CN108546081B - Firing method of porcelain body painting enamel - Google Patents
Firing method of porcelain body painting enamel Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a firing method of porcelain body painting enamel, which comprises the following steps: selecting pure kaolin, preparing high-temperature glaze of a plain body, blending enamel color pigment with oil, preparing enamel pigment, blending the pigment according to different colors, different temperatures and different hardness for color painting, and firing under the condition of controlling the temperature and the time according to different environments and different climates. The firing method of the porcelain body painting enamel has the advantages of bright color, warmness and wetness like jade, dewdrops like flowers, fluffy butterflies like thin ovules like a curette, and seal characters like fly heads like calligraphy characters. The picture is soft, vivid and close to nature.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ceramic materials, and particularly relates to a firing method of porcelain body painting enamel.
Background
In the 15 th century, Western 'painting enamel' artwork is introduced into China by a teacher, and great interest is brought to Qinggong artwork makers. In particular, Italian Jesus Huishingning comes to China to promote the start of the Qinggong
Development of porcelain body painting enamel. Thirty-two years of Kangxi, specially designed "enamel work" in forbidden cities. Kangxi fifty-five years, the Qinggongting 'porcelain body painting enamel' -enamel colored porcelain is fired. The porcelain painted enamel is beautiful and striking. It marks a new artistic form on the ceramic art history of China, and is one of the important achievements of the Qing Dynasty palace ceramic art. In the graceful dynasty, the porcelain body enamel is brightly developed, a plurality of enamels which are not available in foreign countries are developed, and a clear and moist thin body white porcelain like jade is used to push the enamel painting method to a comprehensive artistic competitive product integrating poetry, writing, painting and printing. Therefore, the development of the porcelain body painting enamel reaches the extreme of the ceramic art. The heaven emperor integrates the advantages of the heaven emperor and the heavenly fired porcelain body painting enamel becomes an ancient work. The Qinggong Sanzhu porcelain body painting enamel product is exquisite and absolute, and particularly the porcelain body painting enamel fired in the Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties is extremely rare in quantity. More importantly, the preparation of the porcelain body painted enamel is finished in the process of painting and secondary firing in the inner space' enamel except the plain body, and people who hide in deep intarsia cannot know the enamel. The Qinggong porcelain body painting enamel opens the door of combining the Chinese and Western excellent painting and Western culture with Chinese high-quality porcelain body glaze. In the late stage of Qianlong, decline of the national strength of Qingwang dynasty, national putrefaction and poor financial resources, and in fifty-three years or so, the firing of porcelain body painting enamel is cancelled in Qinggong 'enamel work'. The porcelain body painting enamel method is complex, the skill is extremely high, the porcelain body painting enamel is produced in the uterus and is not transmitted outside closely, and the method flow, technical data and the like do not leave any trace and can not be verified at home and abroad. After that, many people copy the Chinese characters and the Chinese characters are not successful. The firing method of Qinggong porcelain body painting enamel porcelain with three dynasties of Hei is completely eradicated, and the firing method has been used for more than two hundred years so far.
Therefore, the process method for porcelain body painting enamel has important academic research value, and the mysterious veil of the 'top-dead' method for palace porcelain body painting enamel is uncovered, so that the old and the young can know more palace artworks, and more amateurs can own artistic competitive products which are originally unique to royal families.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for firing porcelain body enamel, which solves the problems. The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows:
a firing method of porcelain body painting enamel comprises the following steps:
a: selecting pure kaolin;
b: baking white body
Quartz, feldspar, borax and clay are used as raw materials to prepare white tire tread glaze water, water is added for dilution, the white tire tread glaze water is coated on the surface of porcelain, and the porcelain is fired into a white tire which has glass luster, can bear the temperature between 600 ℃ and 1420 ℃ and can bear repeated firing in a kiln for many times;
c: color matching
Blending pure natural mineral pigment and pigment blend oil according to the proportion of 10:1, wherein the hardness of the pure natural mineral pigment is 7-10 Mohs, the grinding fineness is more than 500 meshes, 50% of frankincense oil, 20% of turpentine oil, 10% of castor oil, 10% of oleum artemisiae argyi and 10% of active substances are used, the blend oil is successfully distilled according to 100g of the blend oil when the blend oil is distilled to 50 g through high-temperature distillation, the pure natural mineral pigment and the pigment blend oil are blended according to the proportion of 10:1, the pigment and the blend oil are repeatedly pressed by a pigment knife when the blend oil is blended, so that the oil is fully absorbed by the pigment, and the proportion of the pigment and the oil is accurate to 10: 1;
d: over-glaze Hui color
First burning line
Drawing draft lines;
secondly, naturally drying in the shade after drawing lines, wherein the drying in the shade in the clear day needs 2-4 hours and the drying in the shade in the rainy day needs 6-8 hours under the conditions that the average air temperature is between 19 and 30 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 50 and 80 percent and the air relative humidity is between 60 and 90 percent in the rainy day, and the drying in the shade in the clear day needs 1-3 hours and the drying in the shade in the rainy day needs 2-4 hours under the conditions that the average air temperature is between 4 and 17 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 40 and 70 percent in the clear day and the air relative humidity is between 60 and 80 percent in the rainy day;
