CN109874624B - Potato planting method for slight saline-alkali soil - Google Patents
Potato planting method for slight saline-alkali soil Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a method for planting potatoes in a mild saline-alkali soil. The method comprises the following steps: (1) digging a ditch: a ridge smashing machine is adopted for farming, two grooves with different depths are arranged on the soil surface after soil is smashed, and the groove width is 20-40 cm; (2) applying a base fertilizer: applying the organic microorganism compound fertilizer into the furrows as base fertilizer, covering the soil back and leveling the soil, wherein the dosage of each mu is 1500-3000 kg; (3) film covering: covering a mulching film on the soil surface for 2-3 weeks; (4) soil topdressing: topdressing the soil for 1-3 times at the potato seedling stage, wherein the dosage is 10-25kg each time; (5) topdressing outside roots: topdressing is carried out on the roots of the potatoes every 7 to 10 days after the potatoes bloom, and the topdressing is continuously carried out for 3 to 5 times. The method can plant the potatoes in the slight saline-alkali soil, obviously reduce the incidence rate of soil-borne diseases in the potato planting process, and improve the yield and the economic benefit of the potatoes.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a method for planting potatoes in a mild saline-alkali soil.
Background
Potatoes are annual herbaceous plants of the solanaceae family, tubers of which are edible and are the fourth most important grain crops in the world, second only to wheat, rice and corn. The pH value of the mild saline-alkali soil is 7.1-8.5, the salt content is below 3 per mill, and the mild saline-alkali soil can be converted into normal soil after scientific remediation and ecological restoration. The mild saline-alkali soil in China has large area, and the crop planting by utilizing the mild saline-alkali soil is very important in the environment that the land resources are increasingly tense.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problems, the invention aims to provide a method for planting potatoes in a mild saline-alkali soil, which can utilize the resources of the mild saline-alkali soil, reduce the incidence rate of soil-borne diseases in the potato planting process and improve the yield and the economic benefit of the potatoes.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for planting potatoes in a mild saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) digging a ditch: the ridge smashing machine provided with the long spiral drill bit and the short spiral drill bit is adopted for farming, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the long spiral drill bit is 20-40cm, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the short spiral drill bit is 10-20cm, two grooves with different depths and 20-40cm in width are formed on the soil surface after soil smashing;
(2) applying a base fertilizer: applying the organic microorganism compound fertilizer into the furrows as base fertilizer, covering the soil back and leveling the soil, wherein the dosage of each mu is 1500-3000 kg;
(3) film covering: covering a mulching film on the soil surface for 2-3 weeks;
(4) soil topdressing: topdressing the soil for 1-3 times at the potato seedling stage, wherein the dosage is 10-25kg each time;
(5) topdressing outside roots: topdressing is carried out on the roots of the potatoes every 7 to 10 days after the potatoes bloom, and the topdressing is continuously carried out for 3 to 5 times.
Further, the arrangement mode of the spiral drill bits of the ridge smashing machine in the step (1) is that long spiral drill bits and short spiral drill bits are alternately arranged.
Preferably, the mulching film in the step (3) is a straw fiber mulching film or a ramie fiber mulching film.
Further, the soil topdressing mode in the step (4) is that a ring-shaped small ditch with the depth of 5-10cm is dug at a position 10-15cm away from the root of the potato plant, the organic microorganism compound fertilizer dissolved in water is injected into the small ditch, then the small ditch is covered by fine soil, and the hilling is combined.
Further, the extra-root top application mode in the step (5) is to prepare the organic microorganism compound fertilizer into a solution with the concentration of 1-5%, and uniformly spray the solution on the front and back surfaces of the tobacco plant leaves by using a spraying device.
Further, the formula of the organic microbial compound fertilizer in the step (2) comprises 40-80 parts of municipal sludge, 20-40 parts of crop residues, 10-30 parts of duckweed, 5-15 parts of algae, 10-30 parts of a microbial agent, 5-15 parts of citrate soluble potassium fertilizer and 5-15 parts of humic acid phosphate fertilizer.
Preferably, the crop residues comprise 10-20 parts of corn straw powder, 5-10 parts of garden dead-shoot sawdust, 1-5 parts of fruit peel and 1-5 parts of eggshell.
Preferably, the algae is one of schinophyta, meehania, anabaena variabilis, pseudocladosporium and chlorella.
