CN110214651A - A kind of method of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation - Google Patents
A kind of method of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation Download PDFInfo
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- CN110214651A CN110214651A CN201910621574.3A CN201910621574A CN110214651A CN 110214651 A CN110214651 A CN 110214651A CN 201910621574 A CN201910621574 A CN 201910621574A CN 110214651 A CN110214651 A CN 110214651A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/15—Leaf crops, e.g. lettuce or spinach
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/20—Cereals
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of methods of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation, which comprises the steps of: S1: removing wheat stalk, clears up wheat stalk in time after winter wheat harvest；S2: multiple cropping rape does not need a kind of farm tools rake after planting, and when sowing does not apply fertilizer；S3: seedling stage field management, the step of including the steps that seedling management and check pest and disease damage；S4: turning over rape, and rape is directly turned over returning to the field；S5: fertilising, rape, which is turned over, all spreads fertilizer over the fields earth's surface for fertilizer after returning to the field；S6: rotary tillage soil-working；S7: sowing, there is a situation where seed carries out dressing seed before planting for resistance and local pest and disease damage for seed；S8: field management.The present invention is realized to be combined with water with water conservation, reduces the evaporation loss of summer high temperature Soil Under Conditions moisture, effectively increases soil water requirement, has achieved the purpose that the efficient guarantor of rainy season moisture stores and utilizes across season.The present invention is suitable for the northern China rainfed winter wheat growing area of annual precipitation 350-600mm.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of methods of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation, belong to crops no-tillage cultivation method technical field.
Background technique
Winter wheat is northwest loess plateau staple food crop, is one crop per annual, 50%~70% rainfall in region
The 7-9 month is concentrated on, 1 year wheatland time out is at a time when in rainy season, earth's surface is exposed, and 60% rainfall is deactivated evaporation, this is just formed
Precipitation is difficult to store, the poor situation of rainwater use efficiency, and after winter wheat harvest, is harvested for one time each year area's major part earth's surface naked
Dew, the loss of precipitation surface evaporation is serious, and water retention is less than 50%.Ground mulching technology has and retains and conserve soil moisture, culture fertility, subtracts
Few soil erosion adjusts the ecological functions such as micro- domain ecosystem environment, and time out covering mulch and stalk can effectively protect storage leisure
Phase precipitation, but summer time out covering with ground sheeting soil moisture conservation technical application is less, improving straw mulching is easy to happen pest and disease damage and crop smothering；Such as
Using covering with ground sheeting, covering with ground sheeting will lead to soil fertility decline year after year, and mulch residual quantity is larger, to soil and ecological environment
It pollutes, time out covering with ground sheeting is at high cost, and second stubble crop plantation fertilising is difficult, and weeds are difficult to prevention and control.Therefore, summer drops
The guarantor of water stores and how soil fertility promotion organically combines, and is the project that the soil moisture conservation of winter wheat summer time out needs to solve in a hurry.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to be directed to the northern China rainfed winter wheat growing area of annual precipitation 350-600mm, provide
The method of a kind of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation, without covering mulch and stalk can reach and effectively improve rainfall efficiency
The purpose of rate and culture fertility.
For achieving the above object, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a kind of side of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation
Method, which comprises the steps of: S1: wheat stalk is removed, clears up wheat stalk in time after winter wheat harvest；S2:
Multiple cropping rape does not need a kind of farm tools rake after planting, and when sowing does not apply fertilizer, this is because rape seed is smaller, depth of planting is preferably shallow
Unsuitable deep, ditching depth is generally 5-8cm when sowing, in order to guarantee that emergence does not need a kind of farm tools rake, During Growing Period of Winter Wheat fertilizer utilization
Rate is generally 30% or so, and soil nitrogen phosphorus content can satisfy rape seedling growth after harvest, does not need additionally to increase cost；
S3: seedling stage field management, the step of including the steps that seedling management and check pest and disease damage；S4: turning over rape, and rape is direct
Turn over returning to the field；S5: fertilising, rape, which is turned over, all spreads fertilizer over the fields earth's surface for fertilizer after returning to the field, S6: rotary tillage soil-working, needs after broadcast application
Rotary tillage soil-working at once, fertilizer is by direct rotary tillage to soil plough horizon；S7: sowing, resistance and local pest and disease damage hair for seed
Raw situation, seed carry out dressing seed before planting；S8: field management.
Preferably, in step S1, the stubble of wheat does not have to cleaning, and stubble and bare area is made to be exposed to the sun in the sun, is conducive to kill worm
Ovum and killing germ.
