CN108706974A - A kind of ramet superhigh temperature ceramics and preparation method thereof of normal pressure solid-phase sintering densification hafnium solid solution - Google Patents

A kind of ramet superhigh temperature ceramics and preparation method thereof of normal pressure solid-phase sintering densification hafnium solid solution Download PDF

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CN108706974A
CN108706974A CN201810570475.2A CN201810570475A CN108706974A CN 108706974 A CN108706974 A CN 108706974A CN 201810570475 A CN201810570475 A CN 201810570475A CN 108706974 A CN108706974 A CN 108706974A
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solid solution
phase
hafnium
preparation
ramet
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黄政仁
张步豪
殷杰
陈忠明
刘学建
姚秀敏
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Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of CAS
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Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of CAS
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Abstract

The present invention relates to a kind of ramet superhigh temperature ceramics and preparation method thereof of normal pressure solid-phase sintering densification hafnium solid solution, the sintered body of the ramet of hafnium solid solution includes solid solution phase and remaining graphite-phase, the solid solution phase is the ramet of hafnium solid solution, and the chemical composition of the solid solution phase is Ta1‑xHfxC, wherein 0<x<0.5, the percent by volume of the remnants graphite-phases is 4.5~12.3vol.%.The phase counterdiffusion of metallic atom can more improve the speed of mass transfer in the multivariate solid solution system, to promote the migration of carbide, accelerate densification process.

Description

A kind of ramet superhigh temperature ceramics of normal pressure solid-phase sintering densification hafnium solid solution and its preparation Method
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of ramet (Ta of hafnium solid solution1-xHfxC) sintered body and preparation method thereof belongs to superhigh temperature pottery Porcelain field.
Background technology
Superhigh temperature ceramics, refer generally to realize 2000 DEG C or more high temperature and ambiance (such as oxygen atom atmosphere) under make With fusing point is higher than 3000 DEG C of a kind of compound, predominantly transition metal tantalum, hafnium, the carbide of zirconium, boride and nitride pottery Ceramic material, including TaC, TaB2、TaN、HfC、HfB2、HfN、ZrC、ZrB2Deng.In general, superhigh temperature ceramics metal and nonmetallic member The combination of element on an atomic scale, makes material while having had both metallicity, show excellent conductance and thermal conductivity.Remarkable Performance enables superhigh temperature ceramics to bear superelevation velocity of sound flying for long time, atmosphere reenters, Trans-atmospheric flight and rocket propulsion The extreme environments such as system can be used for reentering formula aircraft, the nose cone of endoatmosphere hypersonic aircraft, the leading edge of a wing and hair The various crucial hot-end components such as motivation combustion chamber.
In all superhigh temperature ceramics, the Ta formed is dissolved by the TaC and HfC of same crystal form1-xHfxCySuperhigh temperature ceramics fusing point Highest, close to 4000 DEG C.The solid solution phase Ta wherein reported0.8Hf0.2C fusing points are 3990 DEG C, are the highest infusibilities of current fusing point Carbide.According to the formation rule of general solid solution, Ta atomic radiusesWith HfAtomic radius difference is small In 15%, corresponding carbide, which is possible to dissolve each other, generates continuous solid solution.The Ta that success is dissolved1-xHfxCySuperhigh temperature ceramics category In a cube crystal structure for Mi Dui, NaCl type.In addition, in addition in sintering process impurity oxygen can disappear to the carbon in system It consumes, the carbon in solid solution process in former lattice can also change, and finally can also be had an impact to the microstructure and properties of product.
In view of the weaker antioxygenic property of TaC superhigh temperature ceramics, oxidation product is lower melting-point Ta2O5Phase.By HfC It is added to the Ta formed in TaC superhigh temperature ceramics1-xHfxC forms finer and close contain after aoxidizing in material surface Ta2Hf6O19The oxide layer of pyrochlore structure phase, preferably protects basis material, and then it is anti-oxidant to increase substantially its Ability.Since the antioxygenic property of TaC is poor, oxidation product Ta2O5(fusing point is low), and after introducing the solid solution of the original positions HfC, formed solid The oxidation product of molten phase includes Ta2Hf6O19Pyrochlore structure can increase substantially its oxidation resistance.
