CN108740384A - 一种肉牛饲料的制备方法及其应用 - Google Patents
一种肉牛饲料的制备方法及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108740384A CN108740384A CN201810614639.7A CN201810614639A CN108740384A CN 108740384 A CN108740384 A CN 108740384A CN 201810614639 A CN201810614639 A CN 201810614639A CN 108740384 A CN108740384 A CN 108740384A
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- feed
- cattle
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
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- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明提供肉牛饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:(1)制备A料:(1.1)将玉米、大豆豆粕分别用浸泡液浸泡,过滤,得到预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕,滤液即为液体饲料;(1.2)将预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕混合,粉碎,和麸皮混合,得到A料原料混合物;(1.3)将活性干酵母、糖化酶、酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、水混合,保温复活;(1.4)发酵;(1.5)向发酵混合物物中加入食盐、小苏打混合,得到A料;(2)将黑麦草、玉米秸秆、白酒酒糟混合,得到B料;(3)将A料、B料、植物油、添加剂混合,即得到固体饲料。同时,本发明还提供该肉牛饲料的应用。本发明提供的肉牛饲料,饲喂肉牛后,肉牛的日增量高,牛肉品质好。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于动物饲料技术领域,具体涉及一种肉牛饲料的制备方法及其应用。
背景技术
肉牛,是一类以生产牛肉为主的牛,体躯丰满、增重快、饲料利用率高、产肉性能好。牛肉营养价值高,市场价格相对较好。
但是,牛肉的饲养成本高,肉牛繁殖周期长,养殖仍然存在一定的风险,目前对肉牛的饲养还处于较为粗放的状态,饲料搭配混乱,成本较高,造成肉牛进食量偏低、患有细菌性疫病,导致肉牛生长缓慢,牛肉品质不高。人们为了提高肉牛的生产性能和预防细菌性疫病,早期所采取的方法是在肉牛饲料中添加一些抗生素,例如金霉素、土霉素、杆菌肽锌等。这种方法简单虽然能达到预期效果,但是其存在负面影响:一是未被代谢掉的抗生素蓄积于牛肉中,造成牛肉中抗生素超标,危害消费者的健康;二是长期使用抗生素饲料添加剂,牛免疫机能下降,导致病菌产生耐药性,增加了疫病暴发风险和疫病控制难度。
发明内容
针对现有技术的缺陷,本发明提供一种肉牛饲料的制备方法及其应用,制备得到的肉牛饲料不含有激素和抗生素,而且肉牛的日增长量高。
一种肉牛饲料的制备方法,包括液体饲料和固体饲料,包括以下步骤:
(1)制备A料:
(1.1)物料预处理:将玉米、大豆豆粕分别用3倍质量的浸泡液浸泡45-60min,过滤,得到预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕,过滤得到的滤液即为液体饲料,备用;其中,所述浸泡液是将质量比为1:6的香蕉皮和黑米米浆水混合打浆所得到的;
(1.2)物料混合:将预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕混合,粉碎后过60目筛,然后和麸皮混合,得到A料原料混合物;其中,玉米、大豆豆粕、麸皮的质量比为7:1.5:1.5;
(1.3)发酵剂复活:将活性干酵母、糖化酶、酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、水按照比例为0.002g:30U:40U:40U:0.2g混合,在30-35℃下保温复活30min,得到发酵剂菌种;
