CN108472887A - 纤维复合构件和结构构件以及制造方法 - Google Patents
纤维复合构件和结构构件以及制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108472887A CN108472887A CN201680078037.3A CN201680078037A CN108472887A CN 108472887 A CN108472887 A CN 108472887A CN 201680078037 A CN201680078037 A CN 201680078037A CN 108472887 A CN108472887 A CN 108472887A
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- fiber
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- fibre
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种纤维复合构件(20,2),所述纤维复合构件包括基本元件(20,21,2),所述基本元件包括嵌入到基体材料(2221,2231)中的纤维(23,24)。本发明还涉及一种用于纤维复合构件(20,2)的制造方法。此外,本发明涉及一种结构构件以及涉及一种用于结构构件的制造方法,所述结构构件包括承载元件和加强元件。纤维复合构件(20,2)包括:基本元件(20,21,2),所述基本元件包括:嵌入到基体材料(2221,2231)中的纤维(23,24);和加强元件,所述加强元件包括嵌入到基体材料(2221,2231)中的纤维(23,24),其中基本元件(20,21,2)和加强元件彼此连接,孔(22,23)穿过基本元件(20,21,2)和加强元件,其中基本元件(20)的;邻接于孔(22,23)的纤维(23,24)是切断的,并且加强元件的邻接于孔(22,23)的纤维(23,24)是连续的。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种纤维复合构件,所述纤维复合构件包括基本元件,所述基本元件包括嵌入到基体材料中的纤维。此外,本发明涉及一种用于纤维复合构件的制造方法。此外,本发明涉及一种结构构件,所述结构构件包括承载元件和加强元件。此外,本发明涉及一种用于结构构件的制造方法。
背景技术
开始提到的类型的纤维复合构件基本上由纤维复合材料制造,所述纤维复合材料具有两种主要组成部分。主要组成部分是基体材料和纤维,其中主要组成部分具有彼此间的相互作用,使得纤维复合材料具有比两个单独的参与的主要组成部分中的每个更高品质的特性。
基体材料构成基体,所述基体将纤维保持在其位置中,并且将应力在纤维之间传递和分配。此外,基体用于保护纤维免受外部机械影响和化学影响。纤维提高材料的强度,所述强度根据基体中的纤维伸展是与方向相关(各向异性)或与方向无关(各向同性)的。
纤维复合材料在不同的技术领域中使用,尤其用于如下应用,在所述应用中,力求小的构件重量或通常的轻质构造和高的强度。纤维复合材料的应用的示例性的产品是飞机、汽车、用于风能设施的转子或运动设备。
开始提到的类型的结构构件作为技术制品的组成部分存在于大部分技术产品中。用于制造结构构件所使用的材料例如包括钢、铝、钛、其他金属材料、铸造材料、塑料、木材和/或其他材料。
通常,包括纤维复合构件和/或结构构件的产品由多于一个构件构成,这引起,构件必须彼此连接。为了该目的,在纤维复合构件和/或结构构件中通常引入孔,优选钻孔,以便例如安置螺丝连接装置或其他可松开的和/或不可松开的连接装置。在此,孔用作为切口,使得在纤维复合构件或结构构件上出现切口效应。构件在该部位处由于应力集中而被削弱,并且可能出现构件的技术失效。,
德国专利商标局已经在本申请的优先权申请中检索到如下现有技术:DE 10 2010046 609 A1、DE 10 2014 100 182 A1、EP 2 982 871 A1、WO 2008/119 409 A1和WO 2015/146 690 A1。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是,提供一种纤维复合构件和一种结构构件以及用于制造纤维复合构件和结构构件的方法,这减少或消除一个或多个提到的缺点。尤其,本发明的目的是,提供一种纤维复合构件和一种结构构件以及一种用于制造纤维复合构件和结构构件的方法,这降低和/或消除在孔的区域中的构件薄弱。
根据第一方面,所述目的通过一种纤维复合构件来实现,所述纤维复合机构包括:基本元件,所述基本元件包括嵌入到基体材料中的纤维;并且包括加强元件,所述加强元件包括嵌入到基体材料中的纤维,其中基本元件和加强元件彼此连接,孔穿过基本元件和加强元件,其中基本元件的邻接于孔的纤维是切断的,并且加强元件的邻接于孔的纤维是连续的。
纤维复合构件具有基本元件,所述基本元件包括基体材料和嵌入所述基体材料中的纤维或者由其构成。在此,基本元件理解成技术构件的组成部分,例如风能设施的一件式转子或转子的一部分。
此外,基本元件由纤维复合材料制成,其中纤维复合材料基本上包括基体材料和纤维或者由其构成。纤维优选作为预制的半成品引入,使得纤维方向通过所使用的半成品来确定。例如,在基本元件的不同部位上的纤维伸展的准确方向仅能够有限地确定。
此外,本发明基于如下知识:开槽的并且加载有力的纤维复合构件经受局部的应力集中。基于此,在现存的解决方案中,将具有应力集中的构件区域通常加强成,使得吸收力的横截面增大,从而减小应力。增大吸收力的横截面的常用的措施是在相应的构件区域上设有更多材料。
因此,在现有技术中通常设有材料加厚部,使得虽然存在切口效用,构件仍具有足够的强度。这样构成的材料加厚部通常引起高的重量增大,所述重量增大尤其在纤维复合材料中抵抗强化的轻质结构效应。此外,这样构成的材料加厚部限制了设计自由空间并且会干扰美学感受。此外,这样构成的材料加厚部与高的成本关联,因为纤维复合材料的特征通常在于高的材料价格。