step of firing in kiln
a. Setting a kiln: placing the porcelain with the drawn lines into a kiln, wherein the placed position is the middle position of the kiln, and if the quantity of fired porcelain is small, other porcelain is used for filling the space in the kiln, so that the heat of the kiln is balanced when the temperature of the kiln is increased and decreased;
b. and (3) heating: controlling the temperature of the firing line to be 850 ℃, controlling the whole temperature rising process to be 5-6 hours, slowly raising the temperature to 150 ℃ in the early stage in the temperature rising process, enabling oil and water in the pigment to be stably evaporated, rapidly raising the temperature to 650 ℃ in the middle stage, slowly raising the temperature to 850 ℃ in the later stage, completely melting the gem pigment, enabling the expansion coefficient of the gem pigment to be close to that of the ceramic glaze water, and slowly-quickly-slowly raising the temperature in the whole temperature rising process;
c. cooling: when the temperature reaches 850 ℃, stopping heating, naturally cooling, wherein the whole cooling time is different according to different seasons, the cooling time is 15 hours in summer and autumn, and 7-10 hours in winter and spring, and the expansion coefficients of the gem pigment and the ceramic glaze water are close in the whole slow cooling process, so that the gem pigment and the ceramic glaze water are completely fused;
the painting and firing process
Firstly, color background;
secondly, the ground color is naturally dried in the shade after being painted, under the conditions that the average air temperature is between 19 and 30 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 50 and 80 percent and the rain air relative humidity is between 60 and 90 percent in a sunny day, the sunny shade needs 48 to 72 hours, the rain shade needs 60 to 84 hours, and under the conditions that the average air temperature is between 4 and 17 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 40 and 70 percent and the rain air relative humidity is between 60 and 80 percent in a rainy day, the sunny shade needs 36 to 48 hours and the rain shade needs 72 to 96 hours;
step of firing in kiln
a. Setting a kiln: placing the porcelain with the painted ground color into a kiln, wherein the placed position is the middle position of the kiln, if the number of the fired porcelain is small, other porcelain is used for filling the space in the kiln, and the heat quantity is balanced when the temperature of the kiln is increased and decreased;
b. and (3) heating: the temperature of the line firing is controlled to be 800 ℃, the whole temperature rising process is 4-5 hours, the temperature rising speed in the early stage in the temperature rising process is slowly up to 150 ℃, so that oil and water in the pigment are stably evaporated, the temperature rising speed in the middle stage is high, the integral temperature of the porcelain is rapidly up to 600 ℃, the temperature rising speed in the later stage is slowly up to 800 ℃, the gem pigment is completely melted, the expansion coefficient of the gem pigment is close to that of the glaze water, and the whole temperature rising process is slow, fast and slow;
c. cooling: when the temperature reaches the preset temperature of 800 ℃, cutting off the power supply of the kiln to naturally cool the kiln, wherein the whole cooling time is different according to different seasons, the cooling time is 14 hours in summer and autumn, and 7-9 hours in winter and spring, and the expansion coefficients of the gem pigment and the ceramic glaze water are close to each other in the whole slow cooling process, so that the gem pigment and the ceramic glaze water are completely fused;
performing chromatography firing on the ground
Firstly, color register;
secondly, naturally drying in the shade after the topping is finished, wherein 48 to 72 hours are needed for drying in the shade in the sunny day and 60 to 84 hours are needed for drying in the shade in the rainy day under the conditions that the average air temperature is between 19 and 30 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 50 and 80 percent and the air relative humidity is between 60 and 90 percent in the rainy day, and 36 to 48 hours are needed for drying in the shade in the sunny day and 72 to 96 hours are needed for drying in the shade in the rainy day under the conditions that the average air temperature is between 4 and 17 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 40 and 70 percent in the sunny day and the air relative humidity is between 60 and 80 percent in the rainy day;
step of firing in kiln
a. Setting a kiln: putting the colored porcelain into a kiln, wherein the placed position is the middle position of the kiln, and if the number of the fired porcelain is small, other porcelain is used for filling the space in the kiln, so that the heat of the kiln is balanced when the temperature of the kiln is increased and decreased;
b. and (3) heating: controlling the temperature of the burning line to be 760 ℃, wherein the whole temperature rising process is 4-5 hours, the temperature rising speed in the early stage in the temperature rising process is required to slowly reach 150 ℃, so that oil and moisture in the pigment are stably evaporated, the temperature rising speed in the middle stage is high, the integral temperature of the porcelain is quickly reached 560 ℃, the temperature rising speed in the later stage is slowly reached 760 ℃, the gem pigment is completely melted, the expansion coefficient of the gem pigment is close to that of the ground gem pigment, and the whole temperature rising process is slow, fast and slow;
c. cooling: when the temperature reaches 760 ℃, the power supply of the kiln is cut off to naturally cool the kiln, the whole cooling time is different according to different seasons, the cooling time in summer and autumn is 14 hours, the cooling time in winter and spring is 7-9 hours, and the expansion coefficients of the gem pigment and the ground gem pigment are close to each other in the whole slow cooling process, so that the gem pigment and the ground gem pigment are completely fused.
