CN108400310B - Lithium ion battery anode material and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Lithium ion battery anode material and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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CN108400310B
CN108400310B CN201810215748.1A CN201810215748A CN108400310B CN 108400310 B CN108400310 B CN 108400310B CN 201810215748 A CN201810215748 A CN 201810215748A CN 108400310 B CN108400310 B CN 108400310B
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graphene
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iron phosphate
lithium ion
lithium
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CN108400310A (en
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邓凌峰
彭辉艳
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HUNAN XINENG NEW MATERIAL Co.,Ltd.
Lianyuan Shenneng New Material Co.,Ltd.
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/362—Composites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
    • H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

The invention discloses a lithium ion battery anode material and a preparation method thereof, and provides a preparation method of a lithium iron phosphate anode material with a three-dimensional continuous three-dimensional conductive network structure, namely the lithium iron phosphate anode material with the three-dimensional continuous three-dimensional conductive network structure is used for replacing the limitation that the conductivity is improved only by a conductive agent at present, so that the electronic conductivity and the ionic conductivity of the lithium iron phosphate anode material are improved, the discharge specific capacity, the high-rate charge-discharge performance and the cycle performance of the lithium iron phosphate anode material are improved, and the irreversible capacity of the lithium iron phosphate anode material is reduced.

Description

Lithium ion battery anode material and preparation method thereof
Technical Field
The invention relates to a lithium ion battery anode material and a preparation method thereof, in particular to a preparation method of a lithium iron phosphate anode material with a three-dimensional continuous three-dimensional conductive network structure.
Background
The lithium ion battery anode material LiFePO4 has the advantages of good safety performance, low price, higher specific capacity, stable charging and discharging voltage platform, long cycle life and the like. However, the poor electronic conductivity and ionic conductivity of LiFePO4 itself make it have poor high rate performance, resulting in lower actual specific capacity (about 100 mAh/g at actual specific capacity 1C, and 170 mAh/g theoretical specific capacity) and lower operating voltage (below 3.0V at actual discharge voltage 1C, and 3.4V theoretical discharge voltage), and the capacity will drop rapidly during large current charging and discharging, thus limiting its wide use. The current extensive research is to perform surface coating and bulk phase doping methods on the material to improve the conductivity and ion diffusion rate of the material.
The number of patents for graphene in lithium ion batteries is not large in China, the number of patents for lithium iron phosphate is large, and the conductivity of the modified lithium iron phosphate coated with graphene is far superior to that of organic carbon; modifying graphene on the basis of graphene, and carrying out fluorination, porous coating, nitrogen doping and other methods on graphene in patents (CN 102569725A, CN107068990A, CN107180965A and the like) to improve lithium iron phosphate, improve the coating uniformity of graphene, and improve the compatibility and structural stability with electrolyte; and patents CN105226276A, CN106129405A, and CN104134801A coat modified lithium iron phosphate with nano metal particles, metal oxides, nitrides, and the like in cooperation with graphene, and the intervention of nanoparticles further enhances the conductivity and graphene dispersibility of lithium iron phosphate. In the methods, iron sources, phosphorus sources and lithium sources are used as the basis to prepare lithium iron phosphate by a hydrothermal method, a ball milling method and a melting method, and a graphene composite material is coated on the surface of the lithium iron phosphate to form a three-dimensional conductive network structure, so that the conductivity of the lithium iron phosphate is enhanced, and the electrochemical properties of the lithium iron phosphate, such as specific capacity, rate capability, cycling stability and the like, are improved to a certain extent.
At present, all inventions do not relate to the consideration of the conversion rate of ferric ions in an iron source, so that from the angle, the invention firstly adopts an induced anchoring method to obtain active catalytic nano particle graphene, and then adopts a novel high-temperature solid-phase catalytic synthesis method to synthesize the graphene/LiFePO 4 anode material with a three-dimensional continuous three-dimensional conductive network structure by catalytic reaction in a high-temperature atmosphere furnace, and the material has good crystallinity and excellent processing performance and batch stability.