Preferably, the microbial agent comprises 1-5 parts of azotobacter chroococcum, 1-5 parts of trichoderma viride, 1-5 parts of serratia, 1-5 parts of aspergillus oryzae, 1-5 parts of broad-leaved mycobacterium, 1-5 parts of bacillus coagulans and 1-5 parts of bacillus laterosporus.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the potatoes are planted in the slight saline-alkali soil, the resources of the slight saline-alkali soil can be effectively utilized, the economic benefit is created, the salt alkalinity of the soil can be reduced after the potatoes are harvested, and good ecological cycle is formed.
(2) After the organic microbial compound fertilizer is applied to soil, the organic microbial compound fertilizer is strongly fermented, and can generate various organic acids such as acetic acid, butyric acid, isovaleric acid, propionic acid and the like, so that the soil alkalinity is neutralized. Tubers in the underground part of the potato are main edible parts and are susceptible to soil-borne diseases such as damping-off, root rot, blight, black nevus, scab, powdery scab, ring rot, black shank, bacterial wilt, soft rot, bacterial wilt, nematodes and the like. Organic acid generated by fermenting the organic fertilizer has strong lethal effect on soil-borne pathogenic bacteria, and the lethal effect of the organic acid on the soil-borne pathogenic bacteria is not only related to concentration but also related to pH. The depths of the grooves caused by the ridge powdering are different, the fertilizer is unevenly distributed in the soil layer after being applied into the soil, a strong acid micro-area can be generated on the wall of the groove and the bottom of the groove during fertilizer fermentation, the pH value in the micro-area is far lower than that of the soil layer, the probability of killing soil-borne pathogenic bacteria by organic acid can be improved, and the killing effect is enhanced.
(3) After the fertilizer is applied, a mulching film is covered, a strong anaerobic reduction environment can be created in a short time, and substances such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia gas, low-valence iron, manganese ions and the like generated by fertilizer fermentation have a good killing effect on soil-borne pathogenic bacteria. In addition, most of the soil-borne pathogenic bacteria are aerobic microorganisms, and the community composition of the soil microorganisms is changed greatly due to the formation of an anoxic environment after the film covering treatment, so that the number of anaerobic soil-borne pathogenic bacteria is reduced rapidly, and the occurrence of potato soil-borne diseases is reduced.
(4) In the potato planting process, the organic microbial compound fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, a soil additional fertilizer and a topdressing outside roots, but the application method is changed according to the growth condition of the potatoes, so that the nutritional requirements of the potatoes in each growth period can be met more widely. When the soil is used for topdressing, an annular ditch is dug, the organic microbial compound fertilizer dissolved in water is applied, the fertilizer effect can be slowly released, the nutrient components required by the potatoes can be comprehensively supplemented for a long time, the absorption of the potatoes on potassium ions is promoted, the growth of the potatoes is promoted, and the quality of the potatoes is improved. After the potatoes bloom, the leaf surfaces of the potatoes are sprayed with the organic microorganism compound fertilizer solution with the concentration of 1-5%, so that the growth vigor of the potato plants can be enhanced, and the quality and the yield of the potatoes can be improved.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A method for planting potatoes in a mild saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) digging a ditch: the ridge smashing machine provided with the long spiral drill bits and the short spiral drill bits which are alternately arranged is adopted for farming, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the long spiral drill bits is 20cm, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the short spiral drill bits is 10cm, two grooves with different depths are arranged on the soil surface after soil smashing, and the groove width is 20 cm;
(2) applying a base fertilizer: applying the organic microbial compound fertilizer into furrows as a base fertilizer, covering the soil back and leveling the soil, wherein the dosage per mu is 1500 kg;
(3) film covering: covering a straw fiber mulching film on the soil surface for 2 weeks;
(4) soil topdressing: applying soil topdressing for 1 time at the seedling stage of the potatoes, wherein the dosage of the soil topdressing is 25kg each time, and the topdressing mode is that a ring-shaped small ditch with the depth of 5cm is dug at a position 10cm away from the roots of the potato plants, an organic microorganism compound fertilizer dissolved in water is injected into the ring-shaped small ditch, and then the small ditch is covered by fine soil and earthed in a combined manner;
(5) topdressing outside roots: and (3) after the potatoes bloom, carrying out topdressing on the roots of the potatoes every 7 days for 5 times continuously, wherein the topdressing mode outside the roots is to prepare the organic microorganism compound fertilizer into a solution with the concentration of 1 percent and uniformly spray the solution on the front and back surfaces of the tobacco plant leaves by using a spraying device.
