CN109321917A - A kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface - Google Patents
A kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface Download PDFInfo
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- CN109321917A CN109321917A CN201811101504.7A CN201811101504A CN109321917A CN 109321917 A CN109321917 A CN 109321917A CN 201811101504 A CN201811101504 A CN 201811101504A CN 109321917 A CN109321917 A CN 109321917A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
- C23C28/02—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material
- C23C28/021—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D only coatings only including layers of metallic material including at least one metal alloy layer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/14—Metallic material, boron or silicon
- C23C14/18—Metallic material, boron or silicon on other inorganic substrates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/24—Vacuum evaporation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/1601—Process or apparatus
- C23C18/1633—Process of electroless plating
- C23C18/1646—Characteristics of the product obtained
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/1601—Process or apparatus
- C23C18/1633—Process of electroless plating
- C23C18/1689—After-treatment
- C23C18/1692—Heat-treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/16—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by reduction or substitution, e.g. electroless plating
- C23C18/48—Coating with alloys
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
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- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Polishing Bodies And Polishing Tools (AREA)
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface, comprising the following steps: step 1, elder generation are in one layer of titanium layer of diamond surface plating;Then step 2 plates one layer of copper and tin phosphorous alloy layer using chemical plating on the titanium layer of diamond surface;Step 3 will be finally heat-treated under nonoxidizing atmosphere by the diamond of chemical plating, obtain surface pre-brazed metalized diamond.Present invention process is simple, it is easy to implement, strong applicability, the surface pre-brazed metalized diamond being prepared has TiC generation in titanium layer and diamond interface, forms chemical bonds, and titanium layer and copper and tin phosphorous alloy layer form Cu-Sn-Ti alloy and be uniformly brazed in diamond surface, the copper and tin phosphorus alloy of diamond surface outer layer can interface be compatible well with carcass, carcass is improved to the holding power of diamond, prevents diamond from falling off too early, extends the service life of diamond tool.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to diamond surface preconditioning technique fields, and in particular to be a kind of pre-brazed diamond surface gold
Categoryization method.
Background technique
Diamond belongs to nonmetallic materials, its interface between metal or alloy can be very high, so that most simple substance
Metal or alloy is all difficult to effectively soak diamond, causes to suppress binding agent diamond tool such as diamond saw in metal powder
Piece, drill bit use process in, since holding power of the metal or alloy carcass to diamond not enough causes diamond to fall off too early,
The utilization rate of diamond is very low, it was reported that diamond tool has actually only played 20% or so of its task performance, seriously affects
The service life of diamond tool.
In order to improve carcass to the holding power of diamond, normally, cladding processing is carried out using to diamond surface, is such as adopted
Ni, Cu are plated in diamond surface with chemical plating, galvanoplastic, the micro- evaporation of vacuum plates re-plating Ni after Ti, Cr, W etc. and plating Ti
Form Ti-Ni composite deposite etc..But there are some defects in these processing methods: plate Ni, Cu etc. and diamond surface in surface
Mechanical bond can be formed, presence is had the gap between coating and diamond, the raising for holding effect to diamond is limited;The micro- steaming of vacuum
In hair method, although plating the Ti layers of interface between diamond has TiC layer generation, the foring of combination between coating and diamond
Learn it is strong combine, however plate it is Ti layer very thin, the interface cohesion of the TiC/Ti layer of formation and carcass bonding agent how and there are no and define
Explanation master cannot be played to the raising of bond strength some analysts believe that coated metal and diamond are only partially formed carbide
Effect is led, there is also adaptability problems between plating diamond and carcass bonding agent, it has been found that in some of actual use
There is no the raisings of performance in carcass bonding agent;Ti-Ni composite deposite has the generation of TiC and TiNi compound, but high-melting-point nickel layer
The interface cohesion problem with carcass bonding agent is equally existed, is not suitable for all carcass bonding agents, especially in nickel content
In low or even not nickeliferous carcass.
Cu, Sn and its alloy are that common bonding agent element, number of patent application are in diamond metal anchoring agent tool
201610862345.7 application for a patent for invention disclose a kind of Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface: the diamond that will be cleaned up
It is mixed in a certain ratio with fused salt such as NaCl, micro-nano Ni metal and micro-nano active material metal Cr uniformly, 800~1000
0.5~3h is kept the temperature under the conditions of DEG C nonoxidizing atmosphere, is obtained to surface and is coated with by reaction carbide lamella, active material layer, Ni metal
The diamond particles of the gradient surface modification of layer composition, still, which be easy to cause diamond surface to corrode, and gold is greatly lowered
Hard rock intensity.There is research by diamond surface glue spraying, then after solder such as Cu-Sn-Ti are attached to diamond surface, finally
Heating soldering in vacuum forms pre-brazed surface metalation diamond, and the method complex process, it is suitable to have between diamond
Interleaving agent just can accomplish adhesion together, and diamond surface has more serious erosion, coat also discontinuous.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is to provide a kind of simple process, strong applicability can form chemical bond with diamond surface
In conjunction with, but can with carcass well interface it is compatible and it is uniform cladding, to the undamaged pre-brazed diamond surface metal of diamond
Change method.
