CN108490248B - Voltage monitoring and protecting device - Google Patents
Voltage monitoring and protecting device Download PDFInfo
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- CN108490248B CN108490248B CN201810203994.5A CN201810203994A CN108490248B CN 108490248 B CN108490248 B CN 108490248B CN 201810203994 A CN201810203994 A CN 201810203994A CN 108490248 B CN108490248 B CN 108490248B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
- G01R19/25—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof using digital measurement techniques
- G01R19/2506—Arrangements for conditioning or analysing measured signals, e.g. for indicating peak values ; Details concerning sampling, digitizing or waveform capturing
- G01R19/2509—Details concerning sampling, digitizing or waveform capturing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R19/00—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof
- G01R19/22—Arrangements for measuring currents or voltages or for indicating presence or sign thereof using conversion of ac into dc
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R23/00—Arrangements for measuring frequencies; Arrangements for analysing frequency spectra
- G01R23/16—Spectrum analysis; Fourier analysis
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H1/00—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements
- H02H1/0007—Details of emergency protective circuit arrangements concerning the detecting means
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
- H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
- H02H3/20—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess voltage
- H02H3/207—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess voltage also responsive to under-voltage
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
- Y02E40/30—Reactive power compensation
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Abstract
A voltage monitoring and voltage protection device comprising: the device comprises a first voltage transformation module, a second voltage transformation and rectification module, an analog-to-digital converter, an analysis control unit, a digital communication interface module, an alarm module and a voltage protection module; the first voltage transformation module is connected with the analog-to-digital converter; the analysis control unit is connected with the analog-to-digital converter, the analog-to-digital converter converts the input voltage signal into a digital signal and outputs the digital signal to the analysis control unit, and the analysis control unit calculates the voltage deviation and the voltage harmonic distortion rate; the analysis control unit is connected with the digital communication interface module, the alarm module and the voltage protection module; the second voltage transformation and rectification module is used for converting the input alternating voltage into direct voltage and supplying power to the analog-to-digital converter, the analysis control unit, the digital communication interface module and the voltage protection module. The device of the invention realizes the monitoring of the power supply voltage deviation and the voltage harmonic distortion rate and the voltage protection, and avoids the influence of larger voltage deviation or harmonic voltage overrun on the normal operation and the service life of user equipment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of low-voltage power distribution, in particular to a voltage monitoring and protecting device.
Background
The conventional "power supply operation rules" stipulate: "at the time of peak load of the power grid specified by the power supply enterprise:
the user power factor of 100kVA or above high-voltage power supply is above 0.90, otherwise, a reactive power compensation device is added. Therefore, a large number of reactive compensation devices such as parallel capacitors are arranged at the tail end of the distribution network. Meanwhile, the power supply enterprise carries out 'two-part electricity charge system' on industrial users and the like: (1) Basic electricity charges are paid according to installed main transformer capacity (kVA) every month; (2) And electric energy and electricity charge is calculated according to the monthly electric energy consumption (kWh), and an adjusting coefficient is multiplied according to the monthly average power factor. When the average power factor per month is higher than a specified value, a certain electric charge can be reduced. The water conservancy and electric power department, the national property and price office document- (83) the water and electricity financial character No. 215 power factor adjustment electric charge method allows the monthly average power factor to be calculated according to the practical active electric quantity and reactive electric quantity of a user every month. As a result, a considerable number of industrial and mining enterprises often routinely deploy parallel capacitors in their entirety for extended periods of time. In addition, due to factors such as shortage of land, safety, attractiveness and the like, the urban power grid adopts a large number of cable lines, and the cable lines have large capacitance to ground, so that reactive power is excessive and the voltage level at the tail end of a distribution network is higher when light load such as late at night is carried out.
On the other hand, as environmental and energy safety issues have been receiving more attention in recent years, applications of renewable energy power generation on the user side are rapidly increasing under the push of national regulatory policies. Because the original distribution network planning and operation do not consider the situation, when a large amount of renewable energy sources are connected into the distribution network for power generation, the original single-side power supply power grid is changed into a multi-power supply power grid during the operation of the distribution network, and because the output power of the renewable energy sources has larger randomness and the power electronic device needs to be adopted to be connected with the power grid after rectification and inversion, a series of influences can be brought to the power quality, the power supply reliability, the configuration and setting of relay protection and the like of the distribution network, and the original control measures for the operation of the distribution network can not play the due effects.