Optionally, according to the difference of the colored drawing pictures and the difference of the rich degrees of the colors, the times of color register firing need to be repeated for 5-10 times, the more times of firing in the kiln, the lower the firing temperature, and the firing temperature of the colored drawing on the glaze is controlled between 600 ℃ and 850 ℃.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the firing method of the porcelain body painting enamel has the advantages of bright color, warmness and wetness like jade, dewdrops like flowers, fluffy butterflies like thin ovules like a curette, and seal characters like fly heads like calligraphy characters. The picture is soft, vivid and close to nature, and is embodied in the following method steps:
firstly, preparing pure kaolin
Researches show that the mineral soil used for firing the porcelain body enamel element body is kaolin, the kaolin is resistant to high temperature, and the element body can generate the effect of being white like jade only by firing pure kaolin, so that the porcelain body enamel element body enamel is suitable for directly painting on the element body. Therefore, pure 'kaolin' (jack one jin) is used for firing the porcelain body enamel porcelain body;
secondly, preparing a plain body 'high-temperature glaze'
The white tire tread glaze water is special high-temperature glaze, and is prepared by diluting quartz, feldspar, borax and clay which are used as raw materials with water, coating the diluted materials on the surface of porcelain and firing the porcelain;
thirdly, preparing mixed oil of enamel pigment for porcelain body painting
The pigment blend oil used for Qinggong enamel is made of Dorman oil imported from ancient Persian, which has been lost for many years, the enamel porcelain body painting is the essence of the ancient Persian, the enamel pigment can not be attached to the glaze surface of the porcelain bottom when the painting is started, some works are drawn forcibly, and the color of the works peels off automatically after the painting is fired, but the palace enamel pigment blend oil of the invention adopts various vegetable oils such as: tea oil, camphor tree oil and the like are prepared and researched according to proportion through multiple experiments to obtain palace enamel color pigment blend oil with higher quality, so that the problem of color development is solved, the expansion coefficients of ceramic glaze and enamel materials are balanced, the problem of adhesive force between the enamel materials and the ceramic glaze is solved, and the fired enamel color is more elegant and beautiful than the enamel color inherited from Qing dynasty;
fourthly, preparing a blending formula of nontoxic pigment
The porcelain body painted enamel porcelain is nontoxic, the contents of lead, arsenic and borate in the porcelain body painted enamel pigment of the Qinggong porcelain body exceed the standard through test and comparison, the contents of lead, arsenic and borate in the porcelain body painted enamel pigment of the porcelain body are far lower than the international standard, and the fired porcelain body painted enamel porcelain vessel can be used safely in various occasions;
fifthly, firing porcelain body painted enamel
The method and the technology for firing the porcelain body enamel are more exquisite and complex than firing other porcelain bodies such as blue and white porcelain, pastel and the like, especially have higher requirement on temperature, the melting points of enamel pigments are different, and a complete porcelain body enamel artwork can be finished by repeatedly firing white bodies from high to low.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a firing method of porcelain body enamel according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further described below with reference to the following embodiments and the accompanying drawings.
