CN110235287A - 用于固态电池组的连接体功能化阴极 - Google Patents
用于固态电池组的连接体功能化阴极 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110235287A CN110235287A CN201780085776.XA CN201780085776A CN110235287A CN 110235287 A CN110235287 A CN 110235287A CN 201780085776 A CN201780085776 A CN 201780085776A CN 110235287 A CN110235287 A CN 110235287A
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- active material
- cathode
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- cathode according
- lithium
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title description 14
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 title description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052909 inorganic silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorosilane Chemical compound Cl[SiH](Cl)Cl ZDHXKXAHOVTTAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005052 trichlorosilane Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004800 4-bromophenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(*)=C([H])C([H])=C1Br 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000572 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide (NCM) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 Oxygen Compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- NDPGDHBNXZOBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum lithium cobalt(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Al+3].[Co++].[Ni++] NDPGDHBNXZOBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 241000790917 Dioxys <bee> Species 0.000 claims 1
- 229910003978 SiClx Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[SiH](OC)OC YUYCVXFAYWRXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 4
- GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N divanadium pentaoxide Chemical compound O=[V](=O)O[V](=O)=O GNTDGMZSJNCJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000231 atomic layer deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001317 nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052493 LiFePO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910012305 LiPON Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 2
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium sulfide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[S-2] GLNWILHOFOBOFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;nickel;oxocobalt Chemical compound [Li].[Mn].[Ni].[Co]=O VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- BRXDAEMGSYZHGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N (4-bromophenyl)-trimethoxysilane Chemical compound CO[Si](OC)(OC)C1=CC=C(Br)C=C1 BRXDAEMGSYZHGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000252506 Characiformes Species 0.000 description 1