At present, power quality monitoring and control are mainly concentrated on a power supply side of a power grid, if the current power quality monitoring scheme is applied to a user side, investment is high, and meanwhile, multi-index, high-precision and large-capacity power quality monitoring has no practical significance to general users. For low-voltage users, the main factors influencing the electricity quality of the users are supply voltage deviation and harmonic voltage exceeding allowable values. The normal operation and service life of user equipment can be affected when the voltage deviation is large or the harmonic voltage exceeds the limit, and cases that the power supply voltage is increased due to internal faults of a power supply system to cause large-scale damage of the user electrical equipment are also rare. The circuit breaker is widely applied to a small circuit breaker of a low-voltage distribution system terminal, integrates short-circuit protection, overload protection, leakage protection and the like, but does not consider the conditions of high voltage or low voltage and over-limit harmonic voltage.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a voltage monitoring and protecting device. Therefore, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions.
A voltage monitoring and voltage protection device, the device comprising: the device comprises a first voltage transformation module, a second voltage transformation and rectification module, an analog-to-digital converter, an analysis control unit, a digital communication interface module, an alarm module and a voltage protection module;
the first voltage transformation module is connected with the analog-to-digital converter and converts an input alternating voltage into a voltage signal suitable for being input into the analog-to-digital converter;
the analysis control unit is connected with the analog-to-digital converter, the analog-to-digital converter converts an input voltage signal into a digital signal and outputs the digital signal to the analysis control unit, and the analysis control unit calculates a voltage deviation and a voltage harmonic distortion rate;
the analysis control unit is connected with the digital communication interface module, the alarm module and the voltage protection module;
the second voltage transformation and rectification module is used for converting input alternating current voltage into direct current voltage and supplying power to the analog-to-digital converter, the analysis control unit, the digital communication interface module and the voltage protection module.
Preferably, the first transforming module includes a voltage transformer, a voltage amplitude attenuation circuit and a dc potential bias circuit.
Preferably, the second voltage transformation and rectification module comprises a transformer, a rectification circuit and a voltage stabilizing circuit.
Preferably, the voltage protection module includes an output driving amplification circuit, an intermediate relay, and an intermediate relay contact corresponding to the intermediate relay.
Preferably, the intermediate relay contact is connected with an input alternating current power supply.
Preferably, the intermediate relay contact is connected to an electromagnetic release.
Preferably, the digital communication interface module is an RS232 communication interface module or an RS485 communication interface module.
Preferably, the alarm module is an audible and visual alarm.
Preferably, the device further comprises a key and a display screen, and the key and the display screen are connected with the analysis control unit.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the invention provides a digital voltage monitoring and protecting device, which realizes the monitoring of power supply voltage deviation and voltage harmonic distortion rate and the voltage protection, and avoids the influence of larger voltage deviation or harmonic voltage overrun on the normal operation and the service life of user equipment. In addition, the rectifying and voltage-stabilizing input loop and the voltage signal loop to be detected of the device respectively adopt a group of transformers so as to avoid the interference of the rectifying and voltage-stabilizing input loop on the voltage signal to be detected.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a structural diagram of a voltage monitoring and protection apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the 8-point DIT-FFT operation flow chart of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of voltage deviation and voltage harmonic distortion calculation according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
A voltage monitoring and protection device comprising: the device comprises a first voltage transformation module, a second voltage transformation and rectification module, an analog-to-digital converter, an analysis control unit, a digital communication interface module, an alarm module and a voltage protection module. The first voltage transformation module is connected with the analog-to-digital converter and converts the input alternating voltage into a voltage signal suitable for being input to the analog-to-digital converter. The analysis control unit is connected with the analog-to-digital converter, the analysis control unit can be a single chip microcomputer or an MCU, the analog-to-digital converter converts input voltage signals into digital signals and outputs the digital signals to the analysis control unit, and the analysis control unit calculates voltage deviation and voltage harmonic distortion. The analysis control unit is connected with the digital communication interface module, the alarm module and the voltage protection module. The second voltage transformation and rectification module is used for converting the input alternating voltage into direct voltage and supplying power to the analog-to-digital converter, the analysis control unit, the digital communication interface module and the voltage protection module.
The present invention will be described in detail below.