The formula of the organic microbial compound fertilizer comprises the following components: 40 parts of municipal sludge, 20 parts of corn straw powder, 10 parts of garden dead-wood sawdust, 5 parts of fruit peel, 5 parts of egg shell, 30 parts of duckweed, 5 parts of basket algae, 1 part of azotobacter chroococcum, 2 parts of trichoderma viride, 1 part of serratia, 2 parts of aspergillus oryzae, 1 part of sclerotium latum, 2 parts of bacillus coagulans, 1 part of bacillus laterosporus, 10 parts of citrate-soluble potassium fertilizer and 11 parts of humic acid phosphate fertilizer.
Example 2
A method for planting potatoes in a mild saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) digging a ditch: the ridge smashing machine provided with the long spiral drill bits and the short spiral drill bits which are alternately arranged is adopted for farming, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the long spiral drill bits is 30cm, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the short spiral drill bits is 15cm, two grooves with different depths are arranged on the soil surface after soil smashing, and the groove width is 30 cm;
(2) applying a base fertilizer: applying the organic microbial compound fertilizer into furrows as a base fertilizer, covering the soil back and leveling the soil, wherein the dosage of the organic microbial compound fertilizer per mu is 2000 kg;
(3) film covering: covering a straw fiber mulching film on the soil surface for 3 weeks;
(4) soil topdressing: applying soil topdressing for 2 times in a potato seedling stage, wherein the dosage is 15kg each time, and the topdressing mode is that an annular small ditch with the depth of 7cm is dug at a position 12cm away from the root of a potato plant, injecting organic microorganism compound fertilizer dissolved in water into the small ditch, covering the small ditch with fine soil, and combining with ridging;
(5) topdressing outside roots: the potato is fertilized continuously for 4 times every 8 days after blooming, and the mode of the top dressing is to prepare the organic microorganism compound fertilizer into 2 percent solution and uniformly spray the solution on the front and back surfaces of the tobacco plant leaves by a spraying device.
The formula of the organic microbial compound fertilizer comprises the following components: 50 parts of municipal sludge, 18 parts of corn straw powder, 9 parts of garden deadwood sawdust, 4 parts of fruit peel, 4 parts of egg shell, 15 parts of duckweed, 10 parts of anabaena variabilis, 5 parts of azotobacter chroococcum, 4 parts of trichoderma viride, 3 parts of serratia, 3 parts of aspergillus oryzae, 5 parts of sclerotium latum, 5 parts of bacillus coagulans, 5 parts of bacillus laterosporus, 13 parts of citrate-soluble potassium fertilizer and 15 parts of humic acid phosphate fertilizer.
Example 3
A method for planting potatoes in a mild saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) digging a ditch: the ridge smashing machine provided with the long spiral drill bits and the short spiral drill bits which are alternately arranged is adopted for farming, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the long spiral drill bits is 40cm, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the short spiral drill bits is 20cm, two grooves with different depths are arranged on the surface of soil after soil smashing, and the groove width is 40 cm;
(2) applying a base fertilizer: applying the organic microbial compound fertilizer into furrows as a base fertilizer, covering the soil back and leveling the soil, wherein the dosage of the organic microbial compound fertilizer per mu is 2500 kg;
(3) film covering: covering a ramie fiber mulching film on the soil surface for 2 weeks;
(4) soil topdressing: applying soil topdressing for 3 times in the seedling stage of the potatoes, wherein the dosage of the soil topdressing is 10kg each time, and the topdressing mode is that an annular small ditch with the depth of 10cm is dug at a position 15cm away from the roots of the potato plants, an organic microorganism compound fertilizer dissolved in water is injected into the small ditch, and then the small ditch is covered by fine soil and earthed in a combined manner;
(5) topdressing outside roots: the potato is fertilized continuously for 4 times every 9 days after blooming, and the mode of the top dressing is to prepare the organic microorganism compound fertilizer into 3 percent solution and uniformly spray the solution on the front and back surfaces of the tobacco leaves by a spraying device.
The formula of the organic microbial compound fertilizer comprises the following components: 60 parts of municipal sludge, 16 parts of corn straw powder, 5 parts of garden dead-wood sawdust, 4 parts of fruit peel, 5 parts of egg shell, 20 parts of duckweed, 4 parts of basket algae, 15 parts of chlorella, 3 parts of azotobacter chroococcum, 1 part of trichoderma viride, 5 parts of serratia, 5 parts of aspergillus oryzae, 2 parts of broad-spectrum mycobacterium, 1 part of bacillus coagulans, 3 parts of bacillus laterosporus, 15 parts of citrate-soluble potassium fertilizer and 5 parts of humic acid phosphate fertilizer.
