CN108240676B

CN108240676B - Heating system, kit for manufacturing a heating system and method for applying the same

Info

Publication number: CN108240676B
Application number: CN201710122815.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: C·福特梅耶尔; T·坎德佐拉; K·蔡恩; S·福雷罗; W·许茨
Original assignee: C Futemeiyeer; Futurecarbon GmbH
Current assignee: C Futemeiyeer; Futurecarbon GmbH
Priority date: 2016-12-27
Filing date: 2017-03-03
Publication date: 2021-10-26
Anticipated expiration: 2037-03-03
Also published as: CN207122949U; CN108240676A

Abstract

The present invention relates to a heating system, which is particularly suitable for heating rooms, such as rooms of houses, and to a kit for manufacturing a heating system on a wall. Furthermore, the invention relates to the use of the object according to the invention, in particular for heating rooms or for producing heating systems, and to a corresponding method.

Description

Heating system, kit for manufacturing a heating system and method for applying the same

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a heating system, which is particularly suitable for heating rooms, such as house rooms, and to a kit for manufacturing a heating system on a wall. The invention also relates to the use of the object according to the invention, in particular for heating rooms or for producing heating systems, and to a corresponding method.

Background

In many aspects of life, it is necessary to heat the surface of an object or a body, wherein electrical wall heating devices, for example, with zigzag-shaped heating wires, or water-assisted wall heating devices, in which heated water circulates, can be installed at various points when heating a room. These heating devices have in common that the heating device heats the wall surface to a desired temperature, wherein the remaining movable and immovable objects of the room eventually have the same temperature as the heated wall, since the heated wall is in temperature exchange with the remaining movable and immovable objects of the room, such as furniture, air, ceiling, floor and walls to which the wall heating device is not fixed.

A disadvantage of this heating method is that a relatively large amount of energy must be used to heat the wall first, and a relatively large amount of heat is transferred into the wall despite the insulation, since the insulation reaches the temperature level of the heated wall surface relatively quickly.

To solve this problem, wall heating devices are also known which have a plate on which a surface heating line is mounted and to the rear side of which a high-gloss aluminum film is bonded, wherein the plate is mounted on the wall by means of a base structure consisting of wood slats in such a way that the rear side of the plate points towards the wall and an air gap having the thickness of the wood slats is formed between the plate and the wall; see DE 202016001732U 1. DE 202016001732U 1 describes that the outward heat radiation can be reduced very effectively by this configuration. However, in order to in fact be extremely effective in this construction to reduce the heat losses occurring through the walls, it is necessary to separate the air gap from the rest of the room to be heated, so that no heat exchange takes place between the air gap and, for example, the rest of the indoor air. Such a hermetic sealing of the air gap is hardly achievable in practice.

Disclosure of Invention

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a heating system which can be simply mounted on a wall of a room and which utilizes the energy for heating the room more efficiently than wall heating devices hitherto.

According to the invention, this object is achieved by the objects stated in the patent claims. In particular, the inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that not only thermal decoupling and thus a significant improvement in the wall insulation, but also an increased heating efficiency can be achieved by combining measures, namely the insulation of the wall by means of the insulation layer, with simultaneous heating of the insulation layer and the application of the reflective layer to the wall.

In particular the invention relates in a first aspect to a heating system for heating a room, the heating system comprising: (i) an isolating/reflecting element which can be mounted or mounted on a wall of the room and is equipped to break a thermal bridge, in particular of the wall, and to reflect IR rays; (ii) a heating element equipped for generating IR radiation; and (iii) a spacing element that may be disposed or disposed between the isolating/reflecting element and the heating element and configured such that the heating element is spaced apart from the isolating/reflecting element.

According to the invention in a second aspect there is provided a kit for manufacturing a heating system on a wall, wherein the kit comprises: (1) an isolating/reflecting element which can be mounted on a wall of the room and is equipped to break a thermal bridge, in particular of the wall, and to reflect IR rays; (2) a heating element equipped for generating IR radiation; and (3) a spacing element that may be disposed between the isolating/reflecting element and the heating element and configured such that the heating element is spaced apart from the isolating/reflecting element.

According to the invention in a third aspect there is provided the use of a heating system according to the invention for heating a room or for shielding a room from electromagnetic radiation.

According to the invention in a fourth aspect there is provided a use of a kit according to the invention for manufacturing a heating system on a wall.

According to the invention in a fifth aspect there is provided a method for manufacturing a heating system on a wall part, wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) mounting an isolating/reflecting element on a wall of the room, wherein the isolating/reflecting element is equipped to break a thermal bridge, in particular the wall, and to reflect IR rays; (b) mounting a spacer element on the isolating/reflecting element; and (c) mounting a heating element for generating IR radiation on the spacer element such that IR radiation that can be generated by the heating element can be generated or generated facing the isolating/reflecting element.

According to the invention in a sixth aspect there is provided a method for heating a room, wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) mounting an isolating/reflecting element on a wall of the room, wherein the isolating/reflecting element is equipped to break a thermal bridge, in particular the wall, and to reflect IR rays; (b) mounting a spacer element on the isolating/reflecting element; (c) mounting a heating element for generating IR radiation on the spacer element, so that IR radiation which can be generated by the heating element can be generated or generated facing the isolating/reflecting element; and (d) heating the heating element.

Heating system

Heating element

The component comprised in the heating system according to the invention is a heating element. In principle, any heating element can be used for the heating system according to the invention, as long as it is capable of generating IR radiation that can heat a room. Exemplary heating elements include water-assisted or oil-assisted elements (in which heated water or oil flows through a conduit within the heating element) and electrical heating elements, such as those having one or more meandering heating wires or having a heating layer preferably comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, particularly electrical heating elements that can be operated at a safe low voltage. Advantageously, the heating element of the heating system according to the invention is an electric heating element, in particular an electric heating element that can be operated at a safe low voltage.

In a preferred embodiment, the heating element comprises a heating layer, which is equipped to generate IR radiation, and a substrate on which the heating layer is mounted. Thus, in a water-or oil-assisted heating element the heating layer may comprise a respective pipe (in particular a pipe) in which the heated water or oil flows, whereas in an electric heating element the heating layer may comprise heating wires or at least one carbon-based electrically conductive additive. In a preferred embodiment, the heating layer is applied only on one of the two main sides of the substrate (in this context the main sides are the two sides that open the largest face (i.e. the sides defined by the length and width of the substrate)). In this embodiment, the main side of the substrate on which the heating layer is mounted is referred to as the first side of the substrate or heating element. The side of the substrate (or heating element) opposite to the first side of the substrate (or heating element) is referred to as the second side. In an alternative embodiment, a heating layer is applied to each of the two main sides of the substrate, which heating layer is equipped to generate IR radiation.

