CN109280734A - A kind of smelting process of middle high alloy ultra-low phosphoretic steel - Google Patents
A kind of smelting process of middle high alloy ultra-low phosphoretic steel Download PDFInfo
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- CN109280734A CN109280734A CN201811450857.8A CN201811450857A CN109280734A CN 109280734 A CN109280734 A CN 109280734A CN 201811450857 A CN201811450857 A CN 201811450857A CN 109280734 A CN109280734 A CN 109280734A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
- C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
- C21C5/30—Regulating or controlling the blowing
- C21C5/35—Blowing from above and through the bath
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
- C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
- C21C5/36—Processes yielding slags of special composition
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
- C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
- C21C7/064—Dephosphorising; Desulfurising
- C21C7/0645—Agents used for dephosphorising or desulfurising
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of smelting processes of middle high alloy ultra-low phosphoretic steel, the present invention is using the double slag deep dephosphorization techniques of converter, in the first slag melting of converter, by oxygen pressure drop to 0.75~0.80MPa, the first slag melting dephosphorization efficiency is improved using the method for molten iron low temperature decline low oxygen pressure, and pours out 55~70% dephosphorized slag at the end of the first slag melting；When the second slag melting, using special barium base Dephosphorising agent, the dephosphorization efficiency of the second slag melting is further increased using the high characteristic of its phosphate capacity, its barium base dephosphorized slag stability height formed simultaneously, phosphorus slag rephosphorization after capable of effectivelying prevent tapping process and tapping, and then guarantee that the phosphorus content in finished product steel grade reaches the requirement of ultra-low phosphoretic steel；The lower cost that the method for the present invention realizes high-alloy steel in ultralow phosphorus, which is stablized, smelts production, and the development & production for related kind provides reliable metallurgical process and effect guarantee, and also the research and development for other ultra-low phosphoretic steel kinds provide solid foundation.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to steel material technical field, especially a kind of smelting process of middle high alloy ultra-low phosphoretic steel.
Background technique
The steel grade of finished product phosphorus content≤0.005% is usually known as ultra-low phosphoretic steel at present.
Generally, phosphorus is harmful element in steel, and phosphorus can improve the mobility of molten steel, and obviously increase solid, liquid two-phase
Area makes molten steel generate serious primary segregation in process of setting, and the γ solid solution area being easily segregated under solid-state is made to narrow.Phosphorus is in steel
Process of setting in be segregated between crystal grain, formed high phosphorus brittle layer, reduce the plasticity and toughness of steel, steel made to be easy to generate brittleness
Crackle is especially apparent under low temperature.And specific in comprehensive performance, phosphorus also reduces the welding performance of steel, while easily causing hydrogen fracturing
Line and stress corrosion cracking (SCC).During heat treatment, phosphorus increases steel belt roof bolt brittleness sensibility, causes cold short phenomenon.It is producing
In the surface quality of steel is also adversely affected.
The conditions such as strong oxidizing property environment, the big quantity of slag, high alkalinity slag system in converter steelmaking process and top and bottom complex blowing stirring are
The favorable factor of molten steel dephosphorization, therefore, dephosphorization are one of main tasks of converter smelting, are also current by converter smelting dephosphorization
Effect is best, cost is minimum, most widely used approach, and dephosphorization under oxidizing atmosphere belongs to exothermic reaction, and converter smelting molten steel early period temperature
Spend relatively low, more conducively high efficiency dephosphorating.
Since the reaction of converter dephosphorization under oxidizing atmosphere is endothermic process, and enter furnace molten iron temperature generally at 1400 DEG C hereinafter, therefore,
Converter dephosphorization early period has relatively better thermodynamic condition.In actual production practices, have largely based on the double slags of converter
Method and duplex practice carry out the successful case of molten steel deep dephosphorization, although duplex process for steel making can be by smelting molten steel to 0.003% below super
Reduced phosphorus levels, but equipment requirement is high, smelting process is complicated, and the production cycle is long, and overall cost is higher, is not still in industry at present
The mainstream of STEELMAKING PRODUCTION, by China and foreign countries' patent database platform query result, in conjunction with correlative theses in Chinese periodical grid database
Content, at present single-turn furnace deep dephosphorization production ultra-low phosphoretic steel smelting process may be summarized as follows:
1) it is lower than 0.12% low-phosphorous molten iron using phosphorus content, provides preferable material condition for the production of ultralow phosphorus.
2) using slag making smelting process twice or thrice, initial smelting period is controlled by oxygen lance position and oxygen supply intensity, compared with
It makes alkaline high oxidation dephosphorized slag in temperature range, and pours out richness phosphorus slag early period by falling furnace, it is (real to carry out decarburization smelting again later
Border is due to temperature controls, and slag making can not stablize in the production of current converter smelting substantially and realize three times).