根据本发明的纤维复合构件还基于如下知识:通过加强元件能够避免强的材料加厚部以及这种材料加厚部的所阐述的缺点。加强元件是纤维复合构件的组成部分并且与基本元件连接。加强元件设置在基本元件的区域中,在所述区域中出现应力集中,例如通过孔出现,并且能够实现,替代在此之前设置的材料加厚部。
加强元件同样包括纤维复合材料或由其构成,其中纤维复合材料基本上由基体材料和纤维构成。优选地,加强元件的纤维复合材料部分地或完全地具有与基本元件相同的基体材料和/或部分地或完全地具有与基本元件相同的基体材料。替选地,加强元件的纤维复合材料能够不具有与基本元件相同的基体材料和/或不具有与基本元件相同的纤维。
加强元件的形状优选匹配于纤维复合构件中的负荷情形。在此,加强元件的几何形状优选通过对基本元件中和加强元件中的应力和/或力线或力的仿真来确定。此外,纤维的定向能够根据分别局部存在的力线方向来调整,以便实现材料的尽可能高的刚性并且将材料投入最小化。这种仿真例如能够基于有限元法来实现。在一个尤其优选的实施方式中,加强元件具有长形的横截面。横截面在此理解成,与加强元件的区域中的孔的纵轴线正交的横截面。加强元件的横截面原则上能够具有任意形状,其中所述形状尤其通过力线来确定。优选地,加强元件能够具有圆形的或正方形的横截面。此外优选的是,加强元件的平行于孔的穿通轴线测量的高度在中部和/或在加强元件的孔的区域中最大,其中高度朝向侧减小并且能够实现到基本元件的优选齐平的过渡。
替选地,能够为加强元件限定几何标准,使得加强元件适合于大部分基本元件和负荷情形。所述替选的变型形式由于增大的件数能够实现加强元件的尤其成本适宜的制造。
与传统的材料加厚部相比,所述类型的加强元件由于纤维复合材料的连续的纤维提供更高的刚性的优点,使得必须使用更少材料。因此,能够实现改善的材料利用、较小的质量、改善的美学和更低的成本的优点。
此外,加强元件包括区域或侧,所述区域或侧构成为,用作为支撑面,优选以便将加强元件安置在基本元件上。基本元件因此同样具有适合的区域或适合的侧,以便将加强元件安置在基本元件上。此外优选地,所述面彼此协调,使得加强元件的支撑面具有与基本元件的支撑面的完全接触。
基本元件和加强元件此外彼此连接。在该上下文中,彼此连接优选能够表示:基本元件和加强元件在一个或多个区域中彼此贴靠。在基本元件和加强元件之间的连接能够材料配合地、力配合地和/或形状配合地构成。尤其优选的是在基本元件和加强元件之间的材料配合的连接。此外优选地,所述连接可松开地构成,以便拆卸纤维复合构件,例如以便更换磨损件和/或以便能够实现更简单的运输。
根据本发明的纤维复合构件此外基于如下知识,为了连接多个纤维复合构件,通常使用连接元件,所述连接元件要求在一个或多个要连接的构件中的孔。因此,根据本发明,孔穿过基本元件和加强元件。孔在此具有横截面,所述横截面优选在孔的整个轴向长度之上是相同的,或者替选优选地,在孔的轴向长度之上是可变的。尤其存在如下可能性,孔的横截面在基本元件的区域中与在加强元件的区域中不同地构成。这种差别能够涉及孔的直径和/或孔的横截面的几何形状。此外,孔优选能够具有基本上圆形的、椭圆形的、三角形的或多边形的裂口状的和/或几何形状未限定的横截面。
此外优选的是,孔设作为贯通孔。在该优选的变型形式中,孔完全地穿过基本元件和加强元件。替选地,优选地孔构成为盲孔。在该优选的变型形式中,孔完全地穿过加强元件,然而不从基本元件中再次伸出,或者孔完全地穿过基本元件,然而不从加强元件中再次伸出。
基本元件的纤维复合材料的邻接于孔的纤维是基本上切断的。优选地,基本元件的孔的孔棱边基本上通过切断的、邻接于孔的纤维的分离面和基体材料形成。优选地,孔棱边的或在孔棱边的区域中的纤维在制造孔时和/或通过制造孔而被切断,例如通过钻孔过程切断。不仅没有纤维在基本元件的孔中伸展或伸展穿过基本元件的孔,而且也没有纤维在加强元件的孔中伸展或伸展穿过加强元件的孔。
根据本发明,加强元件的纤维复合材料的邻接于孔的纤维是连续的。在该上下文中,“连续的”尤其应当被理解为:包含在加强元件中的纤维(尤其不是包含在孔棱边的区域中伸展的纤维)不切断从而不具有分离面。优选地,纤维环绕孔连续地伸展,尤其在孔棱边的区域中伸展。此外优选地,纤维沿基本上切向的方向环绕孔和/或切向地沿着孔棱边伸展。
在纤维不连续的情况下,在纤维复合材料之内的力传递与在具有连续的纤维的纤维复合材料中相比是不那么均匀的。纤维的连续性因此具有特殊的优点:构件的强度是特别高的。此外,纤维在加强元件中的上述设置具有如下优点:纤维在孔的周围、尤其在孔棱边的区域中是更受压的,使得尤其在所述通常要求更高的区域中的强度又受到正面影响。
在本说明书中,切断的或连续的纤维理解成,属于此的是纤维的相应的外观或加工形状。如果基本元件的纤维例如作为织物和/或交织铺层结构(Gelege)、和/或多轴向交织铺层结构(Multiaxialgelege)、和/或刺绣、和/或无纺布、和/或垫、和/或编织物设置在基体材料之内,那么借助切断的纤维相应地也表示切断的织物、多轴向交织铺层结构、刺绣、无纺布、垫和/或编织物或其一部分或部段。如果加强元件的纤维例如作为纤维束、优选作为粗纱设置在基体材料之内,那么借助连续的纤维相应地也表示连续的纤维束或粗纱或其一部分或部段。优选使用(市售)常见质量的纤维束或粗纱,所述纤维束或粗纱尤其具有常见的拼接部位(拼合部位)。
基本元件与加强元件的组合具有如下优点:能够将在制造基本元件时的成本节约与加强元件的增大的强度和刚性在共同的纤维复合构件中结合,其中在所述基本元件中以常规方式制造孔,在所述孔中切断纤维,其中在所述加强元件中将纤维铺设成,使得所述纤维围绕孔连续地伸展。
在纤维复合构件的一个优选的实施方式中,基本元件的纤维作为织物和/或交织铺层结构、和/或多轴向交织铺层结构、和/或刺绣、和/或无纺布、和/或垫、和/或编织物设置在基体材料之内,并且加强元件的纤维作为纤维束、优选作为粗纱存在。