Examples
The embodiment provides a firing method of porcelain body painting enamel, which mainly comprises the following steps:
1. selecting pure kaolin: the raw body fired by the refined mud is the basis for firing porcelain body painting enamel, and the fired porcelain body can achieve the effect of 'white jade and sound chime', so that the glaze surface cannot have any flaws after being fired at high temperature for many times. Proportioning, grinding, filtering, absorbing iron, ageing, refining, extracting porcelain clay which can be used as porcelain body enamel matrix from good mineral soil and has a content of only a few thousandths, namely 'weighing in one ton', wherein the kaolin screening and purifying method comprises the steps of placing 100g of kaolin and 400mL of water in a pulp grinder to prepare ore pulp, placing the ore pulp in a hydrocyclone for sand reduction and granularity classification, then placing the ore pulp in a high-gradient magnetic separator for magnetic separation to prepare ore concentrate, placing the ore concentrate in a washing tank, adding 0.5mol/L sulfuric acid to adjust the pH value of the ore concentrate to 4.5, transferring the ore pulp with the adjusted pH value into a bleaching melon tank, adding a reducing agent and dithionite for bleaching treatment, then adding a dispersing agent sodium silicate and a pH value regulator ammonium hydroxide into the ore pulp after bleaching, scrubbing the ore pulp, adding an activating agent calcium ion, a collecting agent tall oil, fatty acid and petroleum sodium sulfonate into the scrubbed ore pulp, then placing the scrubbed ore pulp into a high-shear stirrer for stirring and precipitation, placing the precipitate into a suction filter for filtering, washing a filter cake obtained by filtering for 3 times, then placing the filter cake into an oven for drying at 80 ℃, placing the dried filter cake into a calcining furnace for calcining at 700 ℃, and then crushing the calcined filter cake to obtain the purified kaolin.
The whiteness of the purified kaolin is 95.8 through detection, and the content of impurities in the kaolin is 0.7%; or 200g of kaolin and 800mL of water are placed in a pulp smashing machine to prepare ore pulp, the ore pulp is placed in a hydrocyclone for sand reduction and particle size classification, then the ore pulp is placed in a high-gradient magnetic separator for magnetic separation to prepare ore concentrate pulp, the ore concentrate pulp is placed in a washing tank, 0.5mol/L of sulfuric acid is added to adjust the pH value of the ore concentrate pulp to 5, the ore pulp with the adjusted pH value is transferred into a bleaching melon tank, reducing agents sodium dithionite and sodium thiosulfate are added to carry out bleaching treatment, sodium silicate dispersant and pH value regulator sodium hydroxide are added into the bleached ore pulp to scrub the ore pulp, then activator magnesium ions and alkyl hydroximic acid are added into the scrubbed ore pulp, then the scrubbed ore pulp is placed in a high-shear mixer for stirring and precipitation, the precipitate is placed in a suction filter to be filtered, and the filtered filter cake is washed for 4 times, then placing the kaolin into an oven to be dried at the temperature of 90 ℃, placing the dried filter cake into a calcining furnace to be calcined at the temperature of 800 ℃, and then crushing the calcined filter cake to obtain the purified kaolin. The whiteness of the purified kaolin is 97.2 by detection, and the content of impurities in the kaolin is 0.2%.
2. White tire firing: the porcelain body enamel construction method needs a white body which is repeatedly fired, so that the white body tread glaze water is special high-temperature glaze, the glaze water is a substance which is prepared by taking quartz, feldspar, borax and clay as raw materials, is diluted by water, is coated on the surface of porcelain, is fired into a white body which has glass luster, can bear the temperature of 600-1420 ℃ and can bear repeated firing in a kiln for many times, wherein the adopted parts by mass of quartz powder are 4-6 parts, feldspar powder is 4-6 parts, borax is 4-6 parts and clay is 20-30 parts.
3. Color matching:
a. the pigment is all pure raw ore or gem processing, belongs to natural color system, and does not contain lead and arsenic. The molecular structure is most stable, oxidation resistant and colorfast. The hardness of the pure natural mineral pigment is 7-10 Mohs, and the grinding fineness is more than 500 meshes; palace enamel color pigment blend oil and pure natural gem pigment are the only method and skill for coloring, topping and adding color to the enamel painted on the porcelain body, can make the picture bright, soft and vivid, and is close to nature, the color painting of the enamel painted on the porcelain body has concave-convex feeling, and is formed by using mineral pigment to be blended and then piled up all the time, and the enamel color is fired in a kiln once when being filled with color once on the porcelain body;
b. pigment blend oil: 50 percent of frankincense oil, 20 percent of turpentine oil, 10 percent of castor oil, 10 percent of argy wormwood oil and 10 percent of active substances are distilled at high temperature, and when the distilled amount is 100g to 50 g, the distillation of the blend oil is successful. Blending the pure natural mineral pigment and the pigment blend oil according to the proportion of 10: 1. During blending, the pigment and the blending oil are repeatedly pressed by a pigment knife, so that the pigment is fully absorbed by the oil, the ratio of the pigment to the oil is accurate to 10:1, the blended pigment is not too thin or too thick, when the pigment is too thin, a painted picture can be in a flowing state, and when the pigment is too thick, a color breaking phenomenon can occur in the painting process. When the technology is developed, the meshes of the jewels can reach more than 500 meshes, the higher the meshes are, the finer the jewel particles are, the jewel particles are blended with blend oil refined from natural vegetable oil, the fired color brightness and transparency far exceed those of enamel color pigments in the Qing dynasty, and all the presented color quality is higher than that of the Qinggong enamel color.