3) converter smelting endpoint suitably reduces tapping temperature, guarantees preferable dephosphorization thermodynamic condition, and carries out tapping gear
Slag reduces the rephosphorization during subsequent refining.
For the smelting of the middle high-alloy steel containing Ni, Cr, Mn total amount 5~10%, since alloy total amount is larger, nickel plate can
Enter furnace with steel scrap, but addition chromium, manganese alloy are then easy to appear apparent phosphorization phenomenon, the control of finished product phosphorus content in tapping process
There is the middle high alloy steel grade of bigger difficulty, especially finished product target phosphorus≤0.005% to smelt very difficult, using current pair
Slag melting method is extremely difficult to ultra-low phosphorus target.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is in the smelting process of current middle high alloy (5%≤Ni+Cr+Mn≤10%) steel, adopt
It is super to provide a kind of middle high alloy for the problem of not being able to satisfy particular steel kind finished product ultra-low phosphorus target call with conventional smelting process
The smelting process of Low-phosphorus Steel.The present invention is to pass through molten iron material composition and temperature control, oxygen under the conditions of single-turn furnace double slag meltings
Control, tapping process control etc. is added in rifle optimization design and rifle position and oxygen supply intensity control, slag adjusting agent and Dephosphorising agent, is entering furnace
Under conditions of molten iron phosphorus content 0.08~0.12%, tapping phosphorus content reaches 0.0030~0.0035% range, finished product phosphorus content
Reach 0.0035~0.0040% range.
A kind of smelting process of middle high alloy ultra-low phosphoretic steel of the invention, includes the following steps:
(1) appropriate steel scrap is added according to a conventional method in converter, and enters furnace with sufficient dilval in proportion, is blended into molten iron later,
Molten iron is blended into temperature >=1250 DEG C before converter, and the mass percentage content of silicon is 0.3%~0.6% in molten iron, the quality of molten iron phosphorus
Degree is 0.08%~0.12%；
(2) when first time blowing slag-making starts, active lime first is added according to 15~18kg/t steel, blowing starts to be added in 180s
The lime stone of 4~6kg/t steel, controlling rifle position later is that 1.65m carries out low-intensity blowing, and control oxygen pressure is 0.75~0.8MPa,
Oxygen supply intensity is 2.5~2.8Nm3/ tmin, bottom blowing are superpower bottom blowing mode, and bottom blowing intensity is 0.06~0.08 Nm3/t·
min；Within blowing 180s~300s time, unprocessed dolomite and iron scale cooling is added, the two adds up to additional amount to be 5~8kg/
T steel, and need to add within 120s before first time finishing blowing, when blowing is to 420~480s, terminate to blow for the first time, control
Finishing blowing temperature processed is 1340~1380 DEG C, clinker dual alkalinity CaO/SiO2It is 2.0~2.5, TFeO content is 12 in slag
~16%, after mention rifle and fall furnace, pour out and blow the 55~70% of rich phosphorus slag amount for the first time；
(3) shake positive furnace body, carry out second of blowing slag-making, when beginning into converter point 2 crowdes of 12~15kg/t of addition active stones
Ash, rifle position control is in 1.5m, and in 0.95~1.0MPa, oxygen supply intensity is controlled in 3.2~3.5Nm the voltage-controlled system of oxygen3/ tmin, bottom
It blows for strong bottom blowing mode, bottom blowing intensity is 0.04~0.06 Nm3After/tmin, the 180s that blows, point 2~3 batches of additions into furnace
Total additional amount of barium base Dephosphorising agent, barium base Dephosphorising agent is 10~15kg/t steel, while carrying out converter decarburization and subsequent operation, is being blown
Before oxygen terminates in 180s, all slag charges are added, smelting overall process oxygen blast total time is 900 ~ 960s, controls finishing slag dual alkalinity
CaO/SiO2It is 3.2~3.8, endpoint carbon content of converter≤0.05%, outlet temperature is 1600~1620 DEG C, and end phosphorus content is
0.0030~0.0035%；
(4) alloys such as silicomanganese, manganese iron, ferrochrome are sequentially added in tapping process, using slide plate slag-stopping tapping, strict control slag
Amount, slag thickness≤40mm in ladle after tapping, barium base Dephosphorising agent generates barium phosphate stability and is higher than calcium phosphate, in addition the lower quantity of slag
It is small, the generation of rephosphorization situation during subsequent refining can be effectively reduced, the mass percentage of phosphorus is in finished product steel grade
0.0035~0.0040%.