Preferably, the heating element is equipped to emit IR radiation in every direction (i.e. the heating element is free of an aluminium film, in particular a reflective layer capable of reflecting or reflecting IR radiation, in particular no IR reflective layer).

Heat can be generated in the heating layer of the electrical heating element by applying an electrical current. In a preferred embodiment in which the heating layer comprises one or more conductive additives, the heating layer is low-ohmic due to the presence of the one or more conductive additives, which results in good electrical conductivity, since there is only a small electrical resistance. Whereby uniform heating performance can be achieved. Furthermore, the low resistivity ensures that only a small voltage and/or a small current has to be applied to the heating layer, so that good heating can be achieved.

In order to be able to apply a voltage and/or a current to the heating layer of the electrical heating element, in particular the heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, the heating element preferably has two electrically conductive contact elements. The contact elements are coupled to the power source according to applicable standards and regulations known to those skilled in the art.

The heating layer is applied to the substrate in a known manner, for example by means of a corresponding wire clamp in the case of a water-or oil-assisted heating element or as a film-like coating in particular in the case of a heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive.

In an electric heating element, in particular in a preferred electric heating element comprising a heating layer containing at least one carbon-based conductive additive, the heating layer is preferably applied only as a coating on one of the two main sides of the substrate (in this context the main sides are the two sides that open the largest face (i.e. the sides defined by the length and width of the substrate)). The heating layer may be applied to the substrate in a known manner. The dispersion comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive can be applied to the substrate, for example, by rolling, spraying, painting, brushing, scraping, or pressing, with spraying, rolling, scraping, or pressing being preferred. The application of the dispersant can be carried out in one step (i.e. in only one coating) or in two or more steps (i.e. in 2 or more coatings), wherein in the latter case there should be a separate drying step between each application. Preferably, the heating layer can be produced by rolling in two coats with a drying step in between or by spraying in one coat. If necessary, a primer layer can be produced on the substrate before the heating layer is applied. This is particularly advantageous in order to reduce the absorption of the substrate and/or to ensure that the surface quality of the substrate remains unchanged. In one embodiment, the heating element, in particular an electrical heating element, such as a heating element having a heating layer containing at least one carbon-based conductive additive, can therefore have an underlayer between the heating layer and the substrate.

One or more further layers may be applied on the heating layer (e.g. a balancing layer for balancing out irregularities and/or a protective layer (e.g. a protective lacquer) and/or a color coating). In one embodiment, the protective or equalization layer may be electrically insulated from the heating layer. The protective or equalizing layer can be generated in a known manner. Examples of such protective or equalization layers are layers consisting of fillers or mortar, layers consisting of sealing layers, nonwoven webs (to which nonwoven webs can be bonded in one embodiment) or combinations of the above. The protective layer or equalizing layer is advantageously thermally conductive and, if appropriate, also electrically insulating. Furthermore, a colored coating can be applied as the uppermost layer, which is advantageously thermally conductive.

A heating layer, in particular of an electrical heating element, such as a heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, may be applied over the entire face of one side of the substrate. Advantageously, however, the heating layer does not cover the entire surface of one side of the substrate, but is applied only to a partial surface of the substrate (for example up to 95%, up to 90%, up to 85%, up to 80%, up to 75% or up to 70%), wherein the partial surface is preferably arranged such that the circumferential edge of the substrate remains free of the heating layer (in particular free of the heating layer and the contact element). This is advantageous because the edge can be used for mounting the heating element to the spacing element. For example, the edge may have a width of 1-20cm (e.g., 2-15cm, 3-12cm, 4-10cm, or 5-8 cm).

The face of the heating layer that covers the substrate is not otherwise limited except by the dimensions of the respective substrate. The area of the heating layer may be up to 100m, for example²Preferably up to 20m²More preferably up to 10m²E.g. 1dm²To 50m²、0.1m²To 10m²、0.2m²To 8m²、0.3m²To 6m²、0.4m²To 4m²、0.5m²To 2m²Or 0.6m²To 1.10m²As long as the substrate has corresponding dimensions.

In a top view (i.e. in the viewing direction towards a perpendicular to a plane spanned by the length and width of the heating layer), the heating layer may have any arbitrary two-dimensional shape, for example in the form of a rectangle, square, circle, ellipse, parallelogram, etc. According to a preferred embodiment, the heating layer, in particular of the electrical heating element, such as a heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, has a quadrilateral shape, in particular a rectangular or parallelogram shape, in plan view. Preferably, the ratio of the width to the length of the heating layer, in particular of the electrical heating element, such as a heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, is less than or equal to 1. The heating layer thus has a strip or strip shape in this embodiment.

For applying a voltage and/or a current to the electrical heating element, in particular to the heating layers, the heating element has preferably two electrically conductive contact elements (in particular each electrical heating element comprised in the heat supply system according to the invention or each heating layer comprised in the heat supply system according to the invention). The contact elements can be in particular contact strips or contact strips.

In one embodiment, the two electrically conductive contact elements comprise electrically conductive metal strips, in particular electrically conductive copper strips. Advantageously, each contact element has an adhesive layer. The total thickness of each contact element (including the adhesive layer, if present) may preferably be at most 100 μm, more preferably at most 90 μm, more preferably at most 80 μm, more preferably at most 75 μm.

In one embodiment, the contact elements may be configured as straight strips. The shape of the contact elements is not limited to this straight arrangement for other embodiments. The contact elements can be formed, for example, by strips which extend in a curved manner in the direction of the surface extension of the heating layer.

In one embodiment, two electrically conductive contact elements may be arranged or disposed on opposing edge regions of the heating layer (e.g., upper and lower edge regions, or left and right edge regions). In one embodiment, the two electrically conductive contact elements are or can be arranged parallel to each other.

For the preferred embodiment in which the heating layer contains at least one carbon-based conductive additive, the contact elements are located on lateral edge regions of the heating layer, i.e. the contact elements extend in the longitudinal direction of the strip-shaped heating layer. An advantage of this embodiment is that, on the one hand, the distance between the contact elements is relatively small and thus reliable heating of the heating layer over the entire width can be ensured. The edge region of the heating layer, in particular of the heating layer of an electrical heating element, such as a heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, is preferably a lateral edge region of the width of the heating layer. In this context, width preferably means the dimension transverse to the main extension direction, in particular the length, of the heating layer. The edge regions each extend from a lateral edge of the heating layer and terminate at a distance from a center line of the heating layer in the main extension direction. The main extension direction can be a straight line or a curved line. Thus, the contact elements do not extend on the centre line and preferably terminate at a distance from the centre line, wherein the spacing is advantageously at least 4 times (such as at least 5 times, at least 6 times, at least 7 times or at least 8 times) the width of the contact elements. Advantageously, the spacing between the inner edges of the contact elements can be up to 2m, preferably up to 1m, such as 30-80cm, 35-70cm or 40-60cm, provided that the substrate has corresponding dimensions.