The noun explains:
functionalized graphene: the principle is that the defects or groups on the surface of the graphene are modified by covalent and non-covalent methods, so that the graphene is endowed with certain new properties, the solubility and the dispersibility of the graphene are improved, and the graphene is easier to process and form.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defect of LiFePO serving as the anode material of the lithium ion battery4The defects of high discharge specific capacity, high rate capability, high cycle performance, high irreversible capacity, poor processing performance and the like, and provides a preparation method of a lithium iron phosphate anode material with a three-dimensional continuous three-dimensional conductive network structure, namely the lithium iron phosphate anode material is prepared by using three-dimensional conductive network structureThe lithium iron phosphate anode material with the continuous three-dimensional conductive network structure replaces the limitation that the conductivity is improved only by a conductive agent at present, so that the electronic conductivity and the ionic conductivity of the lithium iron phosphate anode material are improved, the discharge specific capacity, the high-rate charge-discharge performance and the cycle performance of the lithium iron phosphate anode material are improved, and the irreversible capacity of the lithium iron phosphate anode material is reduced.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a preparation method of a lithium ion battery anode material comprises the following steps:
dissolving functionalized graphene into a dispersion medium to form a suspension A;
mixing the solution of the active catalytic nanoparticles with the solution A to ensure that the active catalytic nanoparticles are directionally anchored on unsaturated sites and defects of graphene, wherein the active catalytic nanoparticles are nano metal ions or nano metal ion complexes; then adding a reducing agent to reduce the active catalytic nanoparticles into metal atoms on unsaturated sites and defect positions of the graphene to form a solution B;
and step three, mixing the solution B with ferric phosphate, a lithium source and the one-dimensional nanowire, drying, sintering in a protective gas atmosphere to perform high-temperature solid-phase catalytic reaction, and then cooling to room temperature to obtain the final product graphene/lithium iron phosphate composite cathode material.
In a further improvement, in the first step, the dispersion medium is one or more of methanol, ethanol, acetone, benzene, toluene, water, organic acid and organic ester.
In the step one, graphene is added into a dispersion medium, and then ultrasonic dispersion is carried out for 1-3 hours to form a stably dispersed suspension A.
In a further improvement, in the second step, the active catalytic nano-particle is Pt (NH)3)2+、Rh(NH3)5Cl2+、AuCl4 1-、[PbCl4]2-、[Co(NH3)4]2+、[Ni(NH3)4]2+、 [Ag(NH3)2]+、Rb6(CO)6、Ru3(CO)l2、PbSe、CoC2O4One or more of them.
In a further improvement, in the second step, the particle size range of the active catalytic nanoparticles is 5-10 nm.
In a further improvement, in the second step, the reducing agent is one or more of sodium borohydride, hydrazine hydrate, glucose and citric acid.
In a further improvement, in the second step, the lithium source is Li2CO3And/or LiOH.
In a further improvement, in the second step, the one-dimensional nanowire carbon nanotubes and/or cellulose.
In the third step, the reaction temperature of the high-temperature solid phase catalytic reaction is 650-.
The lithium ion battery anode material is prepared by the preparation method of the lithium ion battery anode material.
The preparation process diagram of graphene/lithium iron phosphate with a three-dimensional continuous three-dimensional conductive network structure is shown in the attached figure 1, and the specific implementation steps are as follows:
(1) and (3) preparing active catalytic nano particle graphene. A novel induced anchoring method is adopted to prepare the high-load active catalytic nano particle graphene. Carrying out structural functionalization treatment on graphene, inducing the surface of the graphene to form a large number of unsaturated sites and defects which are orderly arranged by adopting an electroplating method, so that active catalytic nano-ions can be directionally anchored on the graphene structure, the graphene carrier is highly dispersed, and then reducing the active catalytic nano-particles at the positions of the unsaturated sites and the defects of the graphene by using a reducing agent to obtain the active catalytic nano-particle graphene with double high catalytic effects.
In the above preparation method, preferably, the active catalytic nanoparticles areNano metal ion or complex Co2+、Ni2+、Pt(NH3)2+，Rh(NH3)5Cl2+、AuCl4 1-、[PbCl4]2-、[Co(NH3)4]2+、 [Ni(NH3)4]2+[Ag(NH3)2]+、Rb6(CO)6、Ru3(CO)l2、PbSe、CoC2O4One or more of them. The particle size of the active catalytic nanoparticles is controlled to be 5-10 nm.
The invention has the following outstanding characteristics and innovative breakthrough points:
1. the invention develops a novel induced anchoring method for preparing graphene-loaded active catalytic nanoparticles, and the active catalytic nanoparticles are highly orderly dispersed and strongly anchored on a graphene structure, so that the active catalytic nanoparticles can efficiently and directionally play a catalytic role.