(1.4)发酵:按照A料原料混合物和步骤(1.3)中活性干酵母的质量比为1:0.002,将A料原料混合物和发酵剂菌种混合,在40-45℃下发酵36h,得到发酵混合物;
(1.5)添加辅料:按照发酵物、食盐、小苏打的质量比为100:1.4:1.2,向发酵混合物物中加入食盐、小苏打混合,得到A料;
(2)制备B料:将新鲜黑麦草切段、玉米秸秆揉丝后切段,然后和白酒酒糟等质量混合,得到B料;
(3)配料:按照质量比(50-60):(35-45):(0.3-0.8):(2-4)将A料、B料、植物油、添加剂混合,即得到固体饲料。
优选地,步骤(1.1)中所述黑米米浆水是黑米食品加工过程中的副产物,将黑米与水按照质量比1:2混合,浸泡30min后过滤得到的液体。
优选地,所述添加剂,以每1kg计,含有维生素A 30万IU、维生素D3 10万IU、维生素E 800 IU、维生素K3 80mg、维生素B1 60mg、维生素B2 200mg、维生素B6 100mg、维生素B120.9mg、D-生物素7mg、D-泛酸300mg、烟酰胺1200mg、氯化胆碱11000mg、铁3000mg、铜300mg、锰3000mg、锌3000mg、肉氨酸50000mg、钠3000mg、钾500mg、钙3000mg,其余为载体麦芽糊精;所用添加剂为兽用标准品,其中铁使用硫酸亚铁、铜使用碱式氯化铜、锰使用硫酸锰、锌使用硫酸锌、钾使用碘酸钾,钙使用等比例的氯化钙与磷酸氢钙,钠使用碳酸氢钠、氯化钠、***钠为100000:1400:4的预混剂。
优选地,步骤(3)中所述植物油为菜籽油、或者大豆油、或者等质量的菜籽油和大豆油的混合物。
优选地,步骤(2)中所述大豆豆粕的粗蛋白含量大于43%。
优选地,步骤(2)中所述将新鲜黑麦草切段、玉米秸秆揉丝后切段中,切段至长度均为2-3cm。
一种肉牛饲料的应用,所述应用为:所述肉牛饲料为通过权利要求1-6任一项所述制备方法制备得到的;所述应用为:采用所述肉牛饲料,将固体饲料和液体饲料按照质量比5:1的比例混合,喂养4个月月龄的肉牛,每头肉牛每天30kg固体饲料,每天2次。
本发明的优点:
通过本发明提供的制备方法得到的肉牛饲料,不含抗生素和激素,绿色安全,营养均衡;黑米米浆水中含有花青素,和香蕉皮打浆后对玉米经过预处理,在发酵时添加尿素,为微生物提供了氮源,经过发酵,饲料营养物质能充分释放,同时尿素参与发酵,降低了尿素的生物毒性;饲喂肉牛后,肉牛更好吸收,促进增肥效果,肉牛的日增量能达到1.0-1.5kg/头,且能提高肉牛的免疫力,降低疾病的发生;牛肉中粗蛋白、总碳水化合物含量高,脂肪和胆固醇含量低,牛肉品质好;加之牛肉中肌红蛋白和氧合肌红蛋白含量高,牛肉肉色和稳定性好,颜色评价高。
具体实施方式
实施例1
一种肉牛饲料的制备方法,包括液体饲料和固体饲料,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)制备A料:
(1.1)物料预处理:将玉米、大豆豆粕分别用质量3倍的浸泡液浸泡45min,过滤,得到预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕,过滤得到的滤液即为液体饲料,备用;其中,所述浸泡液是将质量比为1:6的香蕉皮和黑米米浆水混合打浆所得到的;
所述黑米米浆水是黑米食品加工过程中的副产物,将黑米与水按照质量比1:2混合,浸泡30min后过滤得到的液体;
(1.2)物料混合:将预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕混合,粉碎后过60目筛,然后和麸皮混合,得到A料原料混合物;其中,玉米、大豆豆粕、麸皮的质量比为7:1.5:1.5;其中,所述大豆豆粕的粗蛋白含量大于43%,为益海嘉里(兴平)食品工业有限公司按Q/XPG0004标准生产的产品;
(1.3)发酵剂复活:将活性干酵母、糖化酶、酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、水按照比例为0.002g:30U:40U:40U:0.2g混合,在30℃下保温复活30min,得到发酵剂菌种;
(1.4)发酵:按照A料原料混合物和步骤(1.3)中活性干酵母的质量比为1:0.002,将A料原料混合物和发酵剂菌种混合,在40℃下发酵36h,得到发酵混合物;