基本元件的纤维以一个或多个上述形式优选已经作为半成品存在。由此存在经济地生产基本元件的可能性,并且尤其也存在能够以合理的时间耗费制造大体积元件的可能性。然而,由于使用这种半成品通常不存在如下可能性:在铺设半成品期间已经产生特定的、精细的几何元件,例如孔。
加强元件的纤维以纤维束、优选粗纱的形式存在,所述纤维束能够非常柔性地铺设从而也能够产生复杂的几何形状。纤维束由一根纤维或多于一根纤维构成。如果纤维束是由多于一根纤维构成,那么这些纤维基本上平行地设置并且优选为所谓的长丝纤维。纤维束和尤其粗纱通常根据其纤维数量或其长度相关的质量来分类。
纤维束能够力线取向地铺设,使得能够实现材料的非常高的强度。力线取向地铺设的纤维理解成,纤维束沿着主载荷路径或主应力铺设。纤维束的力线取向的铺设因此要求关于在构件中伸展的力线或在构件中局部作用的应力的方向的知识。所述知识优选经由仿真,此外优选基于有限元仿真来获得。所述高的强度通常又再造成,需要更少的材料来吸收通过外力引发的应力。在铺设纤维束时的高的柔性引起,纤维例如能够围绕几何元件铺设。
纤维复合构件的另一优选的实施方式提出,基本元件的和/或加强元件的纤维包括有机纤维、和/或无机纤维和/或天然纤维或者由其构成。
无机纤维例如是玻璃纤维、玄武岩纤维、硼纤维、陶瓷纤维或钢纤维。有机纤维例如是芳纶纤维、碳纤维、聚酯纤维和聚乙烯纤维(尤其高性能聚乙烯(HPPE)纤维,例如Dyneema纤维)。天然纤维例如是***纤维、亚麻纤维或剑麻纤维。
在纤维复合构件的一个优选的实施方式的一个变型形式中,基本元件的纤维仅由玻璃纤维或仅由碳纤维或仅由芳纶纤维构成。在一个优选的实施方式的另一变型形式中,基本元件包括两种不同的纤维,所述纤维选自:玻璃纤维、碳纤维和芳纶纤维。一个优选的实施方式的另一变型形式提出,基本元件包括玻璃纤维、碳纤维和芳纶纤维。此外优选地,基本元件的纤维也能够由其他纤维构成或包括其他纤维,所述其他纤维构成为并且适合于用于,在纤维复合材料中加工。
在纤维复合构件的一个优选的实施方式的一个变型形式中,加强元件的纤维仅由玻璃纤维或仅由碳纤维或仅由芳纶纤维构成。在一个优选的实施方式的一个变型形式中,加强元件包括两种不同的纤维,所述纤维选自:玻璃纤维、碳纤维和芳纶纤维。一个优选的实施方式的另一变型形式提出,加强元件包括玻璃纤维、碳纤维和芳纶纤维。此外优选地,加强元件的纤维也能够由其他纤维构成或包括其他纤维,所述其他纤维构成为并且适合于用于,在纤维复合材料中加工。
仅提供唯一的纤维类型、例如仅提供玻璃纤维是如下有利的:在构件之内不存在刚性突变,并且通常简化了制造。此外,能够利用一种纤维的完整的优点。提供两种或多种类型的纤维,例如玻璃纤维和芳纶纤维或玻璃纤维和碳纤维在此能够引起关于利用所使用的纤维的特殊优点方面的优点。
纤维复合构件的另一优选的改进方案提出,基本元件和/或加强元件的基体材料包括塑料或由其构成,并且塑料优选包括热塑性塑料和/或热固性塑料或者由其构成,和/或基本元件和/或加强元件的基体材料包括水泥或者由其构成,和/或包括混凝土或者由其构成,和/或包括金属或由其构成,和/或包括陶瓷或者由其构成,和/或包括碳或者由其构成。
具有热塑性基体的基体具有如下优点:所产生的纤维复合构件仍能够成形和焊接。这尤其在于其如下原因:热塑性的基体材料能够多次熔化。具有热固性塑料作为基体材料或由其构成的纤维复合构件的特征在于尤其高的强度。
使用水泥、混凝土、金属、陶瓷和/或碳能够实现利用所述材料的特殊优点,所述优点尤其涉及,但是不仅涉及其关于拉力和/或压力方面的刚性、其特定的重量和/或其可加工性。
纤维复合构件的另一优选的实施方式提出,基本元件和加强元件材料配合地和/或形状配合地彼此连接,和/或基本元件和加强元件经由嵌入到基本元件的基体材料和加强元件的基体材料中的纤维彼此连接,和/或加强元件在孔的背离基本元件的端部上具有用于容纳连接元件的平坦的支撑面,所述支撑面与孔的穿通方向正交。
这种材料配合的连接尤其理解成如下连接,所述连接通过参与的材料的物质交织(stoffliches Ineinandergreifen)实现。优选地,为了连接元件使用另一种物质,该另一种物质能够实现物质交织。在该优选的实施方式的另一变型形式中,材料配合的连接借助粘合剂实现。粘合剂理解成如下材料,所述材料将至少两个元件通过粘附和/或内聚彼此连接。此外优选地,粘合剂具有与基本元件和/或加强元件的基体材料相同的材料。此外优选地,粘合剂由与基本元件和/或加强元件的基体材料相同的材料构成。
根据另一优选的改进方案,基本元件和加强元件经由嵌入到基本元件的基体材料和加强元件的基体材料中的纤维彼此连接。用于连接基本元件和加强元件的纤维能够是与基本元件和/或加强元件所具有的纤维相同的纤维。此外优选地,所述纤维选自玻璃纤维、碳纤维和/或芳纶纤维。在纤维复合构件的该优选的改进方案的一个特别的变型形式中,在基本元件和加强元件的连接部位处附加地存在或引入基本元件和/或加强元件的基体材料。此外优选地,在基本元件和加强元件的连接部位处附加地存在或引入下述基体材料,该基体材料不是基本元件和/或加强元件的基体材料。将基本元件和加强元件彼此连接的纤维优选能够作为纤维束、优选粗纱存在,和/或构成为织物、交织铺设结构、多轴向交织铺设结构、刺绣、无纺布、垫和/或编织物或其一部分或部段。
基本元件和加强元件经由纤维的连接能够实现所述连接的高的强度和纤维复合构件的均匀性。由于减小应力突变的可能性,基本元件和加强元件的这种连接是尤其有利的。此外,存在所述连接的非常好的使用寿命。此外,在基本元件中和在加强元件中传递的力或产生的力线尤其有利地传递。
纤维复合构件的另一优选的实施方式提出,基本元件和加强元件形状配合地彼此连接。形状配合的连接通过至少两个要连接的元件的相互结合而产生,例如在槽-榫连接、燕尾槽连接或滑键中是这种情况。
在纤维复合构件的一个优选的实施方式的另一变型形式中,加强元件在孔的背离基本元件的端部上具有用于容纳连接元件的平坦的支撑面,所述支撑面与孔的穿通方向正交。支撑面在孔的周围区域中引入到加强元件中,使得例如能够将垫片安置在支撑面上,以至于孔和垫片的开口具有相同的穿通方向,并且例如能够将螺丝通过垫片的开口引入到孔中。此外优选地,支撑面用于直接地容纳螺丝头。替选优选地,在孔中引入其他的固定机构,所述固定机构借助部段和/或区域支撑在支撑面上。