The barium base Dephosphorising agent is by following mass percentages at being grouped as: BaCO3: 60~65%, CaCO3: 15~
20, SiO2: 8~10%, FeO:5~8, barium sulfate: 3~5%, the sum of above-mentioned each raw material is 100%.
The converter is 130t top and bottom combined blown converter.
Technological principle of the invention is: using the double slag melting techniques of converter, low oxygen pressure, hypothermia and hypoxia drop in when the first slag melting
Pressure improves dephosphorization efficiency, and barium base Dephosphorising agent of the invention is added in when the second slag melting, and the phosphate capacity using barium base Dephosphorising agent is high
Feature improves the second slag melting dephosphorization efficiency, while the feature high using barium base dephosphorized slag stability, reduces tapping process and go out
Rephosphorization after steel in refining process realizes converter deep dephosphorization, reaches the target of smelting endpoint phosphorus content≤0.0035%；It ties simultaneously
Slide plate slag-stopping tapping is closed, the lower quantity of slag is reduced, makes the mass percentage 0.0035~0.0040% of phosphorus in finished steel.
For the relatively traditional smelting process of the method for the present invention, have an advantage that
(1) techniques, equipment and the slag such as the double slag deep dephosphorization techniques of converter and the application of barium base dephosphorized slag after tapping slide plate pushing off the slag, tapping
Material combines, and keeps deep dephosphorization technical process controllable, as a result stable；
(2) range of converter smelting endpoint molten steel phosphorus content 0.0030~0.0035%, finished product phosphorus content reaches 0.0035~
0.0040% range, phosphorus content control are better than the similar steel grade existing level of industry.
The method of the present invention can realize that the lower cost of high-alloy steel in ultralow phosphorus (finished product phosphorus 0.004%) stablizes smelting production,
Reliable metallurgical process and effect guarantee are provided for the development & production of related kind；Meanwhile the method for the present invention is improving steel-making ring
While saving technical level, also the research and development for other ultra-low phosphoretic steel kinds provide solid foundation.
Specific embodiment
Technical solution in order to better explain the present invention, combined with specific embodiments below to technical solution of the present invention into
Row further instruction, in order to preferably embody creativeness of the invention, following Examples 1 to 5 are turned in 130t top and bottom complex blowing
The middle concrete condition smelted using the method for the present invention of furnace, comparative example 1~2 are the specific feelings using conventional double slag melting methods
Condition.
The following table 1 is the comparative example of main technologic parameters in various embodiments of the present invention and comparative example smelting process.
The following table 2 is the formula comparative example of barium base Dephosphorising agent in various embodiments of the present invention.
A kind of smelting process of middle high alloy ultra-low phosphoretic steel of the invention, includes the following steps:
(1) appropriate steel scrap is added according to a conventional method in converter, and enters furnace with sufficient dilval in proportion, is blended into molten iron later,
Molten iron is blended into temperature >=1250 DEG C before converter, and the mass percentage content of silicon is 0.3%~0.6% in molten iron, the quality of molten iron phosphorus
Degree is 0.08%~0.12%；Converter used is 130t top and bottom combined blown converter in the present embodiment；
(2) when first time blowing slag-making starts, active lime first is added according to 15~18kg/t steel, blowing starts to add again in 180s
Enter the lime stone of 4~6kg/t steel, controlling rifle position later is that 1.65m carries out low-intensity blowing, control oxygen pressure for 0.75~
0.8MPa, oxygen supply intensity are 2.5~2.8Nm3/ tmin, bottom blowing are superpower bottom blowing mode, and bottom blowing intensity is 0.06~0.08
Nm3/t·min；Within blowing 180s~300s time, unprocessed dolomite and iron scale cooling is added, the total additional amount of the two is
5~8kg/t steel, and need to add within 120s before first time finishing blowing, when blowing is to 420~480s, terminate for the first time
Blowing, control finishing blowing temperature are 1340~1380 DEG C, clinker dual alkalinity CaO/SiO2It is 2.0~2.5, TFeO contains in slag
Amount is 12~16%, after mention rifle and fall furnace, pour out and blow the 55~70% of rich phosphorus slag amount for the first time；
(3) shake positive furnace body, carry out second of blowing slag-making, when beginning into converter point 2 crowdes of 12~15kg/t of addition active stones
Ash, rifle position control is in 1.5m, and in 0.95~1.0MPa, oxygen supply intensity is controlled in 3.2~3.5Nm the voltage-controlled system of oxygen3/ tmin, bottom
It blows for strong bottom blowing mode, bottom blowing intensity is 0.04~0.06 Nm3After/tmin, the 180s that blows, point 2~3 batches of additions into furnace
Total additional amount of barium base Dephosphorising agent, barium base Dephosphorising agent is 10~15kg/t steel, while carrying out converter decarburization and subsequent operation, is being blown
Before oxygen terminates in 180s, all slag charges are added, control finishing slag dual alkalinity CaO/SiO2It is 3.2~3.8, endpoint carbon content of converter
≤ 0.05%, outlet temperature is 1600~1620 DEG C, and end phosphorus content is 0.0030~0.0035%；
(4) alloys such as silicomanganese, manganese iron, ferrochrome are sequentially added in tapping process, using slide plate slag-stopping tapping, strict control slag
Amount, slag thickness≤40mm in ladle after tapping, barium base Dephosphorising agent generates barium phosphate stability and is higher than calcium phosphate, in addition the lower quantity of slag
It is small, the generation of rephosphorization situation during subsequent refining can be effectively reduced, the mass percentage of phosphorus is in finished product steel grade
0.0035~0.0040%.