(1.5)添加辅料:按照发酵物、食盐、小苏打的质量比为100:1.4:1.2,向发酵物中加入食盐、小苏打混合,得到A料;
(2)制备B料:将新鲜黑麦草切段至长度2-3cm、玉米秸秆揉丝后切段至长度2-3cm,然后和白酒酒糟等质量混合,得到B料;
(3)配料:按照质量比50.5:45:0.5:4将A料、B料、菜籽油、添加剂混合,即得到固体饲料;
其中,所述添加剂,以每1kg计,含有维生素A 30万IU、维生素D3 10万IU、维生素E 800IU、维生素K3 80mg、维生素B1 60mg、维生素B2 200mg、维生素B6 100mg、维生素B12 0.9mg、D-生物素7mg、D-泛酸300mg、烟酰胺1200mg、氯化胆碱11000mg、铁3000mg、铜300mg、锰3000mg、锌3000mg、肉氨酸50000mg、钠3000mg,其余为载体麦芽糊精;所用添加剂为兽用标准品,其中铁使用硫酸亚铁、铜使用碱式氯化铜、锰使用硫酸锰、锌使用硫酸锌、钾使用碘酸钾,钙使用等比例的氯化钙与磷酸氢钙,钠使用碳酸氢钠、氯化钠、***钠为100000:1400:4预混剂。
实施例2
一种肉牛饲料的制备方法,包括液体饲料和固体饲料,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)制备A料:
(1.1)物料预处理:将玉米、大豆豆粕分别用质量3倍的浸泡液浸泡60min,过滤,得到预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕,过滤得到的滤液即为液体饲料,备用;其中,所述浸泡液是将质量比为1:6的香蕉皮和黑米米浆水混合打浆所得到的;
所述黑米米浆水同实施例1;
(1.2)物料混合:将预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕混合,粉碎后过60目筛,然后和麸皮混合,得到A料原料混合物;其中,玉米、大豆豆粕、麸皮的质量比为7:1.5:1.5;其中,所述大豆豆粕的粗蛋白含量大于43%,为益海嘉里(兴平)食品工业有限公司按Q/XPG0004标准生产的产品;
(1.3)发酵剂复活:将活性干酵母、糖化酶、酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、水按照比例为0.002g:30U:40U:40U:0.2g混合,在35℃下保温复活30min,得到发酵剂菌种;
(1.4)发酵:按照A料原料混合物和步骤(1.3)中活性干酵母的质量比为1:0.002,将A料原料混合物和发酵剂菌种混合,在45℃下发酵36h,得到发酵混合物;
(1.5)添加辅料:按照发酵物、食盐、小苏打的质量比为100:1.4:1.2,向发酵物中加入食盐、小苏打混合,得到A料;
(2)制备B料:将新鲜黑麦草切段至长度2-3cm、玉米秸秆揉丝后切段至长度2-3cm,然后和白酒酒糟等质量混合,得到B料;
(3)配料:按照质量比60:35:0.8:2将A料、B料、大豆油、添加剂混合,即得到固体饲料;
其中,所述添加剂,同实施例1。
实施例3
一种肉牛饲料的制备方法,包括液体饲料和固体饲料,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)制备A料:
(1.1)物料预处理:将玉米、大豆豆粕分别用质量3倍的浸泡液浸泡50min,过滤,得到预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕,过滤得到的滤液即为液体饲料,备用;其中,所述浸泡液是将质量比为1:6的香蕉皮和黑米米浆水混合打浆所得到的;
所述黑米米浆水同实施例1;
(1.2)物料混合:将预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕混合,粉碎后过60目筛,然后和麸皮混合,得到A料原料混合物;其中,玉米、大豆豆粕、麸皮的质量比为7:1.5:1.5;其中,所述大豆豆粕的粗蛋白含量大于43%,为益海嘉里(兴平)食品工业有限公司按Q/XPG0004标准生产的产品;
(1.3)发酵剂复活:将活性干酵母、糖化酶、酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、水按照比例为0.002g:30U:40U:40U:0.2g混合,在32℃下保温复活30min,得到发酵剂菌种;