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910003405 Li10GeP2S12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002986 Li4Ti5O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010685 Li5La3M2O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002099 LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015869 LiNi0.8Co0.2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006664 Li—La—Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003477 Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010252 TiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PFYQFCKUASLJLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co].[Ni].[Li] Chemical compound [Co].[Ni].[Li] PFYQFCKUASLJLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001343 alkyl silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001423 beryllium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021525 ceramic electrolyte Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005387 chalcogenide glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical class [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003682 fluorination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000021760 high fever Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940006487 lithium cation Drugs 0.000 description 1
- FRMOHNDAXZZWQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mn+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] FRMOHNDAXZZWQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000921 lithium phosphorous sulfides (LPS) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CJYZTOPVWURGAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;manganese(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Li+].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Mn].[Mn+3] CJYZTOPVWURGAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001512 metal fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ARYZCSRUUPFYMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxysilane Chemical compound CO[SiH3] ARYZCSRUUPFYMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002070 nanowire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052574 oxide ceramic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011224 oxide ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- OSCBARYHPZZEIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenoxyboronic acid Chemical class OB(O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 OSCBARYHPZZEIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000867 polyelectrolyte Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007613 slurry method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000101 thioether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种阴极活性材料，其包括锂嵌入材料；包含氧化物、磷酸盐或硼酸盐的涂层；和能够与涂层形成键合的局部。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请主张2016年12月7日提交的美国临时申请号62/431,007的权益，其通过引用完整地并入本文。