The width of the contact elements is not critical. The contact elements should however be dimensioned such that they allow the application of a voltage and/or a current to the heating element, preferably over the entire length and/or width of the heating layer. For example, the width of the contact element may be selected with reference to the width of the heating layer. Suitable widths of the contact elements may be in the range of 1/10 to 1/40 (preferably 1/12 to 1/32, such as 1/16 to 1/24, such as 1/20) of the width of the heating layer. The absolute width of the contact elements may be in the range of 2-8cm (preferably 2.5-6.5cm, such as 3.5-5cm or 4cm), wherein the sum of the widths of the contact elements of the heating layer should be at most half the width of the heating layer.

The electrically conductive contact element preferably extends over the entire length of the heating layer. This has the advantage that the heating layer can be flowed over its entire length by an electric current over its width and thus maximizes the area to be heated. Advantageously, the contact element extends beyond a longitudinal end of the heating layer, i.e. protrudes beyond the longitudinal end. This likewise helps to maximize the area to be heated, since not the section of the contact element which is in direct contact with the heating layer, but only the projecting remaining part of the contact element which is not in direct contact with the heating layer can be used to ensure an electrically conductive connection to the power supply (via the electrical connections and the electrical lines). The electrical connection can be any connection suitable for electrically conductively connecting the contact element to an electrical line. Such electrical connections are known to the person skilled in the art and include, for example, plug-in connections or soldered connections, wherein the soldered connections may optionally additionally have an adhesive (for example by means of a resin adhesive or the like). Preferably, the electrical coupling may comprise a locking nut (e.g. a swivel nut), a corresponding screw and a cable splice sleeve. The locking nut is preferably equipped such that, when it is pressed by means of a screw onto a cable splice sleeve mounted between the locking nut and the contact element on the side of the base on which the contact element is mounted and in the region in which the contact element is mounted, an electrically conductive connection between the contact element and the cable splice sleeve can be produced or produced. An electrical conductor can then be coupled to the cable lug in a conventional manner, by means of which an electrically conductive connection to a power source can be produced or produced. In an alternative embodiment of the electrical coupling between the contact element and the electrical conductor which is conductively connected to the power source, the substrate has a hole into which the contact element can be glued or glued. Rivets (which may also have threads), mounting screws (if necessary with spacers for reliable electrical contacting) and cable lug bushings are then pressed in order to produce an electrical connection to the electrical conductor which is electrically conductively connected to the power supply. The lock nut compresses the formation (including the stop washer if necessary). The construction can then be provided with one or more further layers (such as fillers, mortar and/or colour coatings) on the screw head side.

The contact element can be mounted on the substrate in any known manner, for example by means of bonding (e.g. by means of a bonding layer or bonding strip), thermal spraying (e.g. arc spraying) or plasma spraying. The application of contact elements, in particular electrically conductive metal strips, such as copper strips, is known to the person skilled in the art, see for example WO 2013/156162. For simple handling and manufacturing of the heating element, it may be preferred to bond the contact element to the substrate. For this embodiment the contact element preferably has an adhesive layer.

The contact element can be applied to the heating layer after the heating layer is produced on the substrate (wherein, if necessary, a base layer has been produced on the substrate previously). In this case, it is preferred to apply the contact element using suitable means which allow a particularly unhindered current flow between the contact element and the heating layer. This may be achieved, for example, by the adhesive layer being electrically conductive in embodiments in which the contact element comprises an adhesive layer.

Alternatively, the contact elements are applied before the heating layer is produced on the substrate (if necessary a base layer may be previously produced on the substrate). In this case, it is preferred that a dispersant (Dispersion) comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive is (possibly first only) applied to the contact element, for example so that the application of a further dispersant layer to the contact element and to the substrate (for producing the heating layer) and/or the passage of an electric current between the contact element and the heating layer is improved. Preferably, the dispersant is applied not only between and on the contact elements (which may be pre-coated with dispersant as previously described), but also on the substrate (or previously primed substrate) beyond the other longitudinal side of the contact elements (i.e., beyond the longitudinal side of the contact elements that does not define the gap between the contact elements) and/or beyond the broad side of the contact elements. This results in the contact element being completely surrounded by the heating layer on the longitudinal side and/or on the broad side of the contact element. Before the first application of the dispersion to the contact element, it can be advantageous to degrease the contact element in order to improve the adhesion of the heating layer to the contact element.

The layer thickness of the heating layer, in particular of an electrical heating layer, such as a heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, is preferably selected to be small and, for example, in the μm range (for example in the range of 40 to 200 μm, preferably 50 to 100 μm) for an electrical heating layer. For example, it may be sufficient to make the layer thickness of the electrical heating layer, in particular the heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, less than 100 μm, in order to obtain the desired heating effect.

The substrate can be any substrate suitable for the construction field (e.g., gypsum board, especially gypsum fiberboard), and is preferably constructed to be flame retardant. The size and shape of the substrate and heating element may be configured in a conventional manner. In a top view (i.e., looking in the direction of a perpendicular to a plane spanned by the length and width of the substrate), the substrate may have any arbitrary two-dimensional shape, such as in the form of a rectangle, square, circle, ellipsoid, parallelogram, or the like. According to a preferred embodiment, the substrate has a quadrilateral shape in plan view, in particular a rectangular or parallelogram shape. Preferably, the ratio of the width to the length of the substrate is less than or equal to 1. The substrate thus has a strip or stripe shape in this embodiment.

Preferably, the length (L), width (B) and thickness (D) of the substrate/heating element are in the following ranges: 10-500cm (e.g., 50-400cm, 80-300cm, 100-250cm or 120-200 cm); b: 10-200cm (such as 20-150cm, 30-140cm, 40-120cm, 50-100cm or 60-80 cm); d: 5-40mm (such as 10-30mm or 15-25 mm). The dimensions, in particular the thickness, of the substrate/heating element can also be varied depending on the type of heating used, wherein, depending on the required wires, a greater thickness (for example at least 12mm) is preferred in water-assisted or oil-assisted systems, while a smaller thickness can also be used for heating systems operated electrically.