2. The graphene-loaded active catalytic nanoparticles can efficiently catalyze the conversion of ferric ions in an iron source to ferrous ions, obtain high-purity lithium iron phosphate, and improve the synthesis reaction efficiency. Meanwhile, the active catalytic nano particles loaded by the graphene become reaction active center sites in the high-temperature reaction process, can effectively adsorb nearby iron sources and lithium sources to synthesize lithium iron phosphate, and are doped in a lithium iron phosphate body structure. The conductivity of the lithium iron phosphate material and the three-dimensional storage space of lithium ions are obviously improved, and the specific capacity and the cycling stability of the material are improved.
3. Because the active catalytic nano particles are loaded on the two sides of the graphene, a three-dimensional continuous three-dimensional conductive network structure can be accurately controlled in the mixing and reaction processes of the graphene, the phosphorus source iron source compound and the lithium source, lithium iron phosphate particles and the surface of the lithium iron phosphate particles are connected into a unified whole by the graphene and the one-dimensional nano wires, and the uniformity of product batches is ensured.
4. Electrochemical results of the graphene/lithium iron phosphate anode material with the three-dimensional continuous three-dimensional conductive network structure obtained by the invention show that the discharge specific capacity is up to about 175mAh/g at the rate of 0.1C, the discharge specific capacity is still about 130mAh/g at the rate of 20C, the high-rate performance is excellent, and compared with the lithium iron phosphate anode material in the existing market, the electrochemical performance is obviously improved.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a process diagram for preparing graphene/lithium iron phosphate with a three-dimensional continuous three-dimensional conductive network structure.
Fig. 2a is an electron micrograph of the lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material coated in example 1.
Fig. 2b is a scanning electron micrograph of the lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material coated in example 1.
Fig. 3 shows the charge and discharge curves of 0.1C, 0.5C, 1C, 5C, 10C, and 20C for the lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material prepared in example 1.
Detailed Description
Example 1
The graphene/LiFePO with the three-dimensional continuous three-dimensional conductive network structure4The composite positive electrode material is characterized in that graphene loaded active catalytic nanoparticles and one-dimensional nanowires are modified cooperatively, and the graphene/lithium iron phosphate positive electrode material for the lithium ion battery is synthesized by a high-temperature solid-phase catalysis method.
As shown in fig. 1, the specific steps of this example are as follows:
(1) adding 2.5g of functionalized graphene into 500ml of ethanol solution, and performing ultrasonic dispersion for 1-3 hours to form a stably dispersed suspension A;
(2) dissolving 11.51g of active catalytic nano nickel ion compound in 250ml of deionized water, mixing with the solution A, enabling active catalytic nano ions to be directionally anchored on unsaturated sites and defects of graphene, and reducing the active catalytic nano ions to metal atoms on the unsaturated sites and the defects of the graphene through reducing agent sodium borohydride to form a solution B;
(3) and uniformly mixing the solution B with 478.61g of iron phosphate, 126.81g of lithium carbonate and 5g of one-dimensional nanowires, stirring and drying at a constant speed in a reactor, then placing the mixture in a high-temperature sintering furnace to perform high-temperature solid-phase catalytic reaction (the temperature is 650-850 ℃) in the atmosphere of protective gas, and cooling the mixture to room temperature to obtain the final product graphene/lithium iron phosphate composite cathode material. The electron microscope and scanning electron microscope pictures are shown in fig. 2a and fig. 2 b.
The method for mixing and drying the solution B, the iron phosphate, the lithium carbonate and the one-dimensional nanowires in the step (3) comprises the following steps: and ultrasonically dispersing and mixing the solution B, a phosphorus source iron source compound, a lithium source and the one-dimensional nanowire, transferring the mixture into a reactor, dispersing and mixing at the temperature of 100-200 ℃ for 2-8 h, completely dispersing and mixing to obtain powder, cooling to room temperature to obtain lithium iron phosphate precursor powder, and sintering.
In this embodiment, the amounts of the iron phosphate, the lithium carbonate, and the one-dimensional nanowire are the optimal amounts, and the amounts are optionally adjusted, so that the graphene/lithium iron phosphate composite positive electrode material can be prepared, but the purity and the specific discharge capacity are low.