技术领域
实施方案涉及电池组。更具体地，实施方案涉及固态电池组（例如锂离子电池组）的连接体功能化阴极。
背景技术
目前的锂离子电池正在达到其最大储能性能（约250 Wh/kg），但仍然无法提供安全的、低成本的、储存足以用于具有100或更多英里范围的电动车辆的电池组。迫切需要新一代电池组，其能量密度应为至少400 Wh/kg，成本低（低于125美元/kWh），安全性极佳并且对环境影响小。
在安全和环境方面，固态电池组是表现最好的电池组之一。由于缺乏液体电解质，全固态锂离子电池组可具有高能量密度（大于400Wh/kg）和非常好的安全性能。到目前为止，抑制固态电池商业化的关键因素是在循环期间常见固体电解质对氧化阴极的电压和/或化学不稳定性。通过使用阴极颗粒涂层可以减少这些不稳定性。
最常见的涂层包括通过气相沉积（例如物理气相沉积（PVD）、化学气相沉积（CVD）或原子层沉积（ALD））或湿涂覆处理的简单无机金属氧化物层。许多充分发挥功能，但这些涂层的表面性质难以控制，并且这些涂层与阴极电解质***之间的界面通常具有高电阻性。
发明内容
一个实施方案提供了一种阴极活性材料，其包括锂嵌入材料；包含氧化物、磷酸盐或硼酸盐的涂层；和能够与涂层形成键合的局部。
另一个实施方案提供了固态或凝胶电池组，其包括这样的阴极活性材料，其包括锂嵌入材料；包含氧化物、磷酸盐或硼酸盐的涂层；和能够与涂层形成键合的局部。
通过考虑具体实施方式和附图，其他方面和实施方案将变得显而易见。
附图说明
图1显示了根据本公开的锂离子电池的示意图。
图2显示了基于（proteo）苯基硼酸盐单体的第一代固体锂电解质的合成方法。所描绘的反应方案可用于四芳基硼酸盐锂离子导体聚合。
具体实施方式
在详细解释任何实施方案之前，应理解的是，实施方案的应用不限于在以下描述中阐述的或在以下附图中示出的构造细节和组件布置。其他实施方案是可能的并且能够以各种方式实践或实施。
定义
除非另外定义，本文所用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本领域普通技术人员通常理解相同的含义。在冲突的情况下，将以包括定义的本文件为准。下面描述了优选的方法和材料，但与本文所述的方法和材料类似或等同的那些可以用于实践或测试实施方案。本文中提到的所有出版物、专利申请、专利和其他参考文献都以其整体通过引用并入。本文公开的材料、方法和实例仅仅是说明性的，且并不是用于限制性的。
如本文所用的术语"包含"、"包括"、"具有(having)"、"具有(has)"、"可以"、"含有"及其变体旨在为开放式的过渡性短语、术语或词语，其不排除其他行为或结构的可能性。除非文中明确地另行指明，单数形式"一个"、“一种”和"该(the)"包括复数对象。本公开还涵盖其他实施方案“包含”、“由......组成”和“基本上由......组成”，本文提供的实施方案或要素，无论是否明确阐述。
结合数量使用的修饰语“约”包括所述值并具有上下文所规定的含义（例如，它至少包括与特定数量的测量相关的误差程度）。修饰语“约”也应被视为公开由两个端点的绝对值定义的范围。例如，表述“从约2到约4”也公开了“从2到4”的范围。术语“约”可以是指所说明的数的加减10％。例如，“约10％”可表示9％至11％的范围，和“约1”可表示0.9-1.1。从上下文中可以明显看出“约”的其他含义，例如四舍五入，因此，例如“约1”也可以表示0.5至1.4。
连词术语“或”包括由连词术语关联的一个或多个列出的要素的任何和所有组合。例如，短语“包括A或B的装置”可以是指包括A而不存在B的装置，包括B而不存在A的装置，或者A和B都存在的装置。短语“A，B，......和N中的至少之一”或“A，B，...... N中的至少之一或其组合”以最广泛的含义定义为表示选自A，B，......和N的一个或多个要素，也就是说，一个或多个要素A，B，......或N的任何组合，包括单独的任何一个要素或与一个或多个其他要素组合，其也可以组合地包括未列出的其他要素。
为了本公开的目的，化学元素根据元素周期表（CAS版本）和Handbook ofChemistry and Physics（第98版，内封面）进行鉴定。
固态电池组
在一个方面中，实施方案涉及固态电池组，特别是涉及具有软（例如聚合物或硫化物）电解质的固态电池组。在另一个方面中，提供了由本文所述的活性材料制成的电池组。
图1描绘了锂离子电池100的一个实施方案，其包括负电极102（阳极），正电极104（阴极）和负电极102与正电极104之间的隔膜区106。负电极102，正电极104和隔膜区106包含在袋108内。负电极102包括活性材料板110和集电器116，活性材料板110包含可以***锂的活性材料以及惰性材料。
在一个实施方案中，隔膜区106包括具有锂阳离子的电解质114（包括阴极电解质区）并且用作负电极102和正电极104之间的物理和电阻隔体，使得电极在电池100内没有电连接，但允许锂离子在负电极102和正电极104之间转移。
在另一个实施方案中，正电极104包括如本文所述的阴极层和集电器126。在某些实施方案中，阴极集电器126是Al箔。
在某些实施方案中，固体电解质隔膜是：a）固体聚合物电解质，（嵌段）-共聚物隔膜（例如聚苯乙烯-聚（环氧乙烷）（PS-PEO）），和/或任选与陶瓷粉末或纳米线混合的固体聚电解质；b）例如通过溅射制备的陶瓷薄层（例如锂磷氧氮（LiPON））；或者c）“独立式”陶瓷或玻璃陶瓷层（例如锂铝钛磷酸盐（LATP））。隔膜可以是这些组分的某种组合（混合物或交替的多层）。
锂离子电池100以与2006年6月28日提交的美国专利号7,726,975中公开的锂离子电池组电池类似的方式操作，该专利的内容通过引用整体并入本文。通常，由于锂和电子沿图1的箭头130的方向移动，在放电期间在负电极102处产生电子并且在正电极104处消耗等量的电子。
在电池100的理想放电中，电子在负电极102处产生，因为通过来自负电极102的活性材料110的锂离子的氧化而提取电子，并且电子在正电极104处消耗，因为锂离子还原进入正电极104的活性材料120。在放电期间，所述反应逆向进行，这时锂和电子沿箭头132的方向移动。