对于纤维复合构件的其他优点、实施变型形式和实施细节和其改进方案,也参照下面对所属的制造方法的特征的描述。
根据本发明的另一方面,开始提及的目的通过一种加强元件来实现,所述加强元件包括嵌入到基体材料中的纤维,其中孔穿过加强元件,并且孔在由纤维和基体材料制造加强元件时构成为,使得邻接于孔的纤维是连续的。
根据本发明的加强元件和其可能的改进方案具有如下特征,所述特征尤其适合于,用于根据本发明的纤维复合构件和结构构件以及其改进方案。对于加强元件和其改进方案的优点、实施变型形式和实施细节,参照针对纤维复合构件和结构构件的相应的特征的描述。
根据本发明的另一方面,开始提到的目的通过一种结构构件来实现,所述结构构件包括承载元件和根据本发明的上述方面的加强元件,其中承载元件和加强元件彼此连接,并且孔穿过承载元件和加强元件。
结构构件是技术制品的组成部分。结构构件在此能够是技术制品的唯一的组成部分,或者也是除其他组成部分之外的组成部分。此外,结构构件具有承载元件,所述承载元件优选包括钢、铝、钛、其他金属材料、塑料、木材和/或其他材料,或者由其构成。此外优选地,承载元件包括铸造材料或者由一种或多种铸造材料构成。加强元件具有上述特性、功能、实施方案等,如根据本发明的上述方面的加强元件那样。
承载元件和加强元件此外彼此连接。在该上下文中,彼此连接优选能够表示,承载元件和加强元件在一个或多个区域中彼此贴靠。在承载元件和加强元件之间的连接能够材料配合地、力配合地和/或形状配合地构成。尤其优选的是在基本元件和加强元件之间的材料配合的连接。此外优选地,所述连接可松开地构成,以便拆卸结构构件,例如以便能够实现更换磨损件和/或更简单的运输。
孔穿过承载元件和加强元件。在此,孔具有如下横截面,所述横截面优选在孔的整个轴向长度之上是相同的,或者替选优选地在孔的轴向长度之上是可变的。尤其存在如下可能性:孔的横截面在承载元件的区域中与在加强元件的区域中不同地构成。这种差别能够涉及孔的直径和/或孔的横截面的几何形状。此外,孔优选具有基本上圆形的、椭圆形的、三角形的或多边形的、裂口状的和/或几何形状未限定的横截面。
此外优选的是,孔设作为贯通孔。在该优选的变型形式中,孔完全地穿过承载元件和加强元件。替选优选地,孔设作为盲孔。在该优选的变型形式中,孔完整地穿过加强元件,然而不从承载元件中再次伸出,或者孔完整地穿过承载元件,然而不从加强元件中再次伸出。
结构构件与之前描述的纤维复合构件类似。尤其地,结构构件的加强元件能够如针对纤维复合构件描述的那样构成和改进。结构构件与上述纤维复合构件的区别在于,与纤维复合构件的基本元件不同,结构构件的承载元件不包括嵌入到基体材料中的纤维,而是具有其他材料或由其构成。加强元件因此能够不仅与构造为纤维基体元件的基本元件一起有利地使用,而且同样也与由其他材料构成的承载元件一起有利地使用。这种具有承载元件和加强元件的结构构件是尤其有利的,因为存在如下可能性:使用多种材料或材料组合。此外,这种结构构件尤其能够用于轻质结构中,其中虽然材料体积小,仍能够通过切口处的相应的加强元件来实现高的刚性。关于其他优点,也参照纤维复合构件的相应的描述,所述描述相应地能够转用于具有由与基本元件不同的材料构成的承载元件的结构构件。尤其,关于纤维复合构件描述的改进方案——在考虑与基本元件不同的承载元件的条件下——也相应地适用于结构构件。
对于结构构件和其改进方案的其他优点、实施变型形式和实施细节,也参照下面对所属的制造方法的特征的描述。
根据本发明的另一方面,开始提到的目的通过一种纤维复合整体构件来实现,所述纤维复合整体构件包括嵌入到基体材料中的纤维,其中纤维复合整体构件具有至少一个局部材料加厚部,孔在局部材料加厚部的部位处穿过纤维复合整体构件,并且孔在由纤维和基体材料制造纤维复合整体构件时构成为,使得邻接于孔的纤维是连续的。
纤维复合整体构件的纤维优选是或包括玻璃纤维、碳纤维和/或芳纶纤维。基体通过基体材料形成,所述基体材料优选是塑料或包括塑料。塑料是尤其优选的,因为所述塑料通常具有小的重量,并且与此相应地有助于纤维复合整体构件的轻质结构方式。
纤维复合整体构件的材料加厚部优选具有基本上限定的纤维伸展。此外,纤维设置成,使得所述纤维围绕设置在材料加厚部的部位处的孔伸展。因为纤维围绕孔伸展,所以所述纤维是连续的并且不切断。
在该上下文中,连续的尤其如下理解:包含在纤维复合整体构件中的纤维(尤其不是包含在孔棱边的区域中伸展的纤维)不切断,从而也不具有分离面。优选地,纤维连续地围绕孔伸展、尤其在孔棱边的区域中伸展。此外优选地,纤维沿基本上切向的方向围绕孔伸展和/或切向地沿着孔棱边伸展。
根据本发明的纤维复合整体构件是尤其优选的,因为在孔的区域中的强度由于连续的纤维而是非常高的。强度尤其高于在现有的技术方案中提出的具有切断的纤维的材料加厚部的情况,使得必须在强度相同的情况下使用更少材料,并且能够实现复杂的几何形状。
根据本发明的另一方面,开始提到的目的通过风能设施来实现,所述风能设施具有塔、吊舱和转子,其特征在于,风能设施包括根据上述方面之一的上述纤维复合构件和/或上述结构构件和/或纤维复合整体构件。在该根据本发明的实施方式的一个特殊的变型形式中,根据本发明的基本元件构成为空气动力学的转子,所述转子固定在风能设施的毂上。
根据本发明的另一方面,开始提到的目的通过制造纤维复合构件来实现,所述制造具有如下步骤:由纤维和基体材料制造基本元件;将第一孔引入到基本元件中,其中邻接于第一孔的纤维被切断;由纤维和基体材料制造加强元件,使得在此构成第二孔,其中邻接于第二孔的纤维是连续的;和将基本元件和加强元件彼此设置和连接成,使得第一孔和第二孔彼此连接,优选具有共同的穿通轴线。
制造基本元件优选通过使用纤维半成品来实现,在所述纤维半成品中组合纤维,因为所述纤维或单独的纤维束仅难于处理。此外,存在使用如下纤维半成品的可能性:所述纤维半成品是已经预浸渍的。预浸渍的纤维半成品的特征在于,所述纤维半成品不仅已经包含纤维,而且同样包含基体材料。