4. Over-glaze Hui color
First burning line
Drawing draft lines.
Secondly, the drawn lines are naturally dried in the shade, the aim is to ensure that moisture in the pigment is naturally evaporated, if the moisture is not completely evaporated, bubbles can appear during firing, the product is flawed, the time of drying in the shade is judged according to specific conditions such as seasons, weather and the like, the average temperature in summer and autumn in Jingdezhen areas is between 19 and 30 ℃, the temperature can reach more than 40 ℃ in extreme weather, the average air relative humidity in sunny days is between 50 and 80 percent, the air relative humidity in rainy days is between 60 and 90 percent, under the conditions, the drying in the shade in sunny days needs 2 to 4 hours, and the drying in the shade in rainy days needs 6 to 8 hours. In winter and spring, the average air temperature is between 4 ℃ and 17 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 40% and 70% in sunny days, and the air relative humidity reaches between 60% and 80% in rainy days, under the conditions, the air drying in the shade in sunny days needs 1 to 3 hours, and the air drying in the shade in rainy days needs 2 to 4 hours.
Step three, firing in a kiln:
a. setting a kiln: and (3) putting the porcelain with drawn lines into the kiln, wherein the placed position is the middle position of the kiln, if the quantity of fired porcelain is small, other porcelain is used for filling the space in the kiln, and the aim is to balance the heat of the kiln during temperature rising and temperature lowering.
b. And (3) heating: controlling the temperature of the line burning at 850 ℃, wherein the whole temperature rising process is 5-6 hours, and the early temperature rising speed in the temperature rising process is required to slowly reach 150 ℃ so that oil and water in the pigment are stably evaporated; the heating speed is high in the middle period, so that the integral temperature of the porcelain can quickly reach 650 ℃; and the temperature is slowly raised to 850 ℃ in the later period, and the gem pigment is completely melted, so that the expansion coefficient of the gem pigment is close to that of the ceramic glaze water. The whole temperature rising process comprises the following steps: slow-fast-slow.
c. Cooling: when the temperature reaches the preset 850 ℃, stopping heating, and naturally cooling, wherein the whole cooling time is different according to different seasons, and the cooling time in summer and autumn is 15 hours; in winter and spring, the time is 7-10 hours, and the expansion coefficient of the gem pigment and the ceramic glaze water is close to that in the whole slow cooling process, so that the gem pigment and the ceramic glaze water are completely fused.
The painting and firing process
Color background.
Secondly, the ground color is naturally dried in the shade after being painted, the aim is to ensure that moisture in the pigment is naturally evaporated, if the moisture is not completely evaporated, bubbles can appear during firing, and the product is flawed, because the area of the ground color is larger than that of lines, the drying time in the shade is judged according to conditions such as specific seasons, weather and the like, the average temperature in summer and autumn in Jingdezhen areas is between 19 and 30 ℃, the extreme weather can reach more than 40 ℃, the average air relative humidity in sunny days is between 50 and 80 percent, and the air relative humidity in rainy days reaches 60 to 90 percent, under the conditions, the drying in the shade in sunny days needs 48 to 72 hours, and the drying in the shade in rainy days needs 60 to 84 hours. In winter and spring, the average air temperature is between 4 ℃ and 17 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 40% and 70% in sunny days, and the air relative humidity reaches between 60% and 80% in rainy days, under the conditions, 36 to 48 hours are needed for sunny days and 72 to 96 hours are needed for rainy days.
Step of firing in kiln
a. Setting a kiln: the porcelain with the painted ground color is placed in the kiln, the placed position is the middle position of the kiln, if the number of the fired porcelain is small, other porcelain is used for filling the space in the kiln, and the purpose is to balance the heat when the temperature of the kiln is increased and decreased.
b. And (3) heating: the temperature of the line burning should be controlled at 800 ℃, the whole temperature rising process is 4-5 hours, the temperature rising speed in the early stage of the temperature rising process should slowly reach 150 ℃, so that the oil and the water in the pigment are stably evaporated; the heating speed is high in the middle period, so that the integral temperature of the porcelain can quickly reach 600 ℃; and the temperature is slowly raised to 800 ℃ in the later period, and the gem pigment is completely melted, so that the expansion coefficient of the gem pigment is close to that of the ceramic glaze water. The whole temperature rising process comprises the following steps: slow-fast-slow.
c. Cooling: when the temperature reaches the preset temperature of 800 ℃, cutting off the power supply of the kiln to naturally cool the kiln, wherein the whole cooling time is different according to different seasons, and the cooling time in summer and autumn is 14 hours; in winter and spring, the time is 7-9 hours, and the expansion coefficient of the gem pigment and the ceramic glaze water is close to that in the whole slow cooling process, so that the gem pigment and the ceramic glaze water are completely fused.