Preferably, in step S2, select rape seed machinery sowed, sowing wide cut be 120cm, line-spacing 20cm,
Application rate is 15kg/hm2, variety selection Winter Cole-wort kind, depth of planting 3-4cm, seedtime selection August 1-5
Day, this is because in advance sowing will lead to growth of rape surplus, water consumption increase, postpone sowing Oilseed rape biomass it is smaller, earth's surface
Can not be completely covered, in advance or postpone sowing time out water storage rate reduce it is equal 5-10 percentage points.
Preferably, seedling management includes: to check the growth of cereal crop seedlings in time after seedling stage, and if any being short of seedling, phenomenon is reseeded early, straight when reseeding
It connects and broadcasts sowing, herbicide spraying after 10 days after emergence；Check pest and disease damage management include: inspection pest and disease damage, after planting if any
Pest and disease damage occurs, and prevents early.
Preferably, in step S4, the selection of time of rape is turned at September time interval 5 days on the 20th.The winter wheat sowing phase is
It September 25 days or so, ahead of time or postpones and turns over rape, be unfavorable for the farming of lower stubble winter wheat.
Preferably, in step S5, dose selects purity nitrogen for 150-225kg/hm according to local soil fertility situation2, five oxidations
Two phosphorus are 120kg/hm2, wherein nitrogenous fertilizer 60% is applied as base fertilizer, and 40% is used as top dressing.
Preferably, in step S6, large-scale rotary cultivator rotary tillage soil-working is selected, rotary tillage depth 20cm has found underground when ploughing
When pest, subterranean pest-insect special-purpose insecticide is spread fertilizer over the fields in time.
Preferably, in step S7, with accurate width breadth planting with sowing machine, breadth 10cm, range 18-25cm, depth of planting
4-5cm, September completion in 20-30 days sowing, this is because Loess Plateau Areas of Northwest of the precipitation between 300-600mm, winter are small
It is late September that wheat, which sows best period, and Postpone sowing or in advance sowing winter wheat seedling stage over growth or early winter tillers are not
Foot.Stable yields highly resistance type kind is selected, to prevent seeder blocking to cause the disconnected ridge that is short of seedling by planting hole check at any time when sowing.
Preferably, in step S8, the step of field management includes: to look into seedling, emerges initial stage, observes emergence in time, if
There is larger line-break to be short of seedling situation, is manually reseeded in time；The rational application of fertilizer, winter wheat meets rain after turning green or jumbo sower chases after
Apply purity nitrogen fertilizer 60-90kg/hm2, in wheat grain filling early period, 1% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate mixed solution are sprayed,
Per hectare dosage 375kg or so；Disease pest and weed prevention and treatment, sprays wheat herbicides special and insecticide in mid or late November；It receives
It obtains, is harvested in time in wax ripeness latter stage, strive for that Every grain should be sent to the granary.
Beneficial effects of the present invention: (1) method of provided by the invention a kind of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation, by the winter
Summer time out sowing rape green covering, reduces that earth's surface is exposed to cause invalid evaporation after harvesting wheat；Improve summer time out
Soil water storage rate, improves precipitation anniversary utilization rate, and rape stalk increases soil porosity after turning over returning to the field, promotes soil
Fertility and soil moisture conservation are, it can be achieved that summer time out soil moisture conservation fertilizing purpose.(2) time out multiple cropping rape increases before winter wheat broadcasts
Storage capacity, neat and consistent of emerging, growth of seedling is healthy and strong, the enhancing of early winter tillers ability；(3) rape turn over returning to the field can will be native
Earth moisture protects the critical period for storing and arriving wheat growth, improves wheatland productivity, and carbon base in soil can be improved；(4) time out
Green covering can not only improve soil moisture, moreover it is possible to and the balance between revenue and expenditure of the soil heat flux is buffered, soil microbial activities are promoted,
Improve Soil Micro-environment, increase winter wheat metabolism, to improve water use efficiency and winter wheat yields, increases
Income.(5) the method for the present invention is suitable for the loess plateau dry farming winter wheat that annual precipitation 350-600mm is harvested for one time each year cropping pattern
Area promotes and applies.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is to use this method in embodiment and do not use the different year water storage rate changes in contrast figure of this method.
Fig. 2 is to use this method in embodiment and do not use the different year change of production figure of this method.
Fig. 3 is the rapeseed cultivation realistic picture of embodiment.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with example, the technology of the present invention is compared with bare area seeding technique.Reality used in following examples
Proved recipe method is conventional method unless otherwise specified.Material as used in the following examples, agricultural machinery etc., unless otherwise specified,
It is commercially available.