将第一孔优选在制造基本元件之后引入到基本元件中。第一孔优选构成为贯通孔,所述贯通孔在基本元件的一侧上具有开口以及在基本元件的相对置的侧上具有开口。此外优选地,第一孔构成为盲孔,所述盲孔仅在基本元件的一侧上具有开口。
第一孔能够以不同的方式引入到基本元件中。所述方式优选与第一孔的横截面和材料相关。第一孔的横截面在生产技术方面的可能性的范围中是可自由选择的。优选地,对此使用分离的生产方法,例如钻孔。由于引入第一孔,邻接于要制造的第一孔的纤维被切断。由于引入第一孔,此外构成孔棱边,在所述孔棱边上可见纤维端部。纤维端部能够具有不同的横截面,所述横截面一方面与纤维的起始横截面相关,并且另一方面与纤维在孔棱边上的位置相关。
制造加强元件优选经由铺设纤维束、优选铺设粗纱进行。铺设纤维束尤其进行成,使得在限定的部位上构成第二孔。纤维束因此围绕所述第二孔设置,使得优选不需要机械再加工。此外优选地,在粗纱方法中进行卷绕直至0°。第二孔的所述制造引起,邻接于第二孔的纤维是连续的。在该上下文中,连续的尤其理解成,在第二孔的周围区域中不存在通过引入孔而切断的纤维。第二孔优选构成为贯通孔,所述贯通孔在加强元件的相对置的侧上具有两个开口。替选地,加强元件的孔能够构成为盲孔,所述盲孔仅在加强元件的一侧上具有开口。
第二孔的与轴向轴线正交地构成的横截面能够具有不同的几何形状,并且根据由于外力和/或内力的负荷情形构成。横截面优选是圆形的、优选是椭圆形的或者还优选地具有裂口或替选优选地具有三个或更多个角。在一个尤其优选的变型形式中,横截面在第一孔和/或第二孔的整个轴向长度之上具有保持不变的几何形状和/或保持不变的大小。在另一优选的变型形式中,横截面在第一孔和/或第二孔的轴向长度之上具有可变的几何形状和/或可变的大小。
此外,将基本元件和加强元件彼此设置和连接。基本元件和加强元件的设置进行成,使得两个孔彼此连接,这表示,在第一孔和第二孔之间存在连接,两个孔横截面因此优选至少部分地相交。优选地,第一孔和第二孔具有共同的贯通轴线。共同的贯通轴线是尤其优选的,因为孔优选用于安置固定机构。优选的是,两个孔同轴地设置。共同的贯通轴线不必强制性地分别穿过第一孔和/或第二孔的中心。尤其当第一孔和/或第二孔的横截面非圆形地构成时,这并非是这种情况。此外,第一孔和第二孔能够彼此错开地设置,其中在该情况下仍必须存在共同的贯通轴线。
固定机构因此应穿过第一孔和第二孔完整地或部分地引入和/或完整地或部分地引入到第一孔和第二孔中。基本元件与加强元件的连接优选材料配合地和/或形状配合地和/或力配合地进行。
制造方法的一个优选的实施方式提出,为了制造第二孔使用位置保持件。位置保持件在铺设纤维束之前或在其期间安放在如下部位上,在所述部位上应产生孔。纤维束在制造加强元件期间围绕位置保持件铺设。位置保持件优选具有与要产生的孔相同的横截面。位置保持件在制造工艺结束时再次从加强元件中移除。使用位置保持件尤其引起如下孔,所述孔具有非常好的尺寸和形状精度。此外,存在加速纤维束铺设的速度的可能性。
纤维复合构件的根据本发明的制造方法和其改进方案具有如下特征,所述特征尤其适合于,制造根据本发明的纤维复合构件和其改进方案。对于制造方法和其改进方案的优点、实施变型形式和实施细节,因此参照上面对纤维复合构件的相应的设备特征的描述。
根据本发明的另一方面,开始提到的目的通过制造加强元件来实现,所述制造具有如下步骤:由纤维和基体材料制造加强元件,其中构成孔,并且邻接于孔的纤维保持连续。
加强元件的根据本发明的制造方法和其改进方案、其可能的改进方案能够具有如下特征,所述特征尤其适合于,制造根据本发明的加强元件和其改进方案。对于制造方法和其改进方案的优点、实施变型形式和实施细节,因此参照上面对加强元件的相应的设备特征的描述。
根据本发明的另一方面,开始提到的目的通过制造纤维复合整体构件来实现,所述制造具有如下步骤:由纤维和基体材料制造纤维复合整体构件,使得在这种情况下构成孔,其中邻接于孔的纤维是连续的。
制造纤维复合整体构件优选经由铺设纤维束、优选铺设粗纱来进行。铺设纤维束尤其进行成,使得在限定的部位上构成孔。纤维束因此围绕所述孔设置,使得优选不需要机械再加工。此外优选地,在粗纱方法中卷绕直至0°。为了制造孔,优选使用位置保持件。
孔的所述制造引起,邻接于孔的纤维是连续的。在该上下文中,连续的尤其理解成,在孔的周围区域中不存在通过引入孔而切断的纤维。孔优选构成为贯通孔,所述贯通孔在纤维复合整体构件的相对置的侧上具有两个开口。
孔的与轴向轴线正交地构成的横截面能够具有不同的几何形状,并且根据由于外力和/或内力的负荷情形构成。横截面优选是圆形的、优选是椭圆形的或还优选具有裂口或替选优选地具有三个或更多个角。在一个尤其优选的变型形式中,横截面在孔的整个轴向长度之上具有保持不变的几何形状和/或保持不变的大小。替选地,横截面在孔的轴向长度之上具有可变的几何形状和/或可变的大小。
根据本发明的另一方面,开始提到的目的通过制造上述结构构件来实现,所述制造具有如下步骤:制造承载元件;将孔引入到承载元件中;制造具有如上所述的孔的加强元件;和将承载元件和加强元件彼此设置和彼此连接成,使得承载元件的孔和加强元件的孔彼此连接。
为了制造承载元件,能够使用大量不同的材料,使得尤其能够考虑由于机械的负荷情形、由于环境影响对成本和/或美学方面的特殊的要求。制造尤其也受到要加工的材料影响。此外,在将孔引入到承载元件中时要注意的是,在此涉及非纤维加强的材料,使得该引入与将孔引入到基本元件中相比通常以更小的耗费执行。这尤其在将孔通过切削生产方法引入时适用。
结构构件的根据本发明的制造方法具有如下特征,所述特征尤其适合于,制造根据本发明的结构构件。对于制造方法的优点、实施变型形式和实施细节,因此也参照上面对结构构件的相应的设备特征的描述。
附图说明
本发明的优选的实施方式示例性地根据所附的附图来阐述。附图示出:
图1示出风能设施的示意图;
图2示出根据本发明的纤维复合构件的一个示例性的实施方式的水平剖开的示意横截面图;
图3a示出根据本发明的纤维复合构件的一个示例性的实施方式的竖直剖开的示意横截面图;
图3b示出根据本发明的纤维复合构件的一个示例性的实施方式的孔的孔棱边的示意图;