The barium base Dephosphorising agent is by following mass percentages at being grouped as: BaCO3: 60~65%, CaCO3: 15~
20, SiO2: 8~10%, FeO:5~8, barium sulfate: 3~5%, the sum of above-mentioned each raw material is 100%.
The main technologic parameters comparative example of 1 various embodiments of the present invention of table and comparative example
The formula components list of barium base Dephosphorising agent in 2 various embodiments of the present invention of table
Interpretation of result: through the embodiment of the present invention 1~5 with comparative example 1, comparative example 2 technological parameter in when finished steel kind
The comparison of phosphorus content, it can be seen that use smelting process of the present invention, in finished product steel grade phosphorus content stabilization 0.0035~
0.0040%, reach the phosphorus content requirement of ultra-low phosphoretic steel, and phosphorus content is much higher than 0.0040% in comparative example 1,2, cannot reach
The requirement of ultra-low phosphoretic steel.The above results are also the smelting of the smelting process and comparative example 1, comparative example 2 by the embodiment of the present invention 1~5
Brought by sweetening process difference, make a concrete analysis of as follows: the embodiment of the present invention 1~5 is in the first slag melting of converter, extremely by oxygen pressure drop
0.75~0.80MPa, and comparative example 1~2 is that 0.95~1.0MPa is pressed using conventional oxygen, drops low oxygen pressure, molten iron temperature compared with
Dephosphorization is more advantageous to when low, thus dephosphorization efficiency when improving the first slag melting, and pour out at the end of the first slag melting 55~
70% dephosphorized slag；When the second slag melting, using special barium base Dephosphorising agent, further increased using the high characteristic of its phosphate capacity
The dephosphorization efficiency of second slag melting, while its barium base dephosphorized slag formed can effectively prevent rephosphorization, and then guarantee finished product steel grade
In phosphorus content reach the requirement of ultra-low phosphoretic steel.
Above-described embodiment, which is only exemplary, illustrates technical solution of the present invention, does not limit this hair in any form
It is bright, anyone the method for the present invention is carried out under the principle of claim according to the present invention same replacement, similar improvement, amplification
Or reduce, it is regarded as falling into the protection scope of the claims in the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. a kind of smelting process of middle high alloy ultra-low phosphoretic steel, it is characterised in that include the following steps:
(1) appropriate steel scrap is added according to a conventional method in converter, and enters furnace with sufficient dilval in proportion, is blended into molten iron later,
Molten iron is blended into temperature >=1250 DEG C before converter, and the mass percentage content of silicon is 0.3%~0.6% in molten iron, the quality of molten iron phosphorus
Degree is 0.08%~0.12%；
(2) when first time blowing slag-making starts, active lime first is added according to 15~18kg/t steel, blowing starts to be added in 180s
The lime stone of 4~6kg/t steel, controlling rifle position later is that 1.65m carries out low-intensity blowing, and control oxygen pressure is 0.75~0.8MPa,
Oxygen supply intensity is 2.5~2.8Nm3/ tmin, bottom blowing are superpower bottom blowing mode, and bottom blowing intensity is 0.06~0.08 Nm3/t·
min；Within blowing 180s~300s time, unprocessed dolomite and iron scale cooling is added, the two adds up to additional amount to be 5~8kg/
T steel, and need to add within 120s before first time finishing blowing, when blowing is to 420~480s, terminate to blow for the first time, control
Finishing blowing temperature processed is 1340~1380 DEG C, clinker dual alkalinity CaO/SiO2It is 2.0~2.5, TFeO content is 12 in slag
~16%, after mention rifle and fall furnace, pour out and blow the 55~70% of rich phosphorus slag amount for the first time；
(3) shake positive furnace body, carry out second of blowing slag-making, when beginning into converter point 2 crowdes of 12~15kg/t of addition active stones