Performing chromatography firing on the ground
Color register.
Secondly, the color is naturally dried in the shade after the color register is finished, the aim is to ensure that the moisture in the pigment is naturally evaporated, if the moisture is not completely evaporated, bubbles can appear during firing, and the product has flaws. Because the area of the ground color is larger than that of the lines, the time for drying in the shade is judged according to specific conditions such as seasons, weather and the like, the average air temperature in summer and autumn of the JingdeTown region is 19-30 ℃, the extreme weather can reach more than 40 ℃, the average air relative humidity in sunny days is 50-80%, the air relative humidity in rainy days is 60-90%, and under the conditions, the sunny shade drying needs 48-72 hours, and the rainy shade drying needs 60-84 hours. In winter and spring, the average air temperature is between 4 ℃ and 17 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 40% and 70% in sunny days, and the air relative humidity reaches between 60% and 80% in rainy days, under the conditions, 36 to 48 hours are needed for sunny days and 72 to 96 hours are needed for rainy days.
Step of firing in kiln
a. Setting a kiln: and (3) putting the colored porcelain into the kiln, wherein the porcelain is placed at the middle position of the kiln, if the number of the fired porcelain is small, other porcelain is used for filling the space in the kiln, and the aim is to balance the heat when the temperature of the kiln is increased and decreased.
b. And (3) heating: controlling the temperature of the line burning at 760 ℃, wherein the whole temperature rising process is 4-5 hours, and the early temperature rising speed in the temperature rising process is required to slowly reach 150 ℃ so that oil and water in the pigment are stably evaporated; the heating speed is high in the middle period, so that the integral temperature of the porcelain can quickly reach 560 ℃; and the later temperature rise slowly reaches 760 ℃, and the gem pigment is completely melted, so that the expansion coefficient of the gem pigment is close to that of the ground color gem pigment. The whole temperature rising process comprises the following steps: slow-fast-slow.
c. Cooling: when the temperature reaches 760 ℃, cutting off the power supply of the kiln to naturally cool the kiln, wherein the whole cooling time is different according to different seasons, and the cooling time in summer and autumn is 14 hours; the season of winter and spring is 7-9 hours, the expansion coefficients of the gem pigment and the ground gem pigment are close in the whole slow cooling process, so that the gem pigment and the ground gem pigment are completely fused, wherein the times of color register painting and firing are different according to the difference of the painting pictures and the richness of colors, the repetition is usually more than 5-8 times, the times can reach 10 times in individual cases, the firing temperature is lower when the times of firing in a kiln are more, and the firing temperature of the glaze painting is controlled between 600 ℃ and 850 ℃.
The Jingdezhen has a Hangul of a sentence, and has a seven-twelve passerby, and the Chinese character 'Jingdezhen' can be finished into a device, and the 72 procedures are just to the extent of firing elements for porcelain body painting enamel porcelain. In the firing process, a piece of work can be successfully fired only by making the expansion coefficients of oil, pigment and porcelain glaze completely consistent, so that more than 167 processes are required for successfully firing each piece of enamel color.
The sequence of the above embodiments is only for convenience of description and does not represent the advantages and disadvantages of the embodiments.
Finally, it should be noted that: the above examples are only intended to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, but not to limit it; although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that: the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments may still be modified, or some technical features may be equivalently replaced; and such modifications or substitutions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the corresponding technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.