But and Ta1-xHfxThe solid-phase sintering densification of C solid solution phase superhigh temperature ceramics is difficult, and densification later stage crystal grain is fast Speed, which grows up to be easy to cause in final sample, often wraps up sealed porosity, reduces the mechanical property of material.
Invention content
The present invention is directed to overcome Ta1-xHfxThe solid-phase sintering densification difficulty of C solid solution phase superhigh temperature ceramics, densification later stage Crystal grain fast growth is easy to cause the technical barrier for the mechanical property that sealed porosity, reduction material are often wrapped up in final sample, Prepare the advantage of comprehensive TaC ceramics and HfC ceramics, the Ta of excellent in mechanical performance1-xHfxC solid solution phase superhigh temperature ceramics.
Herein, on the one hand, the present invention provides a kind of sintered body of the ramet of hafnium solid solution (hereinafter, sometimes referred to as " Ta1- xHfxC solid solution phases superhigh temperature ceramics "), the sintered body includes solid solution phase and remaining graphite-phase, and the solid solution phase is hafnium solid solution The chemical composition of ramet, the solid solution phase is Ta1-xHfxC, wherein 0 < x < 0.5, the volume basis of the remnants graphite-phases Than for 4.5~12.3vol.%.
Usually in addition to crystal structure, chemical bond also has much relations, the carbonization of infusibility transition metal with the performance of material The d rail interactions of 2s, 2p track and metallic atom of the combination based on carbon atom between object metallic atom and carbon atom, therefore should Bonding has the characteristic of metallic bond, covalent bond and ionic bond.Therefore, infusibility transition metal carbide Ta0.8Hf0.2C has height Solid-state phase changes do not occur for fusing point, high rigidity, high elastic modulus, excellent conductivity and thermal conductivity, and with relatively good anti- Thermal shock performance, higher elevated temperature strength.The sintered body of the ramet of the hafnium solid solution of the present invention is by including solid solution phase and remaining stone Mo Xiang.The Ta of the present invention1-xHfxC solid solution phase superhigh temperature ceramics have special application value.Such as it is expected to as in superhigh temperature The aircraft key hot-end component being on active service under environment.The Ta1-xHfxC solid solution phases superhigh temperature ceramics can be realized at 2100~2300 DEG C Relative density is more than 96%, and elasticity modulus is in 278~513GPa, and fracture toughness is in 1.4~3.7MPam1/2, hardness is 15.6 ~16.1GPa.
It is preferred that x=0.2.Percent by volume preferably 6~8vol% of the remnants graphite-phases.
The density of sintered body can be 12.6~13.4gcm-3, (room temperature) bending strength can be 187~371MPa.
On the other hand, the present invention also provides a kind of preparation methods of the sintered body of the ramet of above-mentioned hafnium solid solution, including：
Tantalum source, hafnium source (i.e. tantalum source and hafnium source stoichiometrically 4 are weighed according to stoichiometric ratio：1), and with can be cracked to form carbon Binder mixed grinding, be made into slurry；
By the slurry drying and screening and/or mist projection granulating, the powder of acquisition is molded, green compact are obtained；And
It by the green compact unsticking, is sintered under normal pressure inert atmosphere conditions, obtains the sintered body of the ramet of the hafnium solid solution.
By raw material by being made into slurry through drying and screening or mist projection granulating, obtained powder is molded the present invention, will be at After the green compact vacuum unsticking of type, it is sintered under normal pressure inert atmosphere conditions.According to the present invention, the specific sintering behavior of ceramics sample It is as follows：In initial stage of sintering, there is sintering neck in sample, is connected between primary particles, stomata is connected into Mutual function； As sintering temperature is promoted, growing up for initial grain is connected between particle and particle, but there are still more holes of holding one's breath in crystal grain； Hole of holding one's breath in 2100-2300 DEG C of holding stage, crystal grain migrates, from crystal grain in intercrystalline migrate, Ta1-xHfxC is complete At densification.The method of the present invention can normal pressure-sintered realizations solid solution it is integrated with densification, wherein Ta, Hf and the C contained is first Element is evenly distributed (Fig. 1), and consistency is up to 96%~99.9%.Due to Ta1-xHfxTaC and HfC in C sintered bodies can have been realized Full solid solution.The present invention realizes solid solution sintering integratedization compared with the generation of high sintering temperature driving solid solution.Specifically, in TaC and HfC When mixing fission in-situ sintering, metal Ta/Hf mutually diffuses into the intracell of script TaC and HfC, shape under temperature driving At solid solution Ta1-xHfxC.The phase counterdiffusion of metallic atom can more improve the speed of mass transfer in the multivariate solid solution system, from And promote the migration of carbide, accelerate densification process.It can be used for preparing large size, near net-shape, complex-shaped structure member, The subsequent machining cost that material can be reduced is of great significance to meeting its practical application request.