图4示出根据本发明的纤维复合构件的加强元件的一个示例性的实施方式的水平剖开的示意横截面图;
图5示出根据本发明的纤维复合构件的基本元件的一个示例性的实施方式的水平剖开的示意横截面图。
图6示出根据本发明的结构构件的承载元件的一个示例性的实施方式的水平剖开的横截面图。
具体实施方式
图1示出风能设施的示意图。图1示出风能设施100,所述风能设施具有塔102和吊舱104。在吊舱104上设置有具有三个转子叶片108和整流罩110的转子106。转子106在运行时通过风置于转动运动中,从而驱动吊舱104中的发电机。
根据本发明的纤维复合构件和结构构件能够用于风能设施100的不同部件。例如,转子叶片108由纤维加强的塑料制造。优选地,转子叶片108由纤维加强的塑料制造,并且在此为在图2、3和5中示出的基本元件20的实施方式。转子叶片108必须与吊舱104连接。所述连接能够包括加强元件。
图2示出纤维复合构件2的水平剖开的示意横截面图,其中示出具有基本元件20和加强元件21的局部。圆形的孔22穿过加强元件21和基本元件20。孔22处于加强元件21的中部并且具有圆形的横截面。
加强元件21沿纵向方向从第一端部211延伸至第二端部212。加强元件21在第一端部211上和在第二端部212上分别具有狭长的端部。孔22设置在第一端部211和第二端部212之间。此外,加强元件21在第一和第二端部211、212之间具有扩宽部213。扩宽部213在如下地点上具有其最宽部位,在所述地点,孔22具有其中心点。从该地点开始,扩宽部213的宽度沿纵向方向朝向第一端部211并且朝向第二端部212减小。
图3a示出根据本发明的纤维复合构件2的竖直剖开的示意横截面图,其包括基本元件20和加强元件21的局部。加强元件21根据本发明设置在基本元件20上,使得加强元件21的整个基面贴靠在基本元件20上。基本元件2能够在整个扩展上具有恒定的高度,其中端部在此是剖开的,以便示出,其为局部。然而,高度也能够改变。纤维复合构件2具有孔22,所述孔构成为贯通孔。此外,孔22具有贯通轴线221,所述贯通轴线轴向地伸展穿过孔22的中部。孔22在该实施例中构成为贯通孔,所述贯通孔沿着贯通轴线221具有关于几何形状和直径方面保持不变的横截面。孔22此外通过其第一孔棱边22在加强元件21的区域中和通过其第二孔棱边223在基本元件20的区域中由包围孔22的元件限界。
该优选的实施方式的加强元件21围绕孔22的假想的竖直轴线221镜像对称地构成。加强元件也能够不对称地构成,尤其当特定的力线要求上述内容或优选能够出现上述内容时如此。加强元件21的朝向基本元件20的侧具有平坦的、水平的侧,在该侧上,加强元件21与基本元件20物理接触。在背离基本元件20的侧上,加强元件21从第一端部211朝向孔22升高,以便随后再次降低直至第二端部212,并且具有与在第一端部211上相同的高度。因此,构件在第一端部211上和在第二端部212上具有小的竖直尺寸,以及在扩宽部213的区域中具有相对大的竖直尺寸。
图3b示出孔22的第一孔棱边222和第二孔棱边223的示意图。图3b的视图的方向在图3a中在孔22的贯通轴线221处以箭头224示出,其中视图朝向箭头224的箭头尖部的方向定向。此外,在水平线224之下示出基本元件20的视图,并且在水平线224之上示出加强元件21的视图。此外,在水平线224之上示出在加强元件21的区域中的第一孔棱边222,并且在水平线224之下示出在基本元件20的区域中的第二孔棱边223。图3b中的水平线224为在基本元件20和加强元件21之间的分界缝。
在第一孔棱边22的区域中仅可见加强元件21的基体材料2221,不可见纤维端部。这原因在于根据本发明的事实:加强元件21的纤维围绕孔连续地伸展,从而没有纤维通过引入孔22而被切断。在第二孔棱边223的区域中,一方面示出基体材料2231和另一方面示出纤维端部2232。这原因在于根据本发明的事实:铺设基本元件20的纤维,并且在此将邻接于孔22的孔棱边223的纤维切断。纤维的在此产生的剖面或分离面作为纤维端部2232设置在第二孔棱边223上。
图4示出纤维复合构件2的加强元件21的水平剖开的示意横截面图。加强元件21的外部形状具有在图2中示出的形状,所述形状从狭长的第一端部211延伸至狭长的第二端部212,以及在第一端部211和第二端部212之间具有扩宽部213。此外,加强元件21具有横截面为圆形的孔22,所述孔处于加强元件21的中部。
此外示意性地示出加强元件21的在纤维复合材料中伸展的纤维23。此外,可见纤维23的伸展或其局部的定向。纤维23在扩宽部213的区域中围绕孔22或围绕第一孔棱边222设置。扩宽部213的区域中的纤维23之间的间距小于在第一端部211和第二端部212的区域中。由于纤维23围绕孔22的所述设置,图3b中的第一孔棱边222不具有切断的纤维或纤维端部。加强元件21的基体材料2221存在于没有设置纤维23的任何部位。
图5示出根据本发明的纤维复合构件2的基本元件20的局部的水平剖开的示意性横截面图。在基本元件20的局部的中心存在孔22,所述孔由周围的基本元件20通过其孔棱边223限界。此外,示意性地示出在基本元件20的纤维复合材料中伸展的纤维24。在当前的实施例中,纤维24设置成具有平行的纤维的交织铺层结构。
此外,图5示出,纤维24不像在加强元件21中那样围绕孔伸展,而是通过孔22中断,从而不是连续的。纤维24因此通过引入孔22而被切断,基于此,图3b中的第二孔棱边223具有纤维端部。
纤维端部2232在图3b中在局部的边缘上椭圆形地示出,因为在该实施例中圆形的纤维24在边缘处不以与其纵向方向正交的方式切断,而是根据其在孔棱边223中的位置以相对于其关于纵向方向的正交线具有一定角度的方式切断。换言之,纤维24侧向地被切断。此外,存在如下可能性,纤维24仅被切剪,使得仅减小其直径。
纤维复合构件2和其可能的改进方案因此能够实现:纤维复合构件以有利的方式与其他构件连接。尤其,替代通常在现有的解决方案中设置的材料加厚部。为了该目的,除了基本元件20之外,设有加强元件21和孔22,例如螺丝能够穿过所述加强元件和孔。通过所述设置,尤其能够实现具有较高强度的节约材料的设置,这伴随着更低的成本。