Instead of a single large-area substrate/heating element (for example in order to provide a single heating element over the entire wall of the room), it is preferred to use a plurality (for example at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, for example up to 40, up to 30, up to 25, up to 20, up to 15 or up to 10, for example 2 to 40, 3 to 30, 4 to 25, 5 to 20, 6 to 15 or 2 to 10) of correspondingly smaller substrates/heating elements, which overall can cover the entire surface of the wall. Thus, the heating system according to the invention may have at least 1, such as at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, for example up to 40, up to 30, up to 25, up to 20, up to 15 or up to 10, such as 2 to 40, 3 to 30, 4 to 25, 5 to 20, 6 to 15 or 2 to 10 heating elements, in particular electrical heating elements, such as heating elements having a heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based electrically conductive additive, wherein preferably each electrical heating element has two electrically conductive contact elements. The areas of the respective heating layers may be the same or different and may each be in the ranges given above (e.g. 1 dm)²To 50m²、0.1m²To 10m²、0.2m²To 8m²、0.3m²To 6m²、0.4m²To 4m²、0.5m²To 2m²Or 0.6m²To 1.10m²) In (1).

Alternatively, instead of a single heating layer, a plurality (e.g. at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, e.g. up to 40, up to 30, up to 25, up to 20, up to 15 or up to 10, such as 2 to 40, 3 to 30, 4 to 25, 5 to 20, 6 to 15 or 2 to 10) of correspondingly smaller heating layers may be applied on the substrate. Thus, the heat supply system according to the invention may have at least 1, such as at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, for exampleFor example up to 40, up to 30, up to 25, up to 20, up to 15 or up to 10, for example 2 to 40, 3 to 30, 4 to 25, 5 to 20, 6 to 15 or 2 to 10 heating layers, in particular heating layers each comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, wherein preferably each heating layer has two electrically conductive contact elements. The areas of the respective heating layers may be the same or different and may each be in the ranges given above (e.g. 1 dm)²To 50m²、0.1m²To 10m²、0.2m²To 8m²、0.3m²To 6m²、0.4m²To 4m²、0.5m²To 2m²Or 0.6m²To 1.10m²) In (1).

For example, on a room wall 300cm high and 500cm long and which should be provided with one or more heating elements over its entire surface, or a single heating element can be installed which has corresponding dimensions (i.e. for example 300cm width and 500cm length) and which has either a single heating layer (for example a rectangular shape with 290cm width and 490cm length) or a plurality of heating layers (for example 10 heating layers, each with a rectangular shape and with 98cm width and 145cm length); or preferably a plurality of heating elements (e.g. 5 heating elements having a length of 300cm and a width of 100cm, respectively; or 10 heating elements having a length of 150cm and a width of 100cm, respectively) may be installed. In this context, it may be desirable that the wall is not covered over the entire surface by the heating element, but that an area remains exposed, for example up to a maximum of 10cm (for example 1-10cm, 2-8cm, 3-7cm, 4-6cm or 4-5cm) on the roof or up to the ground, and/or up to a maximum of 20cm (for example 1-20cm, 2-18cm, 3-16cm, 4-12cm or 5-10cm) of the adjacent wall, for example in order to improve the circulation or exchange of heated air between the insulation/reflector element and the heating element by the remaining room air and/or to improve the accessibility of the coupling of the heating element. Alternatively, such "exposed" faces may be covered by a substrate without a heating layer (but with the EMV layer described herein if necessary).

The heat emitted from the heating layer is particularly relevant for the type of heating and can be controlled in a known manner. For example, the heat emitted from an electrical heating layer containing at least one carbon-based conductive additive can be varied, in particular, by the power factor of a power supply (in particular the amount of current flowing through the heating layer or the voltage applied across the heating layer; both can be controlled by corresponding control means) which is electrically connected to the heating layer, by setting the thickness of the heating layer and/or by the concentration of the conductive additive in the heating layer.

The electrical heating element, in particular comprising a heating layer containing at least one carbon-based conductive additive, can be operated by means of an alternating voltage or a direct voltage. An electrical heating element, in particular an electrical heating element comprising a heating layer containing at least one carbon-based conductive additive, can be supplied with a low voltage and thus achieve a sufficient heating effect. The electric heating element, in particular comprising a heating layer containing at least one carbon-based conductive additive, can be operated starting from a voltage value of more than 0V, preferably with a voltage value of a safe low voltage (alternating voltage or direct voltage), in particular in the range of 5V to 48V (such as in the range of 18-25V, for example 22V).

In one embodiment the electrical heating element is equipped to at least partially absorb and/or reflect electromagnetic radiation. In one embodiment, the substrate can have a heating layer, in particular a heating layer containing at least one carbon-based conductive additive, on the first side and an EMV layer on the second side, which is provided to at least partially absorb and/or reflect electromagnetic radiation. This embodiment has the advantage that the electromagnetic radiation generated by the electrical heating layer can be at least partially absorbed or absorbed and/or can be reflected or reflected. For example, the second side can have a coating which contains at least one carbon-based conductive additive and can be grounded or grounded, whereby an at least partial absorption of electromagnetic radiation can be achieved or achieved. Alternatively or additionally, the electromagnetic radiation can be shielded by the heating layer of the electrical heating element, in particular the heating layer containing at least one carbon-based conductive additive, having a means for grounding, which is equipped such that the heating layer can be grounded or grounded at least in part (i.e. when the heating element is not used for heating and is therefore not subjected to a voltage and/or current).

In a preferred embodiment, the heating element can be mounted to the wall via a spacer element such that the IR radiation which can be generated by the heating element can be generated facing the isolating/reflecting element or facing the isolating/reflecting element (i.e. the heating element can be mounted to the wall via a spacer element or to the wall via a spacer element such that the side of the substrate on which the heating layer is mounted faces the isolating/reflecting element). This has the advantage that the thermal insulation of the wall is improved (i.e. almost no heat enters the wall) due to the thermal decoupling by the insulating/reflecting element and the simultaneous heating of the insulating/reflecting element. Another advantage is that the wall portion absorbs less water, preferably no water, from the room interior than is the case with conventional heating systems. Since the isolating/reflecting element also reflects a major part (preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 91%, more preferably at least 92%, more preferably at least 93%, more preferably at least 94%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 96%) of the IR radiation directed to the wall, it is possible to heat a room with the heating system according to the invention with less energy than with conventional heating systems.

Conductive additives are conductive materials and are well known to those skilled in the art. Specific examples of carbon-based conductive additives include graphite, carbon black, Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), carbon fibers, and carbon nanofibers. The heating layer may comprise one or more of the above-mentioned conductive additives, for example a mixture of 2 or 3 of the above-mentioned conductive additives, such as graphite and carbon black or graphite and CNTs.

The properties of the conductive additive will be described in detail below.

Graphite is a very common mineral and belongs to the semi-metallic and non-metallic classes. Graphite is the third form of carbon (modified) that is in a stable state under normal conditions on earth, and is mostly hexagonally crystalline, with the exception of diamond and fullerene, which is also rare in trigonal systems.