The tantalum source can be TaC powders, and the grain size of TaC powders can be 0.5~1 μm, and the hafnium source can be HfC powder The grain size of body, HfC powder can be 0.5~1 μm.TaC powders can be high-purity TaC powders (oxygen content≤0.59wt%), HfC Powder can be high-purity HfC powder (oxygen content≤1.88wt%).
HfC powder can account for the 19.8wt% of powder gross mass (gross mass in tantalum source and hafnium source).
Binder can be phenolic resin.The mass percent of binder can be total matter in the tantalum source and the hafnium source 2~8wt% of amount.Above-mentioned graphite-phase can for example be obtained by the carbon of phenolic resin thermal cracking, be obtained after high temperature sintering.The present invention Middle phenolic resin can be used as binder simultaneously and form the carbon source of graphite-phase.
The temperature of the unsticking is 550~1150 DEG C, and soaking time is 2~4 hours, and atmosphere used is vacuum.By de- Viscous can before sintering crack binder avoids the organic cracking behavioral implications in sintering process as binder from causing completely Densification process.
The solid content of the slurry can be 65~70wt%.
The molding may include dry-pressing formed and/or isostatic pressing.It can will be by slurry drying and screening or mist projection granulating The powder of acquisition carries out dry-pressing formed and isostatic pressing successively, the powder that can will be also obtained by slurry drying and screening or mist projection granulating The direct isostatic pressing of body.Dry-pressing formed pressure can be 20~60MPa.The pressure of isostatic pressing can be 150~ 220MPa。
The sintering temperature can be 2000~2200 DEG C, preferably 2150~2200 DEG C, soaking time can be 60~ 120min, preferably 100~120min.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the Ta prepared by Examples 1 to 30.8Hf0.2C solid solution phases superhigh temperature ceramics and the green compact of embodiment 3 XRD spectrum；
Fig. 2 is the Ta prepared by embodiment 20.8Hf0.2(the picture left above is C solid solution phase superhigh temperature ceramics EDS elemental maps analysis chart The EDS distribution diagram of element of tri- kinds of element overlaids of Ta, C, Hf；Lower-left figure, top right plot, bottom-right graph are respectively Ta, C, Hf member vegetarian noodles point Cloth analysis chart)；
Fig. 3 is the Ta prepared by Examples 1 to 30.8Hf0.2(the picture left above is embodiment to C solid solution phase superhigh temperature ceramics sections SEM figures 1；Top right plot is embodiment 2；Figure below is embodiment 3).
Specific implementation mode
It is further illustrated the present invention below in conjunction with attached drawing and following embodiments, it should be appreciated that following embodiments are only used for Illustrate the present invention, is not intended to limit the present invention.
The present invention relates to a kind of ramet superhigh temperature ceramics sintered body and preparation method thereof of hafnium solid solution, sintered body includes solid Molten phase (Ta1-xHfxC, 0 < x < 0.5, preferably x=0.2) and remaining graphite-phase (phenolic resin cracking carbon), wherein remaining graphite Phase volume percentage is 4.5~12.3vol.%, preferably 6~8vol%.Preparation method may include：With TaC powders, HfC powder Body and phenolic resin are raw material；Raw material is mixed into (such as passing through ball milling mixing) and is made into the slurry that solid content is 65~70wt%； By mixed slurry drying and screening or mist projection granulating, obtained powder carries out dry-pressing formed and/or extrusion formings is waited to be given birth to Base；It after green compact vacuum unsticking, is sintered under normal pressure inert atmosphere conditions, sintering temperature can be 2000~2200 DEG C, when heat preservation Between can be 60~120 minutes.Prepared ceramic volume density is 12.6~13.4gcm-3, bending strength be 319.7~ 359.0MPa.Realize that solid solution is integrated with densification, and consistency is up to 96% significant feature of the invention is that normal pressure-sintered ~99.9%, it can be used for preparing large size, near net-shape, complex-shaped structure member, the subsequent machining cost of material can be reduced, It is of great significance to meeting its practical application request.