This example in test in continuous 4 years of in September, 2007-in July, 2011 year Ministry of Agriculture's northwest dry farming nutrition with apply
Fertile scientific observation experiment centre, profile in dry highland of Loess Plateau area, the experiment station Shang Xiao, Zhenyuan (35 ° of 30'N, 107 ° of 29'E) are carried out, height above sea level 1254m, year
Equal precipitation 540mm, precipitation are mainly distributed on 7,8,9 three months, and 8.3 DEG C of year-round average temperature, frost-free period 165d, soil is black
Black earth soil, the topsoil soils content of organic matter 10.62gkg-1, full nitrogen 0.94gkg-1, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 89mgkg-1, rapid available phosphorus
12mgkg-1, available potassium 231mgkg-1, organic matter 11.3gkg-1, middle fertility.Category fully relies on natural precipitation
Northwest Semihumid area liable to drought, long-term one crop per annual prevailing based on winter wheat or 2 years three ripe rotation systems for filling out not busy multiple cropping.
Testing program: test sets 2 processing.Wherein for the method for the present invention, (rapeseed cultivation effect picture is shown in Fig. 3 institute for processing 1
Show), processing 2 is traditional time out bare area winter wheat sowing method.2 equal 3 repetitions of processing, same plot carry out, each place
2 mu of reason land occupation.
Processing 1: Land leveling the method for the present invention: is chosen after winter wheat harvest.5 days or so sowing rapes of annual August, rape
Kind is Gansu Province oil No. 9, depth of planting 3-4cm, and the amount of broadcasting is 15kg/hm2, spray the dedicated weeding of rape within 10 days or so after emergence
Agent；Returning to the field, ploughed depth 30cm are turned over large tractor within current year September 22 days or so；Fertilising rotary tillage in September 25 days or so, fertilizer
Material is spread fertilizer over the fields before rotary tillage and earth's surface, and dose is purity nitrogen fertilizer 108kg/hm2, phosphorus pentoxide 105kg/hm2, rotary tillage depth is
20cm；Sowing on September 26, experimental cultivar are Gansu Province mirror 386, application rate 187.5kg/hm2, seeding method is common drilling, is broadcast
Kind depth is 4-5cm.It enhances field management, mainly includes disease pest and weed Unifying control, period of seedling establishment top dressing (purity nitrogen 72kg/
hm2), in due course harvest.After winter wheat harvest, height for the stubble left 5-10cm removes weeds and wheat stalk of residual earth's surface etc.,
It cleans out as far as possible, avoids consequent effects rape seed quality.
Processing 2: traditional bare area type of seeding: after winter wheat harvest, stalk and weeds are thoroughly removed, with 20 days or so July
It is ploughed deeply, ploughed depth 30cm is exposed to the sun after turning over；Fertilising rotary tillage in September 25 days or so, fertilizer are spread fertilizer over the fields and ground before rotary tillage
Table, dose are purity nitrogen fertilizer 108kg/hm2, phosphorus pentoxide 105kg/hm2, rotary tillage depth is 20cm；It sows within September 26 days, supplies
Varieties are Gansu Province mirror 386, application rate 187.5kg/hm2, seeding method is common drilling, depth of planting 4-5cm.Field
Management mainly includes disease pest and weed Unifying control, period of seedling establishment top dressing (purity nitrogen 72kg/hm2), in due course harvest.
Measurement item and method are as follows.
Determining soil moisture and water use efficiency calculate: before winter wheat sowing, key developmental stages and when harvest use respectively
Soil drilling method measures soil moisture content, is converted to and broadcasts the preceding storage capacity with when harvest as unit of mm.Breeding time rainfall
It is obtained by MM-950 automatic weather station.Utilize the every cell crop wager requirements (ET) of soil water balance equation calculation.It is mature
Afterwards, paid meter produces, and calculates Crop Water Use Efficiency (WUE).
Summer time out soil water storage rate (%)=leisure later period (winter wheat harvest after) 2m storage capacity-leisure early period
(before rape is turned over) 2m storage capacity/summer time out rainfall (mm).
2m soil layer storage capacity+Precipitation During Growing when 2m soil layer storage capacity-harvest before water consumption ET (mm)=broadcast
Amount.
Crop Water Use Efficiency WUE (kg/mmhm2)=wheat grain yield/water consumption.
Test result is as follows.
1. the technology of the present invention significantly improves time out soil water storage rate, continuous 11 annual water storage rate increases by 5.8 hundred
Branch, summer time out normal flow year water storage rate have reached 58.04%, and it is 30.93% that dry year, which stores, and more traditional control increases respectively
8.9 and 5.4 percentage points (Fig. 1).
2. the technology of the present invention significantly winter wheat yields (Fig. 2), 11 annual yield can increase by 13.79%, winter wheat fertility
Phase normal flow year and dry year increase production 8.91% and 26.33% respectively.