Graphite develops into opaque, gray to black crystals in hexagonal, massive, scaly or columnar shapes having a metallic luster on the crystal faces.

In crystalline graphite there are flat, multiple layers extending in parallel, which are "basal planes" or "graphite layers". One layer is composed of covalently bonded hexagons with sp carbon atoms²Hybridization is carried out. Inside this plane, the binding energy between carbon atoms is 4.3eV, while the binding energy between planes is only 0.07 eV. Due to this extreme orientation dependence of the binding forces, significant anisotropy of the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of graphite occurs:

slight fragility of pure graphite along the basal plane, significantly higher strength along the crystalline layer;

thermal insulation and electrical insulation orthogonal to the base plane, compared to the substantially metallic electrical conductivity along a plane.

The conductivity within the plane is achieved by delocalization of pi electrons. If there is no fixed relationship between the planes, it is called turbostratic carbon. Graphite may also be of synthetic origin as a product of the coking of plastics, bitumen, petroleum, coal and the like suitable therefor.

Carbon black is a black, powdery solid that includes 80% or more carbon depending on the quality and application.

Carbon blacks have specific characteristic properties depending on their field of application, which are influenced in a targeted manner by variations in the type of production process and process parameters.

Carbon black, its characteristics, production method, application, etc., have been widely described, and therefore, reference is made to the related art articles herein.

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) are made up of a closed graphite layer rolled into a cylindrical shape. Individual tubes are referred to as "single wall carbon nanotubes" (SWCNTs) and parts of increased diameter due to coaxially stacked tubes are referred to as "multiwall carbon nanotubes" (MWCNTs).

CNTs can be made by various methods. The most commonly known are the arc process, the laser ablation method and the catalytic assisted chemical vapor deposition (CCVD). The latter method is suitable for large gaugesAnd (4) producing the CNTs by using a die. In this case, a gaseous carbon source (hydrocarbons, alcohols, CO) is produced on a metallic, catalytically active substrate₂) And (3) a constituent CNT.

Typically, SWCNTs have a diameter of 0.5-4nm and MWCNTs have a diameter between 6 and 100 nm. CNTs can be up to several mm in length.

The physical properties of CNTs correspond to those of graphite that extend along basal planes.

CNTs are now used in polymers, ceramics and metals as mechanical reinforcing agents, additives for electrical and thermal conductivity. In this regard, CNTs are generally chemically modified on their surface in order to meet the requirements of good dispersibility and attachment to the substrate (which may also be referred to as the base material of the heating medium). CNTs are typically added to a matrix material. Thus, the term "CNTs" shall include not only unmodified CNTs but also modified (especially sidewall modified) CNTs. Due to the high aspect ratio and high specific surface area, only composites with relatively low CNT content can be formed.

Carbon fibers "(also known as" kohlenstoff toffaser ") are industrially manufactured fibers. A distinction is made between isotropic and anisotropic types, where isotropic fibers have only a low strength and anisotropic fibers are characterized by a low elongation at break in the axial direction and at the same time by a high strength and stiffness. Carbon fibers have a diameter of about 5-9 μm and are therefore larger than carbon nanofibers or CNTs.

Carbon Nanofibers (CNF) consist of graphene layers, which are stacked on top of each other along the fiber axis. The angle (orientation) of the reference graphene layer relative to the fiber axis is used for rough discrimination. Thus, the so-called "herringbone" CNF has graphene layers arranged at an angle ≠ 90 °. The CNF may be solid or hollow. Its diameter is in the range of 50nm-1 μm and its length can be up to the mm range. In the case of graphene layers arranged at 90 ° to the fibre axis, they are referred to as "plate-type" CNFs. Their diameter is in the range of 50-500nm and their length can be up to 50 μm.

The CNF is typically made by CVD. The catalyst is mainly used as a catalyst carrier in catalysis and as an active additive in a lithium ion battery or during gas storage.

At least one binder can be contained in a heating layer of the electric heating element, in particular a heating layer containing at least one carbon-based conductive additive, wherein the binder preferably comprises a non-conductive polymer. An "adhesive" according to the invention is understood to be a connection by means of which connecting particles (for example conductive additives, in particular graphite and carbon black) can be applied to a substrate such that the particles adhere to the substrate together with the adhesive (and, if present, other substances). That is, the binder promotes the polymerization of the particles in the heating layer and the adhesion of the heating layer to the substrate. The binder can be organic or inorganic. Similarly, the dispersant comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive and useful for producing a heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive may comprise at least one binder as defined above.

The non-conductive polymers are not particularly limited and include various types of polymers, especially thermoplastic polymers (also referred to as thermoplastics), elastomers and reactive resins, optionally mixed with one or more additives such as curing agents and accelerators. Polymers are understood to be chemical compounds built up from one or several of the same type of units (monomers). Such molecules typically have a chain or branched configuration and have covalent bonds between monomers. Several, but not necessarily closed, examples of preferred polymers are described below, which may be used individually or in any combination. The fraction of the non-conductive polymer in the heating layer may be 10-95% by weight (e.g., 20-85%, 30-80%, or 40-75%). The proportion of the electrically non-conductive polymer in the dispersant which comprises the at least one carbon-based conductive additive and can be used to produce the heating layer comprising the at least one carbon-based conductive additive can be 10 to 90% (e.g. 20 to 80%, 30 to 75%, or 40 to 60%) by weight.

Exemplary groupings of thermoplastic polymers include:

polyolefins (e.g. polypropylene, polyethylene, polybutylene, polyisobutylene, etc.)

Polyamides (such as, for example, polyamide-66, polyamide-12, polyamide-11, polyamide-6, etc.)

Acrylic polymers (such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyacrylic acid and derivatives, etc.)

Fluorine-based polymers (e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, etc.)

Aliphatic and aromatic polyesters (such as, for example, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene terephthalate, etc.)

Polyimides (such as, for example, polyetherimides)

Poly (aryl) ether ketones (such as, for example, polyether ketones, polyether ether ketones, etc.)

Polysulfides (such as, for example, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylene sulfone, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, etc.)

Polyoxymethylene

Cellulose and its derivatives (such as, for example, cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate butyrate, etc.)

Vinyl polymers (such as, for example, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, etc.)