Hereinafter, the method for schematically illustrating the ramet superhigh temperature ceramics sintered body for preparing hafnium solid solution of the present invention.
First, tantalum source (tantalum source is primary raw material), hafnium source are weighed according to stoichiometric ratio.I.e. according to tantalum source and hafnium source by change Learn metering ratio 4：1 weighs raw material.Hafnium source can also be made to account for the 19.8wt% of powder gross mass.Tantalum source can be TaC powders, TaC The grain size of powder can be 0.5~1 μm；Hafnium source can be HfC powder, and the average grain diameter of HfC powder can be 0.5~1 μm.It is former When the average grain diameter of feed powder body is 0.5~1 μm, have the advantages that the uniform sintering activity of pattern is high.TaC powders can be high-purity TaC powders (oxygen content≤0.59wt%), HfC powder can be high-purity HfC powder (oxygen content≤1.88wt%), and use is high-purity Raw material can be to avoid introducing impurity.
Then raw material is mixed with binder, is made into slurry.In this implementation form, binder use can be cracked to form carbon Binder, binder are phenolic resin.When using phenolic resin as binder, first phenolic resin can be made into as needed molten Liquid (ethanol solution) is for use.The mass percent of binder can be 2~8wt% of the gross mass in tantalum source and the hafnium source.It is mixed The mode of conjunction can be ball milling mixing.In one example, WC balls can be used as mill ball, powder can be made：Ball=1 WC:1 ~1:4 (quality) mix 4~24 hours.The solid content of slurry can be 65~70wt%.Slurry liquid ingredient is, for example, ethyl alcohol It is no added in process of lapping with phenolic aldehyde mixed solution.
Then, powder is made in the slurry.Specifically, by drying, excessively 80-120 mesh sieve, powder is obtained.
Then, powder obtained is molded, obtains green compact.Molding may include dry-pressing formed and/or isostatic pressing.It can To dry-pressing formed and isostatic pressing be carried out by the uniformly mixed powder of slurry drying and screening or mist projection granulating acquisition successively, It can be by the uniformly mixed direct isostatic pressing of powder.Dry-pressing formed pressure can be 20~60MPa.The pressure of isostatic pressing Power can be 150~220MPa.
Then, by green compact unsticking.It is 550~1150 DEG C that can make the temperature of unsticking, and soaking time is 2~4 hours, used Atmosphere is vacuum.When unsticking, 550~1150 DEG C can be warming up to 1 DEG C/min~3 DEG C/min of heating rate.By de- The viscous phenolic resin that can be completely removed as binder.
After vacuum unsticking, it is sintered under the conditions of normal pressure inert atmosphere (such as Ar atmosphere).Sintering temperature can be 2000~ 2200 DEG C, preferably 2150~2200 DEG C, soaking time are 60~120min, preferably 100~120min.Inert atmosphere can be Ar Atmosphere.
The sintered body of the ramet of the hafnium solid solution comprising solid solution phase and remaining graphite-phase is obtained as a result,.In the present invention, graphite It can mutually be obtained by the carbon of phenolic resin thermal cracking, be obtained after high temperature sintering.Solid solution phase (Ta1-xHfxC, x=0.2) can by TaC with HfC stoichiometrically 4：1 occurs solid solution at 1600 DEG C obtains, and solid solution is happened in sintering temperature-rise period.Since temperature drives Under atom phase counterdiffusion, Ta1-xHfxTaC and HfC in C sintered bodies realize solid solution completely.The present invention uses above method system Standby Ta1-xHfxC solid solution phases superhigh temperature ceramics can realize that relative density is more than 96% at 2100~2300 DEG C.The room of resulting materials Adiabator bending strength is in 187~371MPa, and elasticity modulus is in 278~513GPa, and fracture toughness is in 1.4~3.7MPam1/2, Hardness is in 15.6~16.1GPa.