Claims (2)
1. A firing method of porcelain body enamel is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a: selecting pure kaolin, wherein the kaolin screening and purifying method comprises the steps of placing 100g of kaolin and 400ml of water in a slurry smashing machine to prepare ore pulp, placing the ore pulp in a hydrocyclone for sand reduction and particle size classification, then placing the ore pulp in a high-gradient magnetic separator for magnetic separation to prepare ore concentrate pulp, placing the ore concentrate pulp in a washing tank, adding 0.5mol/l of sulfuric acid to adjust the pH value of the ore concentrate pulp to 4.5, transferring the ore pulp with the adjusted pH value into a bleaching melon tank, adding a reducing agent sodium hydrosulfite for bleaching treatment, then adding a dispersing agent and a pH value regulator ammonium hydroxide into the bleached ore pulp, scrubbing the ore pulp, adding an activating agent calcium ion, a collecting agent tall oil, fatty acid and petroleum sodium sulfonate into the scrubbed ore pulp, then placing the scrubbed ore pulp in a high-shear mixer for stirring and precipitation, placing the precipitate in a suction filter for filtering, washing a filter cake obtained by filtering for 3 times, then placing the filter cake in an oven for drying at 80 ℃, placing the dried filter cake in a calcining furnace for calcining at 700 ℃, and then crushing the calcined filter cake to obtain purified kaolin;
b: baking white body
Quartz, feldspar, borax and clay are used as raw materials to prepare white tire tread glaze water, water is added for dilution, the white tire tread glaze water is coated on the surface of porcelain, and the porcelain is fired into a white tire which has glass luster, can bear the temperature between 600 ℃ and 1420 ℃ and can bear repeated firing in a kiln for many times;
c: color matching
Blending pure natural mineral pigment and pigment blend oil according to a ratio of 10:1, repeatedly pressing the pigment and the blend oil by using a pigment knife during blending to enable the pigment to fully absorb the oil, wherein the hardness of the pure natural mineral pigment is 7-10 degrees Mohs, the grinding fineness is more than 500 meshes, 50% of frankincense oil, 20% of turpentine oil, 10% of castor oil, 10% of argy oil and 10% of active substances are used, and the blend oil is distilled at high temperature until the distillation reaches 50 g according to 100 g;
d: over-glaze Hui color
First burning line
Drawing draft lines;
secondly, naturally drying in the shade after drawing the line, wherein under the conditions that the average air temperature is between 19 and 30 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 50 and 80 percent in a sunny day and the air relative humidity is between 60 and 90 percent in a rainy day, the drying in the shade in the sunny day needs 2 to 4 hours, and the drying in the shade in the rainy day needs 6 to 8 hours, and under the conditions that the average air temperature is between 4 and 17 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 40 and 70 percent in the sunny day and the air relative humidity is between 60 and 80 percent in the rainy day, the drying in the shade in the sunny day needs 1 to 3 hours, and the drying in the shade in the rainy day needs 2 to 4 hours;
step of firing in kiln
a. Setting a kiln: placing the porcelain with the drawn lines into a kiln, wherein the placed position is the middle position of the kiln, and if the quantity of fired porcelain is small, other porcelain is used for filling the space in the kiln, so that the heat of the kiln is balanced when the temperature of the kiln is increased and decreased;
b. and (3) heating: controlling the temperature of the firing line to be 850 ℃, controlling the whole temperature rising process to be 5-6 hours, slowly raising the temperature to 150 ℃ in the early stage in the temperature rising process, enabling oil and water in the pigment to be stably evaporated, rapidly raising the temperature to 650 ℃ in the middle stage, slowly raising the temperature to 850 ℃ in the later stage, completely melting the gem pigment, enabling the expansion coefficient of the gem pigment to be close to that of the ceramic glaze water, and slowly-quickly-slowly raising the temperature in the whole temperature rising process;
c. cooling: when the temperature reaches 850 ℃, stopping heating, naturally cooling, wherein the whole cooling time is different according to different seasons, the cooling time is 15 hours in summer and autumn, and 7-10 hours in winter and spring, and the expansion coefficients of the gem pigment and the ceramic glaze water are close in the whole slow cooling process, so that the gem pigment and the ceramic glaze water are completely fused;
the painting and firing process
Firstly, color background;
secondly, naturally drying in the shade after the bottom color painting is finished, wherein 48 to 72 hours are needed for drying in the shade in the sunny day and 60 to 84 hours are needed for drying in the shade in the rainy day under the conditions that the average air temperature is between 19 and 30 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 50 and 80 percent in the sunny day and the air relative humidity is between 60 and 90 percent in the rainy day, and 36 to 48 hours are needed for drying in the shade in the sunny day and 72 to 96 hours are needed for drying in the shade in the rainy day under the conditions that the average air temperature is between 4 and 17 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 40 and 70 percent in the sunny day and the air relative humidity is between 60 and 80 percent in the rainy day;