An exemplary grouping of elastomers includes:

natural rubber which may contain chlorine substituents, styrene substituents, nitrile substituents, sulfur substituents or oxygen substituents

Isoprene, which may contain chlorine substituents, styrene substituents, nitrile substituents, sulfur substituents or oxygen substituents

Butadiene, which may contain chlorine substituents, styrene substituents, nitrile substituents, sulfur substituents or oxygen substituents

Other rubbers which may contain chlorine substituents, styrene substituents, nitrile substituents, sulfur substituents or oxygen substituents

-silicone elastomers

-polyurethanes

An example of a reactive resin is an epoxy resin, which contains group-containing monomers, oligomers, and/or polymers. The epoxy resin may be based on aromatic monomers (e.g., bisphenol a, bisphenol F, novolac, etc.), aliphatic monomers, or cycloaliphatic monomers. Examples of the latter group include, but are not limited to, 3, 4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3, 4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, bis ((3, 4-epoxycyclohexyl) methyl) adipate, and other derivatives having higher or lower molecular weights. The epoxy resin may be monofunctional, difunctional, trifunctional, tetrafunctional and more functional and includes all molecular weights.

Other groups of reactive resins are cyanate esters and isocyanates, and corresponding representatives for this include, but are not limited to, 2, 4-diisocyanato-1-methylbenzene, 1-isocyanato-4- [ (4-isocyanatophenyl) methyl ] benzene, 1-bis (4-cyanatophenyl) ethane, 2-bis (4-cyanatophenyl) propane, oligo (3-methylene-1, 5-benzenediisocyanate), and other derivatives with higher or lower molecular weight.

Another group of reactive resins is the group of linear and branched diols and polyfunctional alcohols (such as oligo-and polyester-and polyether-polyols).

Another grouping of reactive resins is that of reactive polyimide systems. The reactive polyimide system may comprise monofunctional monomers (such as, for example, N-phenylmaleimide, 2, 6-ditolylmaleimide, N-cyclohexylmaleimide, and the like) and/or difunctional monomers (such as, for example, 4 '-diphenylmethane-bismaleimide, N' - (4-methyl-m-phenylene) bismaleimide, N '-m-phenylene, diallyl ether bisphenol a, o' -diallyl a, polyphenylbismaleimide, polybenzimidazole, and the like).

Another group of reactive resins is that of phenolic resins. Examples include, but are not limited to, examples based on phenolic or resole resins.

Other exemplary groupings of reactive resins include:

unsaturated polyester resins and vinyl ester resins

Alkyd resins

-melamine resins

Polysilanes and silicones

Acrylates (including methacrylates)

-polyquinoxaline

-asphalt and bitumen

Furthermore, curing agents and/or accelerators such as amines, amides, amidoamines, amino alcohols, amino acids, anhydrides, imidazoles, cyanamides, alcohols, phenols, polyols, cyanate esters, thiols, carboxylic acids, metal complexes, and the like may be included in the heating layer (or in a dispersant that includes at least one carbon-based conductive additive and that may be used to create a heating layer that includes at least one carbon-based conductive additive). According to the invention, "curing agent" is understood to be a compound which serves to connect individual basic structural units (e.g. binders) into a three-dimensional network. The curing agent preferably has at least two functional groups, which are capable of reacting with the binder and may be the same or different. The proportion of curing agent/accelerator in the heating layer (or in the dispersant) is preferably stoichiometric with respect to the corresponding reactive resin (i.e. the amount of curing agent/accelerator is such that virtually every curing agent/accelerator molecule can theoretically react with a reactive resin molecule; preferably the amount of curing agent/accelerator in the heating layer (or in the dispersant) is 80-150% (e.g. 85-130%, 90-120%, 95-110%, 97-105%, 98-102% or 100%) of the molecular weight of the reactive resin).

It is preferably possible that the heating layer (or also the dispersant which comprises the at least one carbon-based conductive additive and which can be used to produce the heating layer comprising the at least one carbon-based conductive additive) does not comprise an organic binder. In this case, instead of a non-conductive polymer, the heating layer (or also a dispersant) may comprise one or more inorganic binders. The term "inorganic binder" according to the invention means a mineral substance which, when mixed with water, gives an especially processable paste which hardens or is capable of hardening thereafter. Preferably, the inorganic binder is non-conductive in the solid and/or hardened state. Hardening can be carried out hydraulically (i.e. with water and under water; examples: cement, magnesite), calcified (examples: lime), hydrated (examples: gypsum) or otherwise (e.g. polymerized, examples: water glass) or mixed. Examples of inorganic binders include, but are not limited to, cements (such as portland cement, alumina cement (calcium aluminate), portland cement (calcium silicate), anhydrite (CaSO)₄) Calcium sulphoaluminate cements (calcium sulphoaluminate, dicalcium silicate, anhydrite), sulphuric acid slag cements (slag, anhydrite, calcium silicate), limes, e.g. quicklime (CaO) or hydrated lime (Ca (OH)₂) Gypsum (e.g., anhydrite (CaSO)), gypsum (e.g., calcium sulfate, calcium₄) Hemihydrate (CaSO)₄·0.5H₂O) or hydrates (CaSO)₄·2H₂O)), magnesite (magnesium oxide, magnesium salts), water glass (alkali metal silicates, in particular sodium and/or kali silicates) and geopolymers (for example aluminosilicates, such as clays). Preferred examples of the inorganic binder are quicklime, slaked lime, water glass, gypsum, clay and cement. The fraction of inorganic binder in the heating layer may be 10-95% by weight (e.g., 20-85%, 30-80%, or 40-75%). Likewise, in a dispersant that comprises at least one carbon-based conductive additive and that can be used to produce a heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, the fraction of inorganic binder can be 10-90% (e.g., 20-80%, 30-75%, or 40-60%) by weight.

Isolation/reflection element

Another component comprised in the heating system according to the invention is an isolating/reflecting element. For this purpose, in principle, a design can be used which can break the thermal bridge of the wall and reflect IR radiation. For example, the isolating/reflecting element can comprise at least one isolating layer, which is provided to break the thermal bridge of the wall, and at least one reflecting layer, which is provided to reflect IR radiation, in particular to reflect IR radiation, into the space defined by the wall.

Preferably, the barrier layer is configured to be multi-layered and may have at least one air barrier layer (e.g., at least 2, at least 3, such as 1, 2, or 3 air barrier layers).

The separating layer may be a diffusion layer, for example, which is equipped to prevent the passage of substances, in particular water. In an alternative embodiment, the barrier layer is permeable, i.e. it is equipped to allow the passage of substances, in particular water. Preferably, the permeable barrier layer is equipped such that it allows the passage of substances, in particular water, in one direction only. In this embodiment, the insulating layer is preferably provided and can be mounted or mounted on the wall such that it is possible to pass or allow a substance, in particular water, in the direction of the room (i.e. it is possible to prevent or prevent a substance, in particular water, from passing from the room in the direction of the wall). Preferably, the insulation layer completely covers the wall portion to which the heating system according to the invention is mountable or mounted. Examples of barrier layers include plastic films, especially those composed of polyethylene, preferably having a thickness of 0.05-0.5mm (e.g., 0.06-0.4mm, 0.07-0.3mm, 0.08-0.2mm, 0.09-0.15mm, or 0.1-0.12 mm); aluminum foil, aluminum cushion film and aluminum composite film. The barrier layer preferably has a water vapor diffusion resistance coefficient (μ) of at least 40000 (e.g., at least 50000, at least 60000, at least 70000, at least 80000, at least 90000, or at least 100000).