(1.4)发酵:按照A料原料混合物和步骤(1.3)中活性干酵母的质量比为1:0.002,将A料原料混合物和发酵剂菌种混合,在42℃下发酵36h,得到发酵混合物;
(1.5)添加辅料:按照发酵物、食盐、小苏打的质量比为100:1.4:1.2,向发酵物中加入食盐、小苏打混合,得到A料;
(2)制备B料:将新鲜黑麦草切段至长度2-3cm、玉米秸秆揉丝后切段至长度2-3cm,然后和白酒酒糟等质量混合,得到B料;
(3)配料:按照质量比58:38:0.3:3将A料、B料、植物油、添加剂混合,即得到固体饲料;
其中,所述添加剂同实施例1;所述植物油为等质量的菜籽油和大豆油的混合物。
实施例4
一种肉牛饲料的制备方法,包括液体饲料和固体饲料,所述制备方法包括以下步骤:
(1)制备A料:
(1.1)物料预处理:将玉米、大豆豆粕分别用质量3倍的浸泡液浸泡50min,过滤,得到预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕,过滤得到的滤液即为液体饲料,备用;其中,所述浸泡液是将质量比为1:6的香蕉皮和黑米米浆水混合打浆所得到的;
所述黑米米浆水同实施例1;
(1.2)物料混合:将预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕混合,粉碎后过60目筛,然后和麸皮混合,得到A料原料混合物;其中,玉米、大豆豆粕、麸皮的质量比为7:1.5:1.5;其中,所述大豆豆粕的粗蛋白含量大于43%,为益海嘉里(兴平)食品工业有限公司按Q/XPG0004标准生产的产品;
(1.3)发酵剂复活:将活性干酵母、糖化酶、酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、水按照比例为0.002g:30U:40U:40U:0.2g混合,在32℃下保温复活30min,得到发酵剂菌种;
(1.4)发酵:按照A料原料混合物和步骤(1.3)中活性干酵母的质量比为1:0.002,将A料原料混合物和发酵剂菌种混合,在42℃下发酵30h,得到发酵混合物;
(1.5)添加辅料:按照发酵物、食盐、小苏打的质量比为100:1.4:1.2,向发酵物中加入食盐、小苏打混合,得到A料;
(2)制备B料:将新鲜黑麦草切段至长度2-3cm、玉米秸秆揉丝后切段至长度2-3cm,然后和白酒酒糟等质量混合,得到B料;
(3)配料:按照质量比56:41:0.5:2.5将A料、B料、植物油、添加剂混合,即得到固体饲料;
其中,所述添加剂同实施例1;所述植物油为等质量的菜籽油和大豆油的混合物。
对照例1(玉米、大豆豆粕不经过预处理,其他同实施例4)
步骤(1)中的玉米、大豆豆粕不经过预处理,直接从步骤(1.2)开始实施,其他同实施例4,只得到固体饲料,无液体饲料。
对照例2(玉米、大豆豆粕不经过预处理,且玉米、大豆豆粕、麸皮不经过发酵,其他同实施例4)
一种肉牛饲料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)制备A料:
将玉米和大豆豆粕混合,粉碎后过60目筛,然后和麸皮混合,得到A料原料混合物;按照A料原料混合物、食盐、小苏打、尿素的质量比为100:1.4:1.2:1.3,向A料原料混合物中加入食盐、小苏打、尿素,混合,得到A料;
(2)制备B料:将新鲜黑麦草切段至长度2-3cm、玉米秸秆揉丝后切段至长度2-3cm,然后和白酒酒糟等质量混合,得到B料;
(3)配料:按照质量比56:41:0.5:2.5将A料、B料、植物油、添加剂混合,即可;
其中,所述添加剂、植物油同实施例4。
饲养试验
试验对象:4个月月龄的肉牛,品种为西门塔尔肉牛,共180头,平均重量100 kg,平均分为6组,组间差异不显著;
试验方法:将固体饲料和液体饲料按照质量比5:1的比例混合,喂养4个月月龄的肉牛,每头肉牛每天30kg固体饲料,每天2次;其他饲喂条件同肉牛的常规饲喂条件;采用的饲料分别为实施例1-4以及对比例1-2制备的饲料,饲养6个月,然后在充分放血情况下进行牛肉检测;
计算肉牛的日增长量,以及牛肉后腿肉中营养成分的含量,结果见表1。
表1 饲养结果
由表1可知,本发明提供的饲料,饲喂的肉牛日增量大,后腿牛肉中粗蛋白、总碳水化合物含量高,脂肪和胆固醇含量低,牛肉品质好。
采用Krzywicke法测定牛肉后腿肉样中的肌红蛋白总量及相应色素的含量,结果见表2。