Through electrochemical tests, the discharge specific capacities of the graphene/LiFePO 4 material at the multiplying powers of 0.1C, 0.5C, 1C, 5C, 10C and 20C are respectively 168 mAh/g, 165mAh/g, 160 mAh/g, 145 mAh/g, 140 mAh/g and 130mAh/g, and the discharge median voltages are respectively 3.38V, 3.36V, 3.31V, 3.22V, 3.08V and 2.98V, as shown in figure 3. Table 1 shows that the product of this example has an improved gram capacity compared to the better product in the literature and the better product in the market at present, and especially the improvement of gram capacity is significant under the condition of large multiplying power.
Table 1 shows the quality comparison data of the products in this patent and the market and literature:
TABLE 1
Figure 592292DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
Example 2
The graphene/LiFePO with the three-dimensional continuous three-dimensional conductive network structure4The composite anode material is prepared by synergistically modifying active catalytic nano particle graphene and one-dimensional nanowires and synthesizing the graphene/lithium iron phosphate anode material by a high-temperature solid-phase catalysis method.
The specific steps of this example are as follows:
(1) adding 2.5g of functionalized graphene into 500ml of ethanol solution, and performing ultrasonic dispersion for 1-3 hours to form stable suspension A;
(2) dissolving 16.56g of active catalytic nano cobalt ion compound in 250ml of deionized water, and mixing with the solution A to ensure that active catalytic nano ions are directionally anchored on unsaturated sites and defects of graphene to form a solution B;
(3) and uniformly mixing the solution B with 478.61g of iron phosphate, 126.81g of lithium carbonate and 5g of one-dimensional nanowires, stirring and drying the mixture in a reactor at a constant speed, then placing the mixture in a high-temperature sintering furnace to perform high-temperature solid-phase catalytic reaction (the temperature is 650-850 ℃ and the reaction time is 6-8 h) in a protective gas atmosphere, and cooling the mixture to room temperature to obtain the final product graphene/lithium iron phosphate composite cathode material.
The above examples are only described to help understand the core idea of the present invention; meanwhile, for a person skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, there may be variations in the specific embodiments and the application scope, and in summary, the content of the present specification should not be construed as a limitation to the present invention.

Claims (5)

1. A preparation method of a lithium ion battery anode material is characterized by comprising the following steps:
dissolving functionalized graphene into a dispersion medium to form a suspension A; inducing the surface of the functionalized graphene to form a large number of orderly arranged unsaturated sites and defects by an electroplating method; the dispersion medium is one or more of methanol, ethanol, acetone, benzene, toluene, water, organic acid and organic ester;
mixing the solution of the active catalytic nanoparticles with the suspension A solution to ensure that the active catalytic nanoparticles are directionally anchored on unsaturated sites and defects of graphene, wherein the active catalytic nanoparticles are nano metal ions or nano metal ion complexes; then adding a reducing agent to reduce the active catalytic nanoparticles into metal atoms on unsaturated sites and defect positions of the graphene to form a solution B; the active catalytic nano particle is Pt (NH)3)2+、Rh(NH3)5Cl2+、AuCl4 1-、[PbCl4]2-、[Co(NH3)4]2+、 [Ni(NH3)4]2+、 [Ag(NH3)2]+、Rb6(CO)6、Ru3(CO)l2、PbSe、CoC2O4One or more of the above; rb6(CO)6、Ru3(CO)l2、PbSe、CoC2O4The range of the diameter of the particles is 5-10 nm;
mixing the solution B with ferric phosphate, a lithium source and the one-dimensional nanowire, drying, sintering in a protective gas atmosphere to perform high-temperature solid-phase catalytic reaction, and cooling to room temperature to obtain a final product graphene/lithium iron phosphate composite cathode material; the one-dimensional nano wire is a carbon nano tube and/or cellulose; the reaction temperature of the high-temperature solid-phase catalytic reaction is 650-850 ℃, and the reaction time is 6-8 h.
2. The preparation method of the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the first step, the graphene is added into a dispersion medium, and then ultrasonic dispersion is performed for 1-3 hours to form a stably dispersed suspension A.
3. The method for preparing the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the second step, the reducing agent is one or more of sodium borohydride, hydrazine hydrate, glucose and citric acid.
4. The method for preparing the positive electrode material of the lithium ion battery according to claim 1, wherein in the second step, the lithium source is Li2CO3And/or LiOH.
5. A lithium ion battery cathode material prepared by the preparation method of the lithium ion battery cathode material according to any one of claims 1 to 4.
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