Any layer suitable for reflecting IR radiation can be used as the reflective layer. Examples of reflective layers include films composed of aluminum (in particular pure aluminum), aluminum composite films, aluminum air-cushion films or building panels coated with aluminum. A particularly preferred example is an aluminum film (particularly made of pure aluminum).

In one embodiment, the isolating/reflecting element is equipped to at least partially absorb and/or reflect electromagnetic radiation. For this purpose, the isolating/reflecting element can have an EMV layer which is equipped to at least partially absorb and/or reflect electromagnetic radiation. For example, the EMV layer contains at least one carbon-based conductive additive and can be grounded or earthed, whereby an at least partial absorption of electromagnetic radiation can be achieved or achieved. Alternatively or additionally, the reflective layer of the isolating/reflecting element may be provided to at least partially absorb and/or reflect electromagnetic radiation; for example, the shielding can be carried out in such a way that at least a part of the electromagnetic radiation is reflected or reflected at the reflective layer of the isolating/reflecting element and/or, if the reflective layer of the isolating/reflecting element has means for grounding, at least a part of the electromagnetic radiation is absorbed or absorbed by the reflective layer of the isolating/reflecting element.

In one embodiment, the isolating/reflecting element is impermeable, i.e. it is equipped to prevent the passage of substances, in particular water. In an alternative embodiment, the isolating/reflecting element is permeable, i.e. it is equipped to allow the passage of substances, in particular water. Preferably, the permeable isolating/reflecting element is equipped such that the isolating/reflecting element allows the passage of substances, in particular water, in one direction only. In this embodiment, it is preferred that the separating/reflecting element is equipped and can be mounted or mounted on the wall such that it is able to pass or allow the passage of a substance, in particular water, in the direction of the room (i.e. it is possible to prevent or prevent the passage of a substance, in particular water, from the room in the direction of the wall). Preferably, the insulating/reflecting element completely covers the wall portion on which the heating system according to the invention can be mounted or is mounted. Examples of isolating/reflecting elements that can be used according to the invention include, inter alia, any combination of the isolating/reflecting layers described above. Particular examples are aluminium composite films, such as those coated with an aluminium bilayer, available for example from the companies Alufox, isofolane or Brangs + Heinrich.

The isolating/reflecting element can be mounted to the wall in a known manner. The isolating/reflecting element can be fixed to the wall by means of adhesive tape, for example. The isolating/reflecting element may thus in one embodiment have an adhesive layer, which is equipped to make the isolating/reflecting element mountable or mounted to the wall.

Spacer element

Another component comprised in the heating system according to the invention is a spacer element. Which may be arranged or disposed between the isolating/reflecting element and the heating element and configured such that the heating element is spaced apart from the isolating/reflecting element. In principle, any material (e.g. wood, plastic (in particular heat-resistant plastic) or metal) and any structure (e.g. a strip of the configuration 20 × 50 mm) or a metal frame configuration as a U or C embodiment can be used for this purpose. Preferably, the spacer elements are slats made of wood (such as roof rails, in particular planed and/or made of spruce) or heat-resistant plastics or metal frame construction as a U or C construction embodiment. The spacer elements serve in particular to provide a further air cushion for isolation and/or to provide space for coupling parts and cabling.

The spacer elements can be mounted by any known means (for example by means of screws, nails, etc.), wherein preferred means are equipped for preventing the occurrence of thermal bridges, in particular of the walls (for example comprising these preferred means, plastic swelling (D ü bel) and screws made of fiber-reinforced plastic (instead of metal screws)).

Control elements and other optional components

The control elements, which are optionally included in the heating system according to the invention, comprise a power supply (for providing voltage and/or current) and control means for controlling the heating system. A further optional component of the heating system according to the invention is an electrical lead for connecting the control system with the contact element. The laying of the electrical leads must conform to procedures and standards known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, the electrical leads may be shielded, i.e. laid in a gap which is spanned by a spacing element between the isolating/reflecting element and the heating element. In one embodiment, the electrical lines are connected to one another by means of one or more collector terminals.

According to the present invention, the term "voltage" shall include a source of electrical energy suitable for providing a voltage and/or a current. In one embodiment, the power source is a power supply, i.e. supplying power to a device or a component that can be connected to the house grid (typically 230V AC ± 10%, 50/60Hz) and to devices or components that need to supply a different voltage and/or current than the house grid. The power supply element may be a switching power supply element or a transformer power supply element. In one embodiment, the power supply provides alternating current (especially in the safe low voltage range) or is configured and designed to provide alternating current (especially in the safe low voltage range). In an alternative embodiment, the power supply provides direct current (especially in the safe low voltage range) or is configured and designed to provide direct current (especially in the safe low voltage range).

In one embodiment, the power supply is designed and configured to be able to supply voltage (and/or current) to more than one heating element (e.g. at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, e.g. up to 40, up to 30, up to 25, up to 20, up to 15 or up to 10, such as 2 to 40, 3 to 30, 4 to 25, 5 to 20, 6 to 15 or 2 to 10) at the same time.

The control device is preferably configured and designed for controlling the heating system according to the invention, i.e. for controlling how much voltage and/or how much current is applied to the heating layer in the case of an electrical heating element, or for controlling how little heated water or oil is supplied to the wire and at what speed in the case of a water-or oil-assisted heating element in order to reach the desired temperature.

In this case, it is expedient if, in one embodiment, the control element has a thermostat which is configured and designed in particular to be able to measure and, if necessary, monitor the temperature of the room in which the heating system according to the invention is located. The thermostat is expediently configured and designed such that it can communicate with the control device. Advantageously, the thermostat is installed in the room in which the heating system according to the invention is located, but preferably not in the immediate vicinity of the heating system according to the invention, but on a wall in which the heating system is not installed (for example the thermostat may be located on a wall of the room with the heating system according to the invention opposite to the wall in which the heating system is installed). In one embodiment, the thermostat is configured and designed to be able to set a desired room temperature (theoretical temperature) on the thermostat.