3. the technology of the present invention significantly improves economic benefit (table 1).The technology of the present invention is average to compare pure receipts compared with conventional method
Benefit increases by 322.5 yuan of hm-2, wherein During Growing Period of Winter Wheat normal precipitation time, net earnings increase by 564.0 yuan of hm-2, do
The year of drought averagely increases income 242.0 yuan of hm-2.Note: output is mainly grain yield, and investment is mainly chemical fertilizer, pesticide, artificial, cultivated
The expenses such as ground, sowing, harvest.
1 different disposal performance analysis of table
The main effect of the present embodiment: 1. the technology of the present invention significantly improve summer time out soil water storage compared with conventional method
Rate increases winter wheat and broadcasts preceding pondage, realizes across the season utilization of rainy season precipitation, reduces invalid evaporation loss, improves
Rainwater use efficiency.2. the technology of the present invention improves colony quality, winter wheat yields, water use efficiency and warp are significantly improved
Ji benefit.3. the technology of the present invention efficient green planting method that has been a kind of.It is suitable for annual precipitation 350-600mm with mulch
Corn is that the loess plateau dry farming Winter Wheat Area of guide's cropping pattern is promoted.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of method of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation, which comprises the steps of:
S1: wheat stalk is removed, clears up wheat stalk in time after winter wheat harvest；
S2: multiple cropping rape does not need a kind of farm tools rake after planting, and when sowing does not apply fertilizer；
S3: seedling stage field management, the step of including the steps that seedling management and check pest and disease damage；
S4: turning over rape, and rape is directly turned over returning to the field；
S5: fertilising, rape, which is turned over, all spreads fertilizer over the fields earth's surface for fertilizer after returning to the field；
S6: rotary tillage soil-working；
S7: sowing, there is a situation where seed carries out medicament before planting and mixes for resistance and local pest and disease damage for seed
Kind；
S8: field management.
2. a kind of method of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation according to claim 1, which is characterized in that small in step S1
The stubble of wheat does not have to cleaning, and stubble and bare area is made to be exposed to the sun in the sun, is conducive to kill worm's ovum and kills germ.
3. a kind of method of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in step S2, choosing
Sowed with rape seed machinery, sowing wide cut be 120cm, line-spacing 20cm, application rate 15kg/hm2, variety selection is sweet
Blue type winter rape variety, depth of planting 3-4cm, seedtime select August 1-5 days.
4. a kind of method of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in step S3, seedling
Period management includes: to check the growth of cereal crop seedlings in time after seedling stage, and if any being short of seedling, phenomenon is reseeded early, is directly broadcasted sowing when reseeding, after emergence
Herbicide spraying after 10 days；The management for checking pest and disease damage includes: inspection pest and disease damage, after planting occurs if any pest and disease damage, prevents early
Only.
5. a kind of method of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in step S4, turn over
The selection of time of rape is ploughed at September time interval X days on the 20th.
6. a kind of method of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in step S5, apply
Fertilizer amount selects purity nitrogen for 150-225kg/hm according to local soil fertility situation2, phosphorus pentoxide 120kg/hm2, wherein nitrogenous fertilizer 60%
It is applied as base fertilizer, 40% is used as top dressing.
7. a kind of method of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in step S6, choosing
With large-scale rotary cultivator rotary tillage soil-working, it is dedicated to spread fertilizer over the fields subterranean pest-insect when finding subterranean pest-insect when ploughing in time by rotary tillage depth 20cm
Insecticide.
8. a kind of method of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in step S7, use
Accurate width breadth planting with sowing machine, breadth 10cm, range 18-25cm, depth of planting 4-5cm, September completion in 20-30 days sowing, choosing
With stable yields highly resistance type kind, to prevent seeder blocking the disconnected ridge that is short of seedling is caused by planting hole check at any time when sowing.
9. a kind of method of winter wheat summer time out soil moisture conservation according to claim 1, which is characterized in that in step S8, field
Between the step of managing include: to look into seedling, emerge initial stage, observe emergence in time, if there is larger line-break to be short of seedling situation, carry out in time
Manually reseed；The rational application of fertilizer, winter wheat meet rain or jumbo sower nitrogen topdressing fertilizer 60-90kg/hm after turning green2, filled in wheat
Early period is starched, 1% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate mixed solution, per hectare dosage 375kg or so are sprayed；Disease pest and weed
Prevention and treatment, sprays wheat herbicides special and insecticide in mid or late November；Harvest, harvests in time in wax ripeness latter stage, strives for particle
Gui Cang.
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| CN114375784A (en) * | 2022-01-10 | 2022-04-22 | 山西农业大学小麦研究所 | Nitrogen-storage recarburization cultivation method for dry-land wheat field in summer idle period |
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