mistake
Water pump water filling in model casing all the time in journey, is in saturation with sand in guaranteeing model casing, as model casing A
When sand height is 200mm in compartment, stops stucco in model casing, simultaneously close off water pump；
4th step: open model casing A compartment upper discharge outlet, keep the intermediate row mouth of a river, lower drain port with
And two heads of A compartment measure tube valve and continue to close；
5th step: open water pump, water filling in model casing A compartment, it is desirable to waterflood injection rate is constant, it is ensured that A
Compartment upper discharge outlet has water uniformly to flow out；
6th step: two heads opening model casing A compartment measure tube valve and bottom discharge mouth valve,
Now there is water uniformly to flow out from lower drain port and collect the water of outflow, recording corresponding time, simultaneously model
In two heads of case A compartment measure pipe, water level produces difference in height, in head measures pipe after stable level,
Record two heads measurement pipe heights of water level poor, be gross head loss in sand；
7th step: measure the water that the model casing A compartment lower drain port collected was discharged within the corresponding time
Amount, so far, soil body osmotic coefficient is calculated by following formula:
In formula: k is sand infiltration coefficient；
Q is that total displacement collected by measuring cup；
L is that 2 heads measure vertical distance between pipe；
A is 0.5 times of model casing base areas；
T is for collecting the time used by displacement.
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