Ash, rifle position control is in 1.5m, and in 0.95~1.0MPa, oxygen supply intensity is controlled in 3.2~3.5Nm the voltage-controlled system of oxygen3/ tmin, bottom
It blows for strong bottom blowing mode, bottom blowing intensity is 0.04~0.06 Nm3After/tmin, the 180s that blows, point 2~3 batches of additions into furnace
Total additional amount of barium base Dephosphorising agent, barium base Dephosphorising agent is 10~15kg/t steel, while carrying out converter decarburization and subsequent operation, is being blown
Before oxygen terminates in 180s, all slag charges are added, control finishing slag dual alkalinity CaO/SiO2It is 3.2~3.8, endpoint carbon content of converter
≤ 0.05%, outlet temperature is 1600~1620 DEG C, and end phosphorus content is 0.0030~0.0035%；
(4) alloys such as silicomanganese, manganese iron, ferrochrome are sequentially added in tapping process, using slide plate slag-stopping tapping, strict control slag
Amount, slag thickness≤40mm in ladle after tapping, barium base Dephosphorising agent generates barium phosphate stability and is higher than calcium phosphate, in addition the lower quantity of slag
It is small, the generation of rephosphorization situation during subsequent refining can be effectively reduced, the mass percentage of phosphorus is in finished product steel grade
0.0035~0.0040%.
2. a kind of smelting process of middle high alloy ultra-low phosphoretic steel according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the barium base is de-
Phosphorus agent is by following mass percentages at being grouped as: BaCO3: 60~65%, CaCO3: 15~20, SiO2: 8~10%, FeO:
5~8, barium sulfate: 3~5%, the sum of above-mentioned each raw material is 100%.
Priority Applications (1)
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811450857.8A CN109280734B (en) | 2018-11-30 | 2018-11-30 | Smelting method of medium and high alloy ultra-low phosphorus steel |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811450857.8A CN109280734B (en) | 2018-11-30 | 2018-11-30 | Smelting method of medium and high alloy ultra-low phosphorus steel |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110699510A (en) * | 2019-09-17 | 2020-01-17 | 柳州钢铁股份有限公司 | Converter efficient dephosphorization method controlled in stages according to molten pool temperature |
| CN115505678A (en) * | 2022-09-26 | 2022-12-23 | 首钢集团有限公司 | Smelting method of high alloy steel |
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| CN85105347A (en) * | 1985-07-05 | 1986-12-31 | 李观素 | The dephosphorization novel process of high mangaenese steel and high quality steel |
| KR100834085B1 (en) * | 2006-12-13 | 2008-06-02 | 주식회사 포스코 | Method for manufacturing ultra low phosphorus steel using steel making slag |
| CN103194564A (en) * | 2013-03-25 | 2013-07-10 | 济钢集团有限公司 | Process for producing ultra-low phosphorus steel |
| JP5671801B2 (en) * | 2010-01-13 | 2015-02-18 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | Converter refining method |
| CN105112599A (en) * | 2015-08-31 | 2015-12-02 | 桂林昌鑫机械制造有限公司 | Method for smelting ultra-low phosphorus steel |
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| CN85105347A (en) * | 1985-07-05 | 1986-12-31 | 李观素 | The dephosphorization novel process of high mangaenese steel and high quality steel |
| KR100834085B1 (en) * | 2006-12-13 | 2008-06-02 | 주식회사 포스코 | Method for manufacturing ultra low phosphorus steel using steel making slag |
| JP5671801B2 (en) * | 2010-01-13 | 2015-02-18 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | Converter refining method |
| CN103194564A (en) * | 2013-03-25 | 2013-07-10 | 济钢集团有限公司 | Process for producing ultra-low phosphorus steel |
| CN105112599A (en) * | 2015-08-31 | 2015-12-02 | 桂林昌鑫机械制造有限公司 | Method for smelting ultra-low phosphorus steel |
| CN107699656A (en) * | 2015-08-31 | 2018-02-16 | 合肥智慧龙图腾知识产权股份有限公司 | A kind of ultra-low phosphoretic steel smelting process |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110699510A (en) * | 2019-09-17 | 2020-01-17 | 柳州钢铁股份有限公司 | Converter efficient dephosphorization method controlled in stages according to molten pool temperature |
| CN115505678A (en) * | 2022-09-26 | 2022-12-23 | 首钢集团有限公司 | Smelting method of high alloy steel |
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| CN109280734B (en) | 2020-09-29 |
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