在又一个实施方案中，电池堆积体包括（1）阴极集电器，其可以具有任选的表面处理（例如，碳涂层）；（2）如本文所述的阴极层；（3）固体电解质隔膜；（4）阳极层；和任选的（5）阳极集电器。在某些实施方案中，阴极电解质可以与电解质隔膜和/或阳极电解质相同或不同。在某些实施方案中，电解质隔膜可以与阳极电解质相同或不同。
在某些实施方案中，锂离子电池（电池组）优选在大于3.5V的电压下操作。
阳极
在一个实施方案中，负电极102可以以各种替代形式提供。例如，负电极102可以掺入致密的Li金属或Li金属合金。由于Li金属提供比石墨更高的比能量，因此希望掺入Li金属。
在某些实施方案中，阳极层是：a）锂金属，电子导电箔（例如铜），其可以覆盖有Li金属薄层（例如小于20μm），或填充有锂金属的3D结构（例如具有导电纤维的铜箔）；或b）由活性材料（例如石墨，硬碳，Li4Ti5O12，Si，Sn或金属间化合物），离子导电电解质（例如下面描述的固体或液体电解质）和/或电子导电添加剂（如下所述）和任选的聚合物粘合剂（例如聚偏二氟乙烯（PVDF）或苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶（SBR））的混合物构成的复合材料电极。
在一些实施方案中，阳极集电器是Cu箔，其任选地经过表面处理。
阴极
在某些实施方案中，阴极包含如本文所述的功能化阴极活性材料，Li离子传导电解质和电子导电添加剂。在某些实施方案中，导电添加剂是炭黑，碳纤维或石墨。
更具体地，在一个实施方案中，合适的阴极材料包括1）Li嵌入材料（例如锂镍钴铝氧化物（NCA）或锂镍钴锰氧化物（NCM））；2）包含氧化物（如B2O3、SiO2或Al2O3）、磷酸盐（如Li3PO4或Li3PO4与Li4SiO4的混合物）或硼酸盐的涂层；和3）能够与涂层形成牢固键合的局部。
在某些实施方案中，阴极组合物包含约60至约85重量％或约50至约70重量％的阴极活性材料；至多约15重量%或约3至约10重量%的导电添加剂；和约15至约35重量%或约20至约40重量%的电解质。
阴极可以例如通过简单的浆料法制备，将导电添加剂和活性材料与聚合物和锂盐一起在适当的溶剂中混合，然后刮刀刮涂或带式浇注所需的电极。
阴极活性材料
阴极活性材料可包括各种材料，例如（1）硫或含硫材料，例如聚丙烯腈-硫复合材料（PAN-S复合材料）和硫化锂（Li2S）；（2）氧化钒，如五氧化二钒（V2O5）；（3）金属氟化物，例如钛，钒，铁，钴，铋，铜的氟化物，以及它们的组合；和（4）锂***材料，例如锂金属氧化物（Li x MO0），其中M是过渡金属，例如Ni，Co，Mn和Al，并且其中x是0至1。
锂嵌入材料
术语“锂***材料”、“锂嵌入材料”和“Li嵌入材料”在本文中可互换使用。
合适的锂***材料包括锂镍锰钴氧化物（NMC）（LiNiMnCoO2），富锂的NMC，锂镍锰氧化物（LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4），富锂层状氧化物，锂钴氧化物（LiCoO2），磷酸铁锂（LiFePO4），锂锰氧化物（LiMn2O4），锂镍钴铝氧化物（NCA）（LiNiCoAlO2）及其组合。
在一个具体实施方案中，NCA或NCM811（LiNi0.8Co0.2Mn0.2O）通过原子层沉积涂覆有SiO2，例如目前可从Pneumaticoat，Inc等供应商处购买。在另一个实施方案中，通过湿化学纳米粉末方法将SiO2涂覆在活性材料上，例如Journal of Power Sources 282（2015）45-50中所述，该文献通过引用整体并入本文。
为了改进SiO2表面的羟基密度，可以随后用氧等离子体，UV-臭氧或Piranha型溶液（硫酸和过氧化氢的混合物）处理SiO2涂覆的颗粒。在某些实施方案中，然后用十三氟-1,1,2,2-四氢辛基）三氯硅烷对该涂覆的阴极材料进行功能化，例如在低真空（约或大于5torr）的摇动盘中暴露于该材料的开口瓶或盘中，或在搅拌的含水醇溶液中。
在一个具体实施方案中，如前所述，用二氧化硅制备NCA或NCM811。但是，代替氟化烷基硅烷，将（4-溴苯基）三甲氧基硅烷连接到二氧化硅涂覆的阴极粉末上。然后将如此涂覆的这种材料引入Humbeck等人，“Tetraarylborate polymer networks as single-ionconducting solid electrolytes,” Chem. Sci. 2015，6，5499-5505 (DOI：10.1039/c5sc02052b）（该文献通过引用整体并入本文）所述的反应中，以将活性材料聚合成基于芳基硼酸盐的锂离子传导网络（图2）。如果需要，可以将由此得到的产物磨碎或研磨，以获得具有与SiO2涂覆的NCA或NCM活性材料芯键合的聚合物Li-离子导电涂层的粉末。
涂层
一个实施方案在阴极活性材料上提供了有机或有机-无机杂化的涂层。在某些实施方案中，有机或有机-无机杂化的涂层包含氧化物（如B2O3，SiO2或Al2O3），磷酸盐（例如Li3PO4或Li3PO4与Li4SiO4的混合物），或硼酸盐。
在某些实施方案中，涂层可具有至多约500nm的厚度。涂层可具有小于约50nm的厚度。涂层可具有小于约25nm的厚度。涂层可具有约0.1至约15nm的厚度。涂层可具有约0.1至约25nm的厚度。
某些实施方案提供了与涂层键合的局部。在一些这样的实施方案中，该局部可以是硅烷。
合适地，所述局部可以是十三氟-1,1,2,2-四氢辛基）三氯硅烷，其可以在水解后与SiO2键合并提供相对电压稳定的疏水缓冲层；或者所述局部可以是三烷氧基硅烷，其能够缩合以在颗粒表面上形成相对电压稳定的聚硅氧烷；或者所述局部可以是（4-溴苯基）三甲氧基硅烷，其可以类似地通过硅烷与SiO2键合，然后进行进一步反应，例如Sonogashira偶联，以得到Li离子传导聚合物。
合适地，局部和涂层之间的键合可以是离子的，共价的，氢键的或静电的。在某些实施方案中，该局部可用于调节阴极材料和电池组电解质（阴极电解质）之间的电压稳定性、表面能和/或界面电阻。
电解质
如本文所用，阴极电解质是指邻接阴极的一部分电解质。阴极电解质材料可包括但不限于聚环氧乙烷（PEO），聚电解质，硫化物玻璃等。
在某些实施方案中，锂离子传导电解质是硫化物陶瓷或玻璃（例如，Li3PS4、Li10GeP2S12、Li7P2S8I或相关组合物），氧化物陶瓷（例如，(Li,La)TiO3、LiMIV2(PO4)3 (MIV=Ti、Zr、Ge)、Li5La3M2O12（M = 过渡金属）），或基于聚合物（例如，具有浓度范围为0.1-2M的双（三氟甲烷）磺酰亚胺锂盐（LiTFSI）的PEO），或上述的组合。