In order to achieve the above objectives, solution of the invention is:
A kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface, comprising the following steps:
Step 1, elder generation are in one layer of titanium layer of diamond surface plating;
Then step 2 plates one layer of copper and tin phosphorous alloy layer using chemical plating on the titanium layer of diamond surface;
Step 3 will be finally heat-treated under nonoxidizing atmosphere by the diamond of chemical plating, and it is pre- to obtain surface
Brazing metal diamond.
In step 1, the plating of the titanium layer is carried out using the micro- evaporation of vacuum, and the weight gain of the titanium layer is the diamond
0.1~1wt% of weight.
In step 2, the plating solution that the chemical plating uses includes following component: CuSO42~8g/L, SnSO43~12g/L,
NaH2PO210~30g/L, 10~50g/L of complexing agent, 0.1~2g/L of brightener.
The complexing agent is sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, EDTA, hydroquinone, sodium citrate, sodium acetate and HBO3One of or
Several mixing.
The brightener is one or more of industrial saccharin, cumarin, brightener A02-186 and brightener HA-HCU
Mixing.
In step 2, the chemical plating is a plating or multiple plating.
In step 2, during carrying out multiple plating using the chemical plating, by changing CuSO4And SnSO4Dosage
Ratio obtains the copper and tin phosphorous alloy layer of different copper and tin phosphorus ratios, CuSO4And SnSO4Usage ratio be 1:2~2:1, the copper and tin
The weight gain of phosphorous alloy layer is 5~15wt% of the diamond weight.
In step 3, the nonoxidizing atmosphere is vacuum atmosphere, inert atmosphere or hydrogen reducing atmosphere.
In step 3, the temperature of the heat treatment is 600 DEG C~850 DEG C, and the time of the heat treatment is 20~60min.
After adopting the above technical scheme, a kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface of the present invention, the table being prepared
Face pre-brazed metalized diamond has TiC generation in titanium layer and diamond interface, forms chemical bonds, and titanium layer and copper and tin phosphorus
Alloy-layer forms Cu-Sn-Ti alloy and is uniformly brazed in diamond surface, the copper and tin phosphorus alloy energy and carcass of diamond surface outer layer
Interface is compatible well, improves carcass to the holding power of diamond, prevents diamond from falling off too early, extend making for diamond tool
Use the service life.Present invention process is simple, easy to implement, strong applicability.
A kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface of the present invention, by select different component and component dosage and
The number of plating is respectively formed is well combined the Cu-Sn-P alloy component ratio for being brazed in diamond surface with titanium layer as needed
Example and the Cu-Sn-P alloy component ratio being well combined with carcass, or the performance for adapting to carcass needs to select plating
Corresponding titanium layer weight gain and the weight gain of each copper and tin phosphorous alloy layer, to obtain the surface pre-brazed metallization Buddha's warrior attendant haveing excellent performance
Stone.
Specific embodiment
In order to further explain the technical solution of the present invention, being explained in detail below by specific embodiment the present invention
It states.
Embodiment one
1, the preparation of surface pre-brazed metalized diamond:
A kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface, comprising the following steps:
Step 1 takes the diamond that the granularity of diamond saw blade production is 45/50, first using the micro- evaporation of vacuum in gold
One layer of titanium layer of hard rock coating surface, so that the weight gain of titanium layer is the 0.3wt% of diamond weight;
Then step 2 plates one layer of copper and tin by plating twice using chemical plating on the titanium layer of diamond surface respectively
Phosphorous alloy layer, plating solution used in first time plating includes following component:
CuSO45g/L, SnSO48g/L, NaH2PO212g/L, sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate 10g/L, HBO330g/L, brightener
HA-HCU 0.2g/L;Plating conditions: pH=5, plating temperature are 60 DEG C;Obtain the copper and tin of stanniferous 10% phosphorus 2% (surplus is copper)
Phosphorous alloy layer;
Plating solution used in second of plating includes following component:
CuSO43g/L, SnSO44g/L, NaH2PO215g/L, EDTA 8g/L, sodium acetate 5g/L, brightener HA-HCU
0.2g/L;Plating conditions: pH=5, plating temperature are 60 DEG C;Obtain the copper and tin phosphorus alloy of stanniferous 6% phosphorus 3% (surplus is copper)
Layer, copper and tin phosphorous alloy layer increase weight the 6%wt of diamond weight altogether;
Step 3, finally by the diamond by chemical plating under hydrogen reducing atmosphere 740 DEG C of heat treatment 30min, obtain
To surface pre-brazed metalized diamond.
In the present embodiment, brightener HA-HCU is commercially available by Nanjing Qing Zhu Science and Technology Ltd..
In a kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface of the present invention, the coat of metal is no longer simple with diamond surface
Ground forms mechanical bond, otherwise will lead between the coat of metal and diamond that there are gaps.
A kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface of the present invention, the surface pre-brazed metalized diamond being prepared
Surface is formed with titanium layer and copper and tin phosphorous alloy layer, and titanium layer and diamond interface have TiC generation, forms chemical bonds, and titanium layer
Cu-Sn-Ti alloy being formed with copper and tin phosphorous alloy layer to be uniformly brazed in diamond surface, such diamond would not fall off too early,
Extend service life.
A kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface of the present invention, does not easily cause diamond surface to corrode, it can be ensured that gold
Hard rock intensity.
2, performance test:
By the surface pre-brazed metalized diamond being prepared in the present embodiment and CuSn formula carcass metal powder mixed
Conventionally known production method mixing is pressed in material machine, is then hot pressed into cutter head and diamond saw blade is made, and it is not metallized
Normal diamond saw blade carries out stone material cutting experiment, comparison result such as table 1.
Table 1: the diamond saw blade of the metalized diamond of pre-brazed containing surface and not metallized normal diamond saw blade
Cutting effect compares
Embodiment two
1, the preparation of surface pre-brazed metalized diamond:
A kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface, comprising the following steps:
Step 1 takes the diamond that the granularity of diamond saw blade production is 45/50, first using the micro- evaporation of vacuum in gold
One layer of titanium layer of hard rock coating surface, so that the weight gain of titanium layer is the 0.5wt% of diamond weight;
Then step 2 plates one layer of copper and tin phosphorus conjunction by plating twice using chemical plating on the titanium layer of diamond surface
Layer gold, plating solution used in first time plating includes following component:
CuSO46g/L, SnSO410g/L, NaH2PO212g/L, EDTA 10g/L, hydroquinone 5g/L, brightener
A02-186 0.1g/L;Plating conditions: pH=5, plating temperature are 55 DEG C;Obtain the copper of stanniferous 12% phosphorus 2% (surplus is copper)
Tin phosphorous alloy layer;
Plating solution used in second of plating includes following component:
CuSO43g/L, SnSO45g/L, NaH2PO215g/L, EDTA 8g/L, hydroquinone 5g/L, brightener A02-
186 0.1g/L;Plating conditions: pH=5, plating temperature are 55 DEG C;The copper and tin phosphorus for obtaining stanniferous 6% phosphorus 3% (surplus is copper) closes
Layer gold, copper and tin phosphorous alloy layer increase weight the 8%wt of diamond weight altogether;
Step 3, finally by the diamond by chemical plating under hydrogen reducing atmosphere 800 DEG C of heat treatment 30min, obtain
To surface pre-brazed metalized diamond.
In the present embodiment, brightener A02-186 is commercially available by Shaoguan Mei Tuowei will Chemical Co., Ltd..
2, performance test:
By the surface pre-brazed metalized diamond being prepared in the present embodiment and nickeliferous formula carcass metal powder mixed
Conventionally known production method mixing is pressed in material machine, is then hot pressed into cutter head and diamond saw blade is made, and it is not metallized
Normal diamond saw blade carries out stone material cutting experiment, comparison result such as table 2.
Table 2: the diamond saw blade of the metalized diamond of pre-brazed containing surface and not metallized normal diamond saw blade
Cutting effect compares
Above-described embodiment and non-limiting product form and style of the invention, the ordinary skill people of any technical field
The appropriate changes or modifications that member does it, all should be regarded as not departing from patent category of the invention.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface, it is characterised in that: the following steps are included:
Step 1, elder generation are in one layer of titanium layer of diamond surface plating;
Then step 2 plates one layer of copper and tin phosphorous alloy layer using chemical plating on the titanium layer of diamond surface;
Step 3 will be finally heat-treated under nonoxidizing atmosphere by the diamond of chemical plating, obtain surface pre-brazed
Metalized diamond.
2. a kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in step 1, institute
The plating for stating titanium layer is carried out using the micro- evaporation of vacuum, and the weight gain of the titanium layer is 0.1~1wt% of the diamond weight.
3. a kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in step 2, institute
The plating solution for stating chemical plating use includes following component: CuSO42~8g/L, SnSO43~12g/L, NaH2PO210~30g/L,
10~50g/L of complexing agent, 0.1~2g/L of brightener.
4. a kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: the complexing agent
For sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate, EDTA, hydroquinone, sodium citrate, sodium acetate and HBO3One or more of mixing.
5. a kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: the brightener
For the mixing of one or more of industrial saccharin, cumarin, brightener A02-186 and brightener HA-HCU.
6. a kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in step 2, institute
Stating chemical plating is a plating or multiple plating.
7. a kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface according to claim 6, it is characterised in that: in step 2, adopt
During carrying out multiple plating with the chemical plating, by changing CuSO4And SnSO4Usage ratio obtain different copper and tin phosphorus
The copper and tin phosphorous alloy layer of ratio, CuSO4And SnSO4Usage ratio be 1:2~2:1, the weight gain of the copper and tin phosphorous alloy layer is institute
State 5~15wt% of diamond weight.
8. a kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in step 3, institute
Stating nonoxidizing atmosphere is vacuum atmosphere, inert atmosphere or hydrogen reducing atmosphere.
9. a kind of pre-brazed Ways of Metallizing Cladding onto Diamond Surface according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: in step 3, institute
The temperature for stating heat treatment is 600 DEG C~850 DEG C, and the time of the heat treatment is 20~60min.
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