For the power grid, the power supply voltage deviation refers to the deviation relative value of the actual operation voltage to the system nominal voltage and is expressed by percentage; for the electric equipment, the voltage deviation refers to the terminal voltage U of the equipment at a given moment and the rated voltage U of the equipment N The percentage value of the difference to the rated voltage, namely:
according to the regulation of GB/T12325-2008 'Power quality supply Voltage deviation', the deviation of three-phase supply voltage of 20kV and below is +/-7% of the nominal voltage, the deviation of 220V single-phase supply voltage is +7% -10% of the nominal voltage, and users in special conditions are determined by the agreement of both supply and power utilization.
And counting according to a measurement method of the power supply voltage deviation of the power grid, namely, a basic measurement time window for obtaining the effective voltage value is 10 cycles, each measurement time window is not overlapped with an adjacent measurement time window, the average value of the effective voltage values is continuously measured and calculated, and the deviation value of the power supply voltage is calculated.
Voltage harmonic distortion rate through voltage total harmonic distortion rate THD V Voltage h-th harmonic content HRV h And (3) index measurement:
the superscript h in the formula indicates the harmonic order, and the superscript 1 indicates that the parameter is a fundamental quantity.
GB/T14549-93 harmonic of electric energy quality public power grid related to harmonic voltage indexes are shown in the following table:
TABLE 1 Voltage harmonic distortion Rate Limit
As shown in fig. 1, the supply voltage is converted by a voltage transformer to obtain an alternating voltage signal of 0-5V (i.e., input into an alternating current loop); the voltage is passed through R 1 、R 2 、R 3 The amplitude of the formed passive attenuation circuit is reduced, and direct current bias based on a reference voltage source (TL 431) is added to ensure that a voltage signal input into the A/D converter is between 0 and +5V, the A/D converter converts an analog voltage signal into a digital signal (namely an A/D sampling conversion circuit) through sampling calculation and outputs the digital signal to a single chip microcomputer or an MCU (microprogrammed control unit), and the single chip microcomputer or the MCU obtains discrete voltage data (the single chip microcomputer with an A/D conversion function can also be adopted), and extraction of power frequency and related subharmonic voltage (2-25 subharmonic voltage) and calculation of voltage deviation and voltage harmonic distortion rate are realized based on an FFT algorithm. The FFT algorithm is realized by a single chip microcomputer or an MCU. When the calculated voltage deviation is larger than a preset value (such as +/-20%) or the voltage harmonic distortion rate exceeds the limit, the single chip microcomputer or the MCU can change the state of the corresponding pin (set to 0) to start the alarm module or/and the voltage protection module which are connected with each other so as to give out sound-light alarm prompt or/and perform corresponding tripping operation. The digital communication interface can adopt an RS232 digital communication interface or an RS485 digital communication interface, the RS232 or RS485 digital communication interface can send digital control signals, upload data and the like (can also be used as a reserved communication interface for intelligent control), and can upload the voltage monitoring condition. When the communication interface adopts MAX485 chip or MAX232 chip, it can respectively form RS485 or RS232 communication interface. Of devicesThe direct current power supply is obtained through full-wave rectification and addition of a 7805 voltage stabilizing circuit, provides the direct current power supply for an A/D converter, an MCU and a digital communication interface, and adopts another power supply transformer (namely a rectification voltage stabilizing loop of power supply voltage) for a rectification voltage stabilizing input loop in order to avoid interference on a voltage signal to be detected.
Whether voltage alarm and trip setting are allowed or not, setting of voltage alarm and trip threshold setting values, releasing of voltage alarm signals and trip control signals, whether voltage alarm and trip control signals are allowed to be sent through an RS232 or RS485 digital communication port or not, whether data such as voltage qualification rate, highest/lowest voltage, voltage harmonic distortion rate and the like are allowed to be uploaded through the RS232 or RS485 digital communication port or not can be achieved through keys; the liquid crystal screen can display the current voltage value and voltage deviation value, the voltage harmonic distortion rate, the highest/lowest voltage value and the voltage harmonic distortion rate before signal release, whether alarm and trip setting conditions are allowed or not, and voltage alarm and trip threshold setting values; when the alarm setting is allowed, when the voltage deviation and/or the voltage harmonic distortion rate exceed the allowed value, the alarm is prompted through sound and light; when the trip setting is allowed, the trip control threshold (such as 1.2U) can be set according to the working voltage of the electric equipment and/or the allowable range of voltage harmonic distortion N Etc.).