合适地，锂离子传导电解质是具有锂盐（例如LiTFSI）的PEO或基于PEO的聚合物，或任选含有增塑剂的单离子传导聚合物，或聚丙烯腈（PAN）/锂盐（LiClO4），或聚合物-陶瓷复合材料，如PAN/锂镧钛氧化物（LLTO）/Li盐。
可获得各种类型的电解质溶液，包括不含水的液体电解质，离子液体，固体聚合物，玻璃-陶瓷电解质和其他合适的电解质溶液。
优点
一个方面提供了通过向常用的阴极活性材料颗粒添加可功能化的底物和功能性连接体来产生具有高V性能，高倍率性能和/或低性能衰减的阴极的技术。
另一个方面提供了几种阴极材料和设计，其可以将高能量密度与高导电率，低界面电阻和高热-和电压稳定性相结合。不希望受理论限制，使用这些阴极可以产生增加的放电性能，特别是随着时间的推移，因为它们不受热、化学和/或电化学降解机理的影响，而这些降解机理使其它类似的材料发生故障。在另一个方面中，实施方案因此影响电池的重要组件，其能够改进电池的可逆性/可再充电性、往返效率、能量和使用寿命。
在一个特定的实施方案中，根据本公开的固态电池组包括具有改性阴极材料的固态锂离子电池，该改性阴极材料相对于给定的阴极电解质可具有高化学-和电压稳定性。所述阴极材料还可具有高的锂离子面电导率，以及与活性材料颗粒和电解质两者的低界面阻抗。阴极材料还可具有有利的成本和可制造性。另外，在某些实施方案中，为了实现高能量密度，阴极电解质相对于活性材料的体积和重量分数必须保持很小。
在一个特定的实施方案中，不希望受理论限制，所述阴极以下列形式提供优异的性能：
（1）高能量密度，例如在材料水平上的重量能量密度大于约700Wh/kg和/或在电池水平上大于约250Wh/kg；和/或在材料水平上的体积能量密度大于约3000Wh/L和/或在电池水平上大于约700Wh/L；和/或高倍率性能，例如大于约1C脉冲放电（在20％充电状态（SOC）下10秒）性能和/或在不到约30分钟内充电至75％SOC，适当地大于约3C脉冲放电性能和/或在不到约15分钟内充电至75％SOC，这是由于阴极电解质和活性材料之间的界面电阻低；和/或
（2）高循环寿命，例如大于约500次循环，保留至少约80％的初始电池性能，更适当地，大于约2000次循环，保留至少约80％的初始电池性能，这是由于降低了电压诱导的聚合物阴极电解质的降解。
在以下权利要求中阐述了各种特征、优点和实施方案。
Claims (14)
1.一种阴极活性材料，其包括：
（1）锂嵌入材料；
（2）包含氧化物、磷酸盐或硼酸盐的涂层；和
（3）能够与涂层形成键合的局部。
2.根据权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料，其中所述键合是离子键或共价键。
3.根据权利要求2所述的阴极活性材料，其中所述化学连接基于硅烷化学。
4.根据权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料，其中所述锂嵌入材料选自锂镍钴铝氧化物（NCA）和锂镍钴锰氧化物（NCM）。
5.根据权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料，其中所述锂嵌入材料部分或完全涂覆在二氧化硅中。
6.根据权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料，其中所述涂层包含选自B2O3、SiO2和Al2O3的氧化物，或其任何混合物。
7.根据权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料，其中所述涂层包含选自Li3PO4和Li3PO4与Li4SiO4的混合物的磷酸盐。
8.根据权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料，其中所述涂层的厚度为约0.1至约15nm。
9.根据权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料，其中所述涂层随后与电解质化学连接。
10.根据权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料，其中将所述局部以一种或多种方式另外功能化，以促进或抑制所述电极的不同部分中的物理、化学或电化学过程。
11.根据权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料，其中所述局部是十三氟-1,1,2,2-四氢辛基）三氯硅烷，三烷氧基硅烷或4-溴苯基）三甲氧基硅烷。
12.一种固态或凝胶电池组，其包括根据权利要求1所述的阴极活性材料。
13.根据权利要求12所述的电池组，其还包括聚合物电解质。
14.根据权利要求12所述的电池组，其中所述电池组在大于3.5V的电压下操作。
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| PCT/EP2017/081776 WO2018104423A1 (en) | 2016-12-07 | 2017-12-07 | Linker-functionalized cathodes for solid state batteries |
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| WO2020047540A1 (en) * | 2018-08-31 | 2020-03-05 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Nanoscale interfacial coating for stabilizing electrolyte with high-voltage cathode |
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| EP3552260A1 (en) | 2019-10-16 |
| US20180159182A1 (en) | 2018-06-07 |
| EP3552260B1 (en) | 2023-10-11 |
| WO2018104423A1 (en) | 2018-06-14 |
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