图6示出根据本发明的结构构件的承载元件30的局部的水平剖开的示意横截面。在承载元件30的局部的中部存在孔22,所述孔由周围的承载元件30通过孔棱边223限界。此外,不再绘出在图5中示意性示出的纤维,因为承载元件30的材料不为纤维复合材料,从而与基本元件20相反地不包含纤维。这种承载元件30与在此未示出的加强元件21的组合尤其在孔或其他切口的区域中提供如下可能性:在刚性足够的情况下提供小的材料体积。由此,能够降低总重量并且尤其能够节约材料成本。
附图标记列表:
2 纤维复合构件
20 基本元件
21 加强元件
22 孔
23 加强元件的纤维
24 基本元件的纤维
30 承载元件
100 风能设施
102 塔
104 吊舱
106 转子
108 转子叶片
110 整流罩
211 加强元件的第一端部
212 加强元件的第二端部
213 加强元件的扩宽部
221 孔的贯通轴线
222 第一孔棱边
223 第二孔棱边
224 箭头
2221 加强元件的基体材料
2231 基本元件的基体材料
2232 纤维端部
Claims (15)
1.一种纤维复合构件(2),所述纤维复合构件包括:
-基本元件(20),所述基本元件包括嵌入到基体材料(2231)中的纤维(24),和
-加强元件(21),所述加强元件包括嵌入到基体材料(2221)中的纤维(23),
-其中所述基本元件(20)和所述加强元件(21)彼此连接,
-孔(22)穿过所述基本元件(20)和所述加强元件(21),
-其中所述基本元件(20)的邻接于所述孔(22)的纤维(24)是切断的,并且所述加强元件(21)的邻接于所述孔(22)的纤维(23)是连续的。
2.根据上一项权利要求所述的纤维复合构件(2),
其中所述基本元件的纤维(24)作为
-织物,和/或
-交织铺层结构,和/或
-多轴向交织铺层结构,和/或
-刺绣,和/或
-无纺布,和/或
-垫,和/或
-编织物
设置在所述基体材料(2231)之内,和
所述加强元件(21)的纤维(23)作为纤维束、优选作为粗纱存在。
3.根据上述权利要求中至少一项所述的纤维复合构件(2),
其中所述基本元件(20)的和/或所述加强元件(21)的纤维(24)包括或者是
-有机纤维,和/或
-无机纤维,和/或
-天然纤维。
4.根据上述权利要求中至少一项所述的纤维复合构件(2),
其中所述基本元件(20)的和/或所述加强元件(21)的基体材料(2231)
-包括塑料或由其构成,并且所述塑料优选包括热塑性塑料和/或热固性塑料或由其构成,和/或
-包括水泥或由其构成,和/或
-包括混凝土或由其构成,和/或
-包括金属或由其构成,和/或
-包括陶瓷或由其构成,和/或
-包括碳或由其构成。
5.根据上述权利要求中至少一项所述的纤维复合构件(2),
-其中所述基本元件(20)和所述加强元件(21)材料配合地和/或形状配合地彼此连接;和/或
-其中所述基本元件(20)和所述加强元件(21)经由嵌入到所述基本元件(20)的基体材料(2231)和所述加强元件(21)的基体材料(2221)中的纤维彼此连接;和/或
-其中所述加强元件(21)在所述孔(22)的背离所述基本元件(20)的端部上具有用于容纳连接元件的平坦的支撑面,所述支撑面与所述孔(22)的穿通方向正交。
6.一种加强元件(21),所述加强元件包括:
-嵌入到基体材料中的纤维,
-其中孔(22)穿过所述加强元件(21),和
-所述孔(22)在由纤维和基体材料制造所述加强元件(21)时构成为,使得邻接于所述孔(22)的纤维是连续的。
7.一种结构构件,所述结构构件包括:
-承载元件(30),和
-根据权利要求6的加强元件(21),
-其中所述承载元件(30)和所述加强元件(21)彼此连接,和
-孔(22)穿过所述承载元件(30)和所述加强元件(21)。
8.一种纤维复合整体构件,所述纤维复合整体构件包括:
-嵌入到基体材料中的纤维,
-其中所述纤维复合整体构件具有至少一个局部材料加厚部,
-孔在所述局部材料加厚部的部位处穿过所述纤维复合整体构件,和-所述孔在由纤维和基体材料制造所述纤维复合整体构件时构成为,使得邻接于所述孔的纤维是连续的。
9.一种风能设施(100),所述风能设施具有塔(102)、吊舱(104)和转子(106),
其特征在于,
所述风能设施(100)包括根据上述权利要求1-5中至少一项所述的纤维复合构件(2)和/或根据权利要求6所述的加强元件和/或根据权利要求7所述的结构构件和/或根据权利要求8所述的纤维复合整体构件。
10.制造根据权利要求1-5中至少一项所述的纤维复合构件(2),所述制造具有如下步骤:
-由纤维(24)和基体材料(2231)制造基本元件(20),
-将第一孔引入到所述基本元件(20)中,其中将邻接于所述第一孔的纤维(24)切断,
-由纤维(23)和基体材料(2221)制造加强元件(21),使得在此构成第二孔,其中邻接于所述第二孔的纤维(23)是连续的,
-将所述基本元件(20)和所述加强元件(21)彼此设置和连接成,使得所述第一孔和所述第二孔彼此连接。
11.根据权利要求10所述的制造纤维复合构件(2),
其中材料配合地实施所述连接,
优选借助由所述基体材料中的一种构成的粘合剂执行。
12.根据上述权利要求10或11所述的制造纤维复合构件(2),
其中为了制造所述第二孔使用位置保持件。
13.制造根据权利要求6所述的加强元件(21),所述制造具有如下步骤:
-由纤维(23)和基体材料(2221)制造加强元件(21),
-其中构成孔(22),并且邻接于所述孔(22)的纤维保持连续。
14.制造根据权利要求8所述的纤维复合整体构件,所述制造具有如下步骤:
-由纤维和基体材料制造具有局部材料加厚部的纤维复合整体构件,使得在这种情况下在所述局部材料加厚部的部位处构成孔,其中邻接于所述孔的纤维是连续的。
15.制造根据权利要求7所述的结构构件,所述制造具有如下步骤:
-制造承载元件(30),
-将孔引入到所述承载元件(30)中,