Example 4
A method for planting potatoes in a mild saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) digging a ditch: the ridge smashing machine provided with the long spiral drill bits and the short spiral drill bits which are alternately arranged is adopted for farming, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the long spiral drill bits is 25cm, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the short spiral drill bits is 15cm, two grooves with different depths are arranged on the soil surface after soil smashing, and the groove width is 30 cm;
(2) applying a base fertilizer: applying the organic microbial compound fertilizer into furrows as a base fertilizer, covering the soil back and leveling the soil, wherein the dosage of the organic microbial compound fertilizer per mu is 3000 kg;
(3) film covering: covering a ramie fiber mulching film on the soil surface for 3 weeks;
(4) soil topdressing: applying soil topdressing for 2 times at the seedling stage of the potatoes, wherein the dosage of each time is 20kg, and the topdressing mode is that an annular small ditch with the depth of 7cm is dug at a position 12cm away from the roots of the potato plants, injecting organic microorganism compound fertilizer dissolved in water into the annular small ditch, covering the small ditch with fine soil, and combining with ridging;
(5) topdressing outside roots: after the potatoes bloom, topdressing is carried out every 10 days for 3 times continuously, wherein the topdressing mode is to prepare the organic microorganism compound fertilizer into a solution with the concentration of 4 percent and uniformly spray the solution on the front and back surfaces of the tobacco plant leaves by a spraying device.
The formula of the organic microbial compound fertilizer comprises the following components: 70 parts of municipal sludge, 10 parts of corn straw powder, 9 parts of garden dead-wood sawdust, 1 part of fruit peel, 5 parts of egg shell, 25 parts of duckweed, 3 parts of eyebrow grass, 8 parts of pseudocladosporium, 2 parts of azotobacter chroococcum, 5 parts of trichoderma viride, 2 parts of serratia, 1 part of aspergillus oryzae, 1 part of broad-leaved sclerotinia, 3 parts of bacillus coagulans, 1 part of bacillus laterosporus, 8 parts of citrate soluble potassium fertilizer and 7 parts of humic acid phosphate fertilizer.
Example 5
A method for planting potatoes in a mild saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) digging a ditch: the ridge smashing machine provided with the long spiral drill bits and the short spiral drill bits which are alternately arranged is adopted for farming, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the long spiral drill bits is 35cm, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the short spiral drill bits is 20cm, two grooves with different depths are formed in the soil surface after soil smashing, and the groove width is 20 cm;
(2) applying a base fertilizer: applying the organic microbial compound fertilizer into furrows as a base fertilizer, covering the soil back and leveling the soil, wherein the dosage of the organic microbial compound fertilizer per mu is 2000 kg;
(3) film covering: covering a straw fiber mulching film on the soil surface for 3 weeks;
(4) soil topdressing: applying soil topdressing for 3 times in the seedling stage of the potatoes, wherein the dosage is 15kg each time, and the topdressing mode is that a ring-shaped small ditch with the depth of 5cm is dug at a position 10cm away from the roots of the potato plants, injecting organic microorganism compound fertilizer dissolved in water into the ring-shaped small ditch, covering the small ditch with fine soil, and combining with ridging;
(5) topdressing outside roots: and (3) after the potatoes bloom, carrying out topdressing on the roots every 7 days for 5 times continuously, wherein the topdressing mode outside the roots is to prepare the organic microorganism compound fertilizer into a solution with the concentration of 5 percent and uniformly spray the solution on the front and back surfaces of the tobacco plant leaves by using a spraying device.
The formula of the organic microbial compound fertilizer comprises the following components: 80 parts of municipal sludge, 10 parts of corn straw powder, 7 parts of garden dead-wood sawdust, 2 parts of fruit peel, 1 part of egg shell, 10 parts of duckweed, 12 parts of eyebrow algae, 4 parts of azotobacter chroococcum, 2 parts of trichoderma viride, 4 parts of serratia, 4 parts of aspergillus oryzae, 3 parts of broad-leaved sclerotium, 3 parts of bacillus coagulans, 5 parts of bacillus laterosporus, 5 parts of citrate-soluble potassium fertilizer and 9 parts of humic acid phosphate fertilizer.