Advantages of the present invention：
Ta prepared by the present invention1-xHfxC solid solution phase superhigh temperature ceramics realize that solid solution is integrated with densification, wherein contain Ta, Hf and C element are evenly distributed, such as Fig. 1；
The present invention realizes solid-phase sintering Ta under normal pressure1-xHfxC is densified, and consistency is up to 96%~99.9%；It can be used for making Standby large size, near net-shape, complex-shaped component.
Embodiment is enumerated further below so that the present invention will be described in detail.It will similarly be understood that following embodiment is served only for this Invention is further described, and should not be understood as limiting the scope of the invention, those skilled in the art is according to this hair Some nonessential modifications and adaptations that bright the above is made all belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.Following examples are specific Technological parameter etc. is also only an example in OK range, i.e. those skilled in the art can be done properly by the explanation of this paper In the range of select, and do not really want to be defined in hereafter exemplary concrete numerical value.
Embodiment 1
TaC, HfC (19.8wt%) have 100g, phenolic resin 2g (2wt%) altogether, and powder is made into the slurry that solid content is 65wt% Material mixes 4h using WC balls 200g as ball-milling medium.Then drying and screening, obtained powder on purl machine 20MPa pressure at Type, the then isostatic pressed under 150MPa pressure.1100 DEG C of unstickings 3 hours.It is sintered under normal pressure Ar atmosphere afterwards, sintering temperature is 2200 DEG C, soaking time 2h, obtained Ta0.8Hf0.2C solid solution phase superhigh temperature ceramics consistency is 96.0%, density 13.3g cm-3, bending strength 187MPa, elasticity modulus 278GPa, fracture toughness 1.4MPam1/2, hardness 15.6GPa should Remaining graphite-phase percent by volume is 4.5vol.% in sample.
Embodiment 2
TaC, HfC (19.8wt%) have 100g, phenolic resin 4g (4wt%) altogether, and powder is made into the slurry that solid content is 65wt% Material mixes 4h using WC balls 200g as ball-milling medium.Then mist projection granulating, obtained powder on purl machine 20MPa pressure at Type, the then isostatic pressed under 200MPa pressure are sintered under normal pressure Ar atmosphere after unsticking, and sintering temperature is 2200 DEG C, when heat preservation Between 2h, obtained Ta0.8Hf0.2C solid solution phase superhigh temperature ceramics consistency is 98.8%, density 13.8gcm-3, bending strength For 367MPa, elasticity modulus 513GPa, fracture toughness 3.7MPam1/2, hardness 15.9GPa, remaining stone in the sample Black phase volume percentage is 7.6vol.%.
Embodiment 3
TaC, HfC (19.8wt%) have 100g, phenolic resin 6g (6wt%) altogether, and powder is made into the slurry that solid content is 65wt% Material mixes 4h using WC balls 200g as ball-milling medium.Then mist projection granulating, obtained powder are direct etc. quiet under 220MPa pressure It is molded, it is sintered under normal pressure Ar atmosphere after unsticking, sintering temperature is 2200 DEG C, soaking time 2h, obtained Ta0.8Hf0.2C is solid Molten phase superhigh temperature ceramics consistency is 99.9%, density 13.5gcm-3, bending strength 371MPa, elasticity modulus is 387GPa, fracture toughness 2.1MPam1/2, hardness 16.1GPa, remaining graphite-phase percent by volume is in the sample 12.3vol.%.
Embodiment 4
TaC, HfC (9.9wt%) have 100g, phenolic resin 2g (2wt%) altogether, and powder is made into the slurry that solid content is 68wt% Material mixes 4h using WC balls 200g as ball-milling medium.Then drying and screening, obtained powder on purl machine 20MPa pressure at Type, the then isostatic pressed under 150MPa pressure.1100 DEG C of unstickings 3 hours.It is sintered under normal pressure Ar atmosphere afterwards, sintering temperature is 2200 DEG C, soaking time 2h, obtained Ta0.9Hf0.1C solid solution phase superhigh temperature ceramics consistency is 97.5%, density 14.2g cm-3, remaining graphite-phase percent by volume is 4.1vol.% in the sample.