The current driving capability of the singlechip pin is insufficient, as shown in FIG. 1, the pin and the resistor R of the singlechip 5 Connection, resistance R 5 And the PNP triode is connected with the driving circuit and is used for increasing the driving current. The diode is connected in parallel with the intermediate relay KM. Resistance R 5 The PNP triode and the diode form an output driving amplifying circuit. When the power supply voltage exceeds a tripping threshold and the tripping setting is allowed, the level of a pin of a single chip microcomputer connected with the intermediate relay KM is changed from high level to low level, the PNP triode is in saturation conduction at the moment, so that a loop where the intermediate relay is located is switched on, the relay make contact KM is closed, an alternating current control loop is switched on, and the electromagnetic tripping device acts to drive the built-in shaft to rotate to realize tripping. When the device is provided with the electromagnetic release, the device can be matched with a low-voltage circuit breaker without the electromagnetic release for use, and the tripping of the low-voltage circuit breaker is realized. If the device only needs to provide tripping signal transmission, the AC control loop does not need to provide tripping signal transmissionThe electromagnetic trip of fig. 1 is directly connected to the electromagnetic trip of a mating low-voltage circuit breaker to effect trip control. The device of the invention can be applied to low-voltage circuit breakers of low-voltage distribution system terminals.
As described above, the discrete voltage data is analyzed by Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and the power frequency and each harmonic component thereof can be obtained by successive decomposition of the time series x (N) of integer power where N is 2.
For convenience of explanation, an 8-point DIT-FFT algorithm is taken as an example, an operation flow diagram of which is shown in fig. 2, and assuming that 8 points are sampled every period, the number of points (i.e., operation length) in the operation flow diagram is N =8, and N =2 M ＝2 3 And M is the operation series of the algorithm. The sample input sequence needs to be sorted in binary reverse order according to sequence number, for example, the sequence number binary code of A (1) is 001, and the sequence number binary code after the reverse order is 100, so that the position of A (1) in FIG. 3 corresponds to x (4), the sequence number binary code of A (0) is 000, and the sequence number binary code after the reverse order is not changed, and the position of A (10) corresponds to x (0).
Each crossing black dot in fig. 3 represents a butterfly operation, and each butterfly operation needs to be multiplied by a twiddle factor as shown in formula (2), where a = cos (2 pi/N) and a = -sin (2 pi/N).
According to the butterfly operation flow shown in fig. 3, the following is exemplified:
after the 3-level butterfly transformation is completed, calculating the voltage effective value according to the following formula:
wherein U (0) = A 3 (0)，
(Power frequency component), ->
After the voltage effective value and each subharmonic voltage are calculated, the voltage deviation is calculated according to the formula (1), and the total harmonic distortion rate and each subharmonic voltage content rate are calculated according to the formulas (2) and (3).
The voltage monitoring and protection device is designed to sample 64 points per cycle, so there are 6 levels of butterfly operations, theoretically capable of achieving up to 32 harmonic analysis. The calculation flow of the voltage deviation is shown in fig. 3.
The simulation verification is based on a Proteus platform, analog voltage data are generated by superposition of a power frequency component and a plurality of harmonic components according to sampling frequency and are stored in another single chip microcomputer in advance, and the single chip microcomputer sends data to a voltage monitoring module for simulation.
Harmonic components in an actual power grid are usually not large, for application to low-voltage families, small and micro enterprises and rural power grid users, harmonic analysis only needs to calculate power frequency components and harmonic components of 2-25 times, and when a distribution transformer adopts Dyn wiring, harmonic components of 3 times and frequency multiplication of the harmonic components are suppressed due to the fact that circulating currents are formed in a primary winding. The power frequency component and each harmonic component of the actual voltage are simulated as shown in table 2, and the maximum error in the power frequency and each harmonic analysis result is shown in table 3.
TABLE 2 simulation of effective value of each harmonic component of power supply voltage
TABLE 3 maximum error of harmonic analysis
For a three-phase ac power supply system, there are a three-phase three-wire system (each phase is represented by a, B, and C, which means that there are a phase a, a phase B, and a phase C), and a three-phase four-wire system (1 neutral wire is represented by N in addition to three wires corresponding to the phase a, the phase B, and the phase C).