-根据权利要求13所述的制造具有孔的加强元件(21),和
-将所述承载元件(30)和所述加强元件(21)彼此设置和连接成,使得所述承载元件(30)的孔和所述加强元件(21)的孔彼此连接。
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DE102016100191.0A DE102016100191A1 (de) | 2016-01-06 | 2016-01-06 | Faserverbundbauteil und Strukturbauteil sowie Herstellungsverfahren |
PCT/EP2016/082288 WO2017118578A1 (de) | 2016-01-06 | 2016-12-22 | Faserverbundbauteil und strukturbauteil sowie herstellungsverfahren |
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2016
- 2016-01-06 DE DE102016100191.0A patent/DE102016100191A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-12-22 BR BR112018013702-2A patent/BR112018013702A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2016-12-22 CN CN201680078037.3A patent/CN108472887A/zh active Pending
- 2016-12-22 EP EP16819094.0A patent/EP3400131A1/de active Pending
- 2016-12-22 CA CA3008752A patent/CA3008752A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-12-22 JP JP2018534955A patent/JP2019506481A/ja active Pending
- 2016-12-22 KR KR1020187022491A patent/KR102121884B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2016-12-22 WO PCT/EP2016/082288 patent/WO2017118578A1/de active Application Filing
- 2016-12-22 US US16/067,035 patent/US11285688B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (8)
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JPS5578819A (en) * | 1978-12-08 | 1980-06-13 | Toho Rayon Co Ltd | Assembly of fiber reinforced composite material made drive shaft and metal made universal joint |
JPS5590433U (zh) * | 1978-12-19 | 1980-06-23 | ||
JPS6342819A (ja) * | 1986-08-11 | 1988-02-24 | Fuji Heavy Ind Ltd | 複合樹脂成形品の座面成形法 |
JP5590433B2 (ja) * | 2008-09-25 | 2014-09-17 | 株式会社リコー | 粉砕装置およびトナー製造方法 |
FR2951400A1 (fr) * | 2009-10-20 | 2011-04-22 | Airbus Operations Sas | Piece structurale en materiau composite renforcee localement et procede de realisation d'une telle piece |
DE102011054168A1 (de) * | 2011-10-04 | 2013-04-04 | Rehau Ag + Co. | Werkzeug zum Herstellen eines Lochs in einem Bauteil |
JP2013203004A (ja) * | 2012-03-29 | 2013-10-07 | Toray Ind Inc | 成形品およびその製造方法 |
CN105102829A (zh) * | 2013-04-05 | 2015-11-25 | 敷纺株式会社 | 复合材料轻型连接器 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP2019506481A (ja) | 2019-03-07 |
US20190001610A1 (en) | 2019-01-03 |
CA3008752A1 (en) | 2017-07-13 |
US11285688B2 (en) | 2022-03-29 |
WO2017118578A1 (de) | 2017-07-13 |
KR20180100404A (ko) | 2018-09-10 |
DE102016100191A1 (de) | 2017-07-06 |
BR112018013702A2 (pt) | 2018-12-11 |
KR102121884B1 (ko) | 2020-06-11 |
EP3400131A1 (de) | 2018-11-14 |
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