Embodiment 5
TaC, HfC (39.7wt%) have 100g, phenolic resin 8g (8wt%) altogether, and powder is made into the slurry that solid content is 70wt% Material mixes 4h using WC balls 200g as ball-milling medium.Then drying and screening, obtained powder on purl machine 20MPa pressure at Type, the then isostatic pressed under 150MPa pressure.1100 DEG C of unstickings 3 hours.It is sintered under normal pressure Ar atmosphere afterwards, sintering temperature is 2200 DEG C, soaking time 2h, obtained Ta0.6Hf0.4C solid solution phase superhigh temperature ceramics consistency is 96.0%, density 12.9g cm-3, remaining graphite-phase percent by volume is 12.2vol.% in the sample.
Fig. 1 is the sintered body (Examples 1 to 3) of different phenolic resin mass percents and the XRD spectrum of green compact.By scheming 1 it is found that after oversintering initial feed TaC and HfC XRD characteristic peaks fusion realize solid solution, obtain Ta0.8Hf0.2C phases.Fig. 2 is The Ta of 4wt% phenolic resin contents0.8Hf0.2The elemental map analysis chart of C solid solution phases superhigh temperature ceramics (embodiment 2).By Fig. 2 It is found that Ta elements and Hf elements are uniformly distributed in microstructure, other impurities phase is not present in sintered body.Fig. 3 shows to be added Different phenolic resin mass percent Ta0.8Hf0.2The fracture apperance of C solid solution phases superhigh temperature ceramics (Examples 1 to 3).It can by Fig. 3 Know, the sintered body fracture mode that addition phenolic resin 6g (6wt%) is obtained is based on transgranular fracture.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of sintered body of the ramet of hafnium solid solution, which is characterized in that the sintered body includes solid solution phase and remaining graphite-phase, The solid solution phase is the ramet of hafnium solid solution, and the chemical composition of the solid solution phase is Ta1-xHfxC, wherein 0<x<0.5, it is described residual The percent by volume of remaining graphite-phase is 4.5~12.3vol.%.
2. sintered body according to claim 1, which is characterized in that x=0.2, it is described remnants graphite-phase percent by volume be 6~8vol.%.
3. sintered body according to claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that the density of the sintered body is 12.6~13.4g cm-3, bending strength is 187~371MPa.
4. the preparation method of the sintered body of the ramet of the hafnium solid solution described in a kind of any one of claims 1 to 3, feature exist In, including：
Weigh tantalum source, hafnium source according to stoichiometric ratio, and with the binder mixed grinding that can be cracked to form carbon, be made into slurry；
By the slurry drying and screening and/or mist projection granulating, the powder of acquisition is molded, green compact are obtained；And
It by the green compact unsticking, is sintered under normal pressure inert atmosphere conditions, obtains the sintered body of the ramet of the hafnium solid solution.
5. preparation method according to claim 4, which is characterized in that the tantalum source is TaC powders, and the hafnium source is HfC Powder.
6. preparation method according to claim 4 or 5, which is characterized in that the binder is phenolic resin, the bonding The mass percent of agent is 2~8wt% of the gross mass in the tantalum source and the hafnium source.
7. the preparation method according to any one of claim 4 to 6, which is characterized in that the temperature of the unsticking be 550 ~ 1150 DEG C, soaking time is 2 ~ 4 hours, and atmosphere used is vacuum.
8. preparation method according to any one of claims 4 to 7, which is characterized in that the solid content of the slurry is 65 ~70wt%.
9. preparation method according to any one of claims 4 to 8, which is characterized in that the molding includes dry-pressing formed And/or isostatic pressing, the dry-pressing formed pressure are 20~60MPa, the pressure of the isostatic pressing is 150~ 220MPa。
10. the preparation method according to any one of claim 4 to 9, which is characterized in that the sintering temperature be 2000 ~ 2200 DEG C, soaking time is 60 ~ 120 minutes.
CN201810570475.2A 2018-06-05 2018-06-05 A kind of ramet superhigh temperature ceramics and preparation method thereof of normal pressure solid-phase sintering densification hafnium solid solution Pending CN108706974A (en)

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CN109485422A (en) * 2018-11-08 2019-03-19 中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所 A kind of in-situ preparation SiC lath activeness and quietness tantalum carbide hafnium diphase ceramic material and preparation method thereof
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CN110372386A (en) * 2019-08-14 2019-10-25 山东理工大学 A kind of method that low temperature liquid phase hot pressed sintering prepares fine and close tantalum carbide ceramics
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