Fig. 1 can show a case where the supply voltage is a single-phase voltage, and can be classified into the following two cases:
1. in the single-phase case 1, if the phase voltage is a rated voltage (rated voltage 220V), L1 and L2 in fig. 1 may be any one of a, N, B, N, or C, N;
2. in the single-phase case 2, when the line voltage is the rated voltage (the rated voltage 380V), L1 and L2 in fig. 1 may be any one of a, B, C, or C and a.
In addition, the method can be extended to the case that the power supply voltage is three-phase from fig. 1, and can be divided into the following two cases:
1. three-phase case 1, three-phase three-wire system, the first transformation module is expanded into three groups, namely a voltage transformer and a resistor R in figure 1 1 、R 2 、R 3 、R 4 Capacitor C 3 And a reference voltageThe sources are expanded into three groups, L1, L2 in fig. 1 becoming three-phase three-wires a, B, C. A. B, C and A respectively correspond to a group of first voltage transformation modules and respectively perform voltage transformation on the input three-phase voltage;
2. three-phase case 2, three-phase four-wire system, the first transformation module is expanded into three groups, namely, the voltage transformer and the resistor R in FIG. 1 1 、R 2 、R 3 、R 4 Capacitor C 3 And the reference voltage sources are expanded into three groups, L1, L2 in fig. 1 becoming three-phase four lines a, B, C and a neutral line N. A. N, B, N, C and N respectively correspond to a group of first voltage transformation modules and respectively carry out voltage conversion on the input three-phase voltage.
The invention provides a voltage monitoring and protecting device based on singlechip design, which develops an FFT-based voltage deviation and voltage harmonic distortion analysis algorithm, and the results show that the device can conveniently realize voltage monitoring and protection at low-voltage families, small and micro enterprises and rural power grid user sides at lower cost through simulation and device cost measurement on a Proteus platform.
The foregoing embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and utilities of the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention. Any person skilled in the art can modify or change the above-mentioned embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, it is intended that all equivalent modifications or changes which can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and technical spirit of the present invention be covered by the claims of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A low voltage home subscriber side voltage monitoring and protection apparatus, comprising: the device comprises a first voltage transformation module, a second voltage transformation and rectification module, an analog-to-digital converter, an analysis control unit, a digital communication interface module, an alarm module and a voltage protection module;
the first voltage transformation module is connected with the analog-to-digital converter and converts input alternating voltage into a voltage signal suitable for being input into the analog-to-digital converter;
the analysis control unit is connected with the analog-to-digital converter, the analog-to-digital converter converts an input voltage signal into a digital signal and outputs the digital signal to the analysis control unit, and the analysis control unit calculates a voltage deviation and a voltage harmonic distortion rate;
the analysis control unit is connected with the digital communication interface module, the alarm module and the voltage protection module;
the second voltage transformation and rectification module is used for converting input alternating-current voltage into direct-current voltage and supplying power to the analog-to-digital converter, the analysis control unit, the digital communication interface module and the voltage protection module;
the second voltage transformation rectifying module is independently arranged as a device power supply, so that the interference on the monitoring voltage waveform generated when the first voltage transformation module is used for rectifying and supplying power additionally can be effectively reduced;
the digital communication interface module adopts an RS232 digital communication interface module or an RS485 digital communication interface module, and the RS232 or RS485 digital communication interface can send digital control signals, upload data and upload voltage monitoring conditions; can also be used as a reserved communication interface for intelligent control;
the voltage protection module comprises an output drive amplifying circuit, an intermediate relay and an intermediate relay contact corresponding to the intermediate relay; the intermediate relay contact is connected with an input alternating current power supply; and the intermediate relay contact is connected with an electromagnetic trip of a low-voltage circuit breaker of a low-voltage distribution system terminal.
2. The low voltage household subscriber side voltage monitoring and protection apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first transforming module comprises a voltage transformer, a voltage amplitude attenuating circuit and a dc potential biasing circuit.
3. The low-voltage household-user-side voltage monitoring and protection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein said second transformer rectifier module comprises a transformer, a rectifier circuit and a regulator circuit.
4. The low-voltage household user side voltage monitoring and protection device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the alarm module is an audible and visual alarm.
5. The low voltage home subscriber side voltage monitoring and protection device of claim 1, further comprising a button and a display screen, said button and display screen being connected to said analysis and control unit.
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| CN112994251B (en) * | 2021-04-21 | 2021-08-31 | 北京每日优鲜电子商务有限公司 | Electric quantity early warning method and device, electronic equipment and computer readable medium |
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