step of firing in kiln
a. Setting a kiln: placing the porcelain with the painted ground color into a kiln, wherein the placed position is the middle position of the kiln, if the number of the fired porcelain is small, other porcelain is used for filling the space in the kiln, and the heat quantity is balanced when the temperature of the kiln is increased and decreased;
b. and (3) heating: the temperature of the line firing is controlled to be 800 ℃, the whole temperature rising process is 4-5 hours, the temperature rising speed in the early stage in the temperature rising process is slowly up to 150 ℃, so that oil and water in the pigment are stably evaporated, the temperature rising speed in the middle stage is high, the integral temperature of the porcelain is rapidly up to 600 ℃, the temperature rising speed in the later stage is slowly up to 800 ℃, the gem pigment is completely melted, the expansion coefficient of the gem pigment is close to that of the glaze water, and the whole temperature rising process is slow, fast and slow;
c. cooling: when the temperature reaches the preset temperature of 800 ℃, cutting off the power supply of the kiln to naturally cool the kiln, wherein the whole cooling time is different according to different seasons, the cooling time is 14 hours in summer and autumn, and 7-9 hours in winter and spring, and the expansion coefficients of the gem pigment and the ceramic glaze water are close to each other in the whole slow cooling process, so that the gem pigment and the ceramic glaze water are completely fused;
performing chromatography firing on the ground
Firstly, color register;
secondly, naturally drying in the shade after the topping is finished, wherein 48 to 72 hours are needed for sunny drying and 60 to 84 hours are needed for rainy drying under the conditions that the average air temperature is between 19 and 30 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 50 and 80 percent in sunny days and the air relative humidity is between 60 and 90 percent in rainy days, and 36 to 48 hours are needed for sunny drying and 72 to 96 hours are needed for rainy drying under the conditions that the average air temperature is between 4 and 17 ℃, the average air relative humidity is between 40 and 70 percent in sunny days and the air relative humidity is between 60 and 80 percent in rainy days;
step of firing in kiln
a. Setting a kiln: putting the colored porcelain into a kiln, wherein the placed position is the middle position of the kiln, and if the number of the fired porcelain is small, other porcelain is used for filling the space in the kiln, so that the heat of the kiln is balanced when the temperature of the kiln is increased and decreased;
b. and (3) heating: controlling the temperature of the burning line to be 760 ℃, wherein the whole temperature rising process is 4-5 hours, the temperature rising speed in the early stage in the temperature rising process is required to slowly reach 150 ℃, so that oil and moisture in the pigment are stably evaporated, the temperature rising speed in the middle stage is high, the integral temperature of the porcelain is quickly reached 560 ℃, the temperature rising speed in the later stage is slowly reached 760 ℃, the gem pigment is completely melted, the expansion coefficient of the gem pigment is close to that of the ground gem pigment, and the whole temperature rising process is slow, fast and slow;
c. cooling: when the temperature reaches 760 ℃, the power supply of the kiln is cut off to naturally cool the kiln, the whole cooling time is different according to different seasons, the cooling time in summer and autumn is 14 hours, the cooling time in winter and spring is 7-9 hours, and the expansion coefficients of the gem pigment and the ground gem pigment are close to each other in the whole slow cooling process, so that the gem pigment and the ground gem pigment are completely fused.
2. The method for firing porcelain body enamel according to claim 1, wherein: according to the difference of the colored drawing pictures and the difference of the rich degrees of the colors, the color register firing frequency is between 5 and 10, the firing temperature is lower when the firing frequency in the kiln is higher, and the firing temperature of the colored drawing on the glaze is controlled between 600 ℃ and 850 ℃.
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| CN109770492A (en) * | 2019-01-15 | 2019-05-21 | 深圳市中宝盈珠宝科技有限公司 | A kind of material painted enamel color jewelry processing technology |
| CN109997578A (en) * | 2019-04-23 | 2019-07-12 | 杭州德问贸易有限公司 | A kind of high viscous tree whitening agent of environmental protection |
| CN112194911A (en) * | 2019-07-08 | 2021-01-08 | 谌国星 | Novel color aluminum tube pigment on ceramic glaze and preparation method thereof |
| CN110963786B (en) * | 2019-11-19 | 2023-04-28 | 福建省德化县山花陶瓷有限公司 | Colored artistic porcelain based on De-white porcelain body and preparation process thereof |
| CN111334089A (en) * | 2020-01-08 | 2020-06-26 | 杨学棒 | Weathering ceramic paint pigment containing meteorite mineral and using method thereof |
| CN111302628B (en) * | 2020-04-03 | 2021-09-24 | 范平 | Cold-color jade-like crystal paste for ceramic jade bead colored drawing and preparation method and application thereof |
| CN113773118B (en) * | 2021-09-08 | 2023-05-05 | 禹州市天禧钧窑文化传播有限公司 | Jun porcelain overglaze color drawing process |
| CN113929494A (en) * | 2021-11-20 | 2022-01-14 | 深圳市雀灵缘饰品创意设计中心 | Preparation method of enamel |
| CN117756506A (en) * | 2023-12-25 | 2024-03-26 | 江苏第二师范学院 | Manufacturing method of 95 porcelain body painted enamel |
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