表2 牛肉肉样中的肌红蛋白总量及相应色素的含量
肉的颜色是消费者衡量和判断肉品新鲜程度和品质特性的重要指标,动物肌肉的呈色是通过肌红蛋白的3种色素形式即脱氧肌红蛋白(鲜红色)、氧合肌红蛋白(***)及高铁肌红蛋白(褐红色)的相对含量来表现的,表2数据表明,本发明与对照例相比,实施例牛肉后腿肉中肌红蛋白含量高,肉色强,氧合肌红蛋白含量高,肉色稳定性保持程度高,颜色评价高,牛肉肉色和稳定性好。
Claims (7)
1.一种肉牛饲料的制备方法,包括固体饲料和液体饲料,所述制备方法具体包括以下步骤:
(1)制备A料:
(1.1)物料预处理:将玉米、大豆豆粕分别用3倍质量的浸泡液浸泡45-60min,过滤,得到预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕,过滤得到的滤液即为液体饲料,备用;其中,所述浸泡液是将质量比为1:6的香蕉皮和黑米米浆水混合打浆所得到的;
(1.2)物料混合:将预处理后的玉米和大豆豆粕混合,粉碎后过60目筛,然后和麸皮混合,得到A料原料混合物;其中,玉米、大豆豆粕、麸皮的质量比为7:1.5:1.5;
(1.3)发酵剂复活:将活性干酵母、糖化酶、酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶、水按照比例为0.002g:30U:40U:40U:0.2g混合,在30-35℃下保温复活30min,得到发酵剂菌种;
(1.4)发酵:按照A料原料混合物和步骤(1.3)中活性干酵母的质量比为1:0.002,将A料原料混合物和发酵剂菌种混合,在40-45℃下发酵36h,得到发酵混合物;
(1.5)添加辅料:按照发酵物、食盐、小苏打的质量比为100:1.4:1.2,向发酵混合物物中加入食盐、小苏打混合,得到A料;
(2)制备B料:将新鲜黑麦草切段、玉米秸秆揉丝后切段,然后和白酒酒糟等质量混合,得到B料;
(3)配料:按照质量比(50-60):(35-45):(0.3-0.8):(2-4)将A料、B料、植物油、添加剂混合,即得到固体饲料。
2.根据权利要求1所述肉牛饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1.1)中所述黑米米浆水为将黑米与水按照质量比1:2混合,浸泡30min后过滤得到的液体。
3. 根据权利要求1所述肉牛饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述添加剂,以每1kg计,含有维生素A 30万IU、维生素D3 10万IU、维生素E 800 IU、维生素K3 80mg、维生素B1 60mg、维生素B2 200mg、维生素B6 100mg、维生素B12 0.9mg、D-生物素7mg、D-泛酸300mg、烟酰胺1200mg、氯化胆碱11000mg、铁3000mg、铜300mg、锰3000mg、锌3000mg、肉氨酸50000mg、钠3000mg、钾500mg、钙3000mg,其余为载体麦芽糊精;所用添加剂为兽用标准品,其中铁使用硫酸亚铁、铜使用碱式氯化铜、锰使用硫酸锰、锌使用硫酸锌、钾使用碘酸钾,钙使用等比例的氯化钙与磷酸氢钙,钠使用碳酸氢钠、氯化钠、***钠为100000:1400:4的预混剂。
4.根据权利要求1所述肉牛饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中所述植物油为菜籽油、或者大豆油、或者等质量的菜籽油和大豆油的混合物。
5.根据权利要求1所述肉牛饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中所述大豆豆粕的粗蛋白含量大于43%。
6.根据权利要求1所述肉牛饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中所述将新鲜黑麦草切段、玉米秸秆揉丝后切段中,切段至长度均为2-3cm。
7.一种肉牛饲料的应用,其特征在于:所述肉牛饲料为通过权利要求1-6任一项所述制备方法制备得到的;所述应用为:采用所述肉牛饲料,将固体饲料和液体饲料按照质量比5:1的比例混合,喂养4个月月龄的肉牛,每头肉牛每天30kg固体饲料,每天2次。
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