Experimental example 1
The experiment was carried out in Changsha, Hunan province, and 6 experimental plots each having an area of 1 mu were selected, 5 of which were applied according to the above-described 5 examples, and 1 of which was applied to a conventional potato fertilization program, as a comparative example. Potatoes were planted in one season, the incidence of soil-borne disease was recorded during planting, the yield was recorded after harvest, and the results are given in the table below.
TABLE 1 incidence of soil-borne diseases in Potato growth (%)
| Scab of sore | Damping-off disease | Bacterial wilt | Black shank disease | Root knot nematode | |
| Example 1 | 2.29 | 3.98 | 1.34 | 2.78 | 4.21 |
| Example 2 | 2.35 | 3.23 | 0.78 | 2.26 | 2.67 |
| Example 3 | 1.96 | 4.07 | 1.25 | 3.14 | 4.26 |
| Example 4 | 3.14 | 2.45 | 0.96 | 2.79 | 3.46 |
| Example 5 | 2.68 | 2.79 | 0.85 | 2.58 | 3.97 |
| Comparative example | 10.73 | 15.64 | 12.87 | 18.42 | 16.53 |
TABLE 2 Potato yield comparison (kg/mu)
| Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 3 | Example 4 | Example 5 | Comparative example | |
| Yield of the product | 3625 | 3207 | 3618 | 3591 | 3409 | 2158 |
The data in the table are analyzed, so that the occurrence probability of soil-borne diseases of the potatoes in the experimental field using the application method is greatly reduced in the growth process, and the quality and the yield are remarkably improved.
Claims (8)
1. A method for planting potatoes in a mild saline-alkali soil is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) digging a ditch: the ridge smashing machine provided with the long spiral drill bit and the short spiral drill bit is adopted for farming, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the long spiral drill bit is 20-40cm, the ridge smashing and farming depth of the short spiral drill bit is 10-20cm, two grooves with different depths and 20-40cm in width are formed on the soil surface after soil smashing;
(2) applying a base fertilizer: applying the organic microorganism compound fertilizer into the furrows as base fertilizer, covering the soil back and leveling the soil, wherein the dosage of each mu is 1500-3000 kg; the formula of the organic microorganism compound fertilizer comprises 40-80 parts of municipal sludge, 20-40 parts of crop residues, 10-30 parts of duckweed, 5-15 parts of algae, 10-30 parts of microbial agent, 5-15 parts of citrate-soluble potassium fertilizer and 5-15 parts of humic acid phosphate fertilizer;
(3) film covering: covering a mulching film on the soil surface for 2-3 weeks;
(4) soil topdressing: topdressing the soil for 1-3 times at the potato seedling stage, wherein the dosage is 10-25kg each time;
(5) topdressing outside roots: topdressing is carried out on the roots of the potatoes every 7 to 10 days after the potatoes bloom, and the topdressing is continuously carried out for 3 to 5 times.
2. The method for planting potatoes in mild saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the arrangement of the auger bits of the ridge smashing machine in the step (1) is that long auger bits and short auger bits are alternately arranged.
3. The method for planting potatoes in mild saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the mulching film in the step (3) is a straw fiber mulching film or a ramie fiber mulching film.
4. The method for planting potatoes in mild saline-alkali soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the soil topdressing in the step (4) is implemented by digging a ring-shaped small ditch with the depth of 5-10cm at a position 3-5cm away from the root of the potato plant, injecting an organic microorganism compound fertilizer dissolved in water into the small ditch, covering the small ditch with fine soil, and combining ridging.
5. The method for planting potatoes in mild saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the extra-root top application in the step (5) is to prepare the organic microorganism compound fertilizer into a solution with the concentration of 1-5%, and uniformly spray the solution on the front and back surfaces of the potato leaves by using a spraying device.
6. The method for planting potatoes in mild saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the crop residues comprise 10-20 parts of corn straw powder, 5-10 parts of garden dead branches and sawdust, 1-5 parts of fruit peel and 1-5 parts of eggshells.
7. The method for planting potatoes in mild saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the algae is one of Schizostera, Nostoc commune, Anabaena variabilis, Pseudocladosporium and Chlorella.
8. The method for planting potatoes in mild saline-alkali soil according to claim 1, wherein the microbial agent comprises 1-5 parts of azotobacter chroococcum, 1-5 parts of trichoderma viride, 1-5 parts of serratia, 1-5 parts of aspergillus oryzae, 1-5 parts of sclerotium latrundum, 1-5 parts of bacillus coagulans and 1-5 parts of bacillus laterosporus.
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