In one embodiment of an electric heating element, in particular an electric heating element having a heating layer containing at least one carbon-based conductive additive, the control device continuously measures the current flowing through the heating layer(s) during operation and compares this current with a standard/reference value. It can thereby be ensured that a functional failure of the heating layer (e.g. a spark formation on the heating layer) or a mechanical change in the substrate or wall on which the heating system is mounted does not result in unsafe conditions for or threaten the safety of the persons and/or animals.

In one embodiment of the heating system according to the invention, the control element has, for example, an automatic power-off mechanism. In this case, the control element can be configured and designed such that it recognizes the occurrence of a spark on the heating layer and, in the event of such a spark, activates the automatic disconnection mechanism, i.e. disconnects the power supply. Alternatively or additionally, the control element is configured and designed such that the control element monitors how much current flows through the heating layer and activates the automatic disconnection mechanism, i.e. disconnects the power supply, when the current flowing through the heating layer deviates at least 1% (e.g. at least 5% or at least 10%) from the standard value/reference value.

In one embodiment of the heating system according to the invention, the control element has a temperature sensor on the heating layers (or on one or more or all of the heating layers). The temperature sensor is advantageously designed and configured to measure the temperature directly on the heating layer or (if a further layer is applied to the heating layer) above the heating layer and to transmit the measurement data to the thermostat and/or the control device. This prevents risks due to overheating of the heating system (for example temperatures above 40 ℃ or above 50 ℃ on the surface of the heating layer (especially if the heating element is mounted in the region of a wall that is accessible to a person), or temperatures above 70 ℃ or above 120 ℃ on the surface of the heating layer (especially if the heating element is mounted in the region of a wall that is not accessible to a person)).

The control element may be installed in a room comprising the heating element. In an alternative embodiment, the control element may be in another location (e.g., in a next door room, in a central electrical room or safe room connected to the room to be heated, or in a basement).

The heating system according to the invention can be used to generate temperatures that are typically in the interior of a house, such as a house, for example in the range of 15-30 ℃. In this connection, the maximum surface temperature of the heating layer can be up to 40 ℃, in particular when the heating element is installed in the region of a wall accessible to personnel (typically in the region of the wall at a distance of less than 2.5m from the ground). When the heating element is mounted on an area of the wall that is not accessible to persons (typically in an area of the wall that is at least 2.5m from the ground, for example on the roof of a room or on a respective diagonal brace), the maximum surface temperature of the heating layer can be up to 120 ℃ (e.g. up to 110 ℃, up to 100 ℃, up to 90 ℃, up to 80 ℃ or up to 70 ℃). In one embodiment it is also provided that the heating system according to the invention is used to reach higher temperatures than normal room temperature, for example temperatures in a sauna room (e.g. 80 ℃ to 120 ℃, such as 85 ℃ to 110 ℃).

The heating system according to the invention is particularly suitable for heating rooms, wherein this is independent of how the room is constructed or where the room is located. For example, the room may be a part of a house or building (i.e., stationary); the term "room" also includes movable variants (e.g., containers). The term "wall" according to the present invention includes all boundaries of a room, which do not contain windows. In addition to vertical wall sections (which may or may not be load-bearing), the term "wall section" also includes, inter alia, possibly partition walls, possibly diagonal braces and room ceilings (including suspended ceilings).

The heating system according to the invention, in particular a heating system having a heating element as a heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, has the advantage that it can be used for heating a room in which the room air should move as little as possible (e.g. a hospital ward or operating room, an allergy patient's room, etc.). Another advantage is that the heating system according to the invention achieves a thermal decoupling, which improves the insulation of the wall (i.e. almost no thermal energy enters the wall). Another advantage is that the wall portion absorbs less water, preferably no water, from the room interior than in conventional heating systems.

The heating element of the heating system according to the invention has a temperature of 392W/m at 23 deg.C²The radiation power of (1). By reflection by means of an isolating/reflecting element, e.g. an aluminium foil such as a lustrous aluminium foil, the radiation power to the outside is reduced to 17W/m²This is only 4% of the output power. A large part (preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 91%, more preferably at least 92%, more preferably at least 93%, more preferably at least 94%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 96%) of the IR radiation directed towards the wall can thus be reflected by the isolating/reflecting element of the heating system according to the invention, whereby the room can be heated with less energy by means of the heating system according to the invention than by means of a conventional heating system. This provides the advantage that a large portion (preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%) of the energy fed into the systemPreferably at least 91%, more preferably at least 92%, more preferably at least 93%, more preferably at least 94%, more preferably at least 95%, more preferably at least 96%) may be delivered only or only to the heated room.

First measurement tests have shown that in the use of a heating system according to the invention, in particular a heating system having a heating element such as a heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, the heating energy consumption per living area is set at approximately 15-20kWh/m²a. At this time, the concentration is less than 100kWh/m²The value of a is considered good. KfW-70-maximum specified energy consumption of house is 45kWh/m²a。

In the case of the heating system according to the invention, in particular with an electrical heating element, for example, comprising a heating layer containing at least one carbon-based electrically conductive additive, it is very advantageous if the heating system can also be operated without problems using self-powered, for example, photovoltaic and/or block power heating devices (blockkraftheizon).

In the heating system according to the invention, in particular with an electric heating element as a heating layer comprising at least one carbon-based conductive additive, there are no maintenance costs, since the entire system is never worn.

Kit for manufacturing a heating system

With regard to the design of the components of the kit according to the invention, in particular with regard to the heating element, the isolating/reflecting element and the spacer element, reference is made to the entirety of the above-described embodiments with regard to the first aspect (heating system) according to the invention.

It is particularly preferred that the heating element comprised in the kit according to the invention is equipped to emit IR radiation in every direction (i.e. the heating element is free of aluminium foil, in particular free of a reflective layer which can reflect or reflect IR radiation, in particular free of an IR reflective layer).

Applications and methods

The electric heating system according to the invention, which may be used for at least partly shielding a room from electromagnetic radiation, provides the following advantages in addition to its application for heating a room. This is achieved in a number of ways: (i) no current or voltage is applied to the heating layer, but the heating layer is grounded; (ii) the heating element has an EMV layer on a second side thereof; and/or (iii) the isolating/reflecting element has EMV layers ((i) and (ii), (i) and (iii), (ii) and (iii), or a combination of (i) to (iii)) is also possible.

Furthermore, the kit according to the invention may be used for manufacturing a heating system, in particular a heating system according to the invention, on a wall.

With regard to the embodiments of the method for heating a room according to the invention, reference is made to the above-described embodiments in full with regard to other aspects according to the invention, in particular with regard to the first aspect (heating system) of the invention.

Drawings

Fig. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a part of a heating system according to the invention, in which only the isolating/reflecting elements and the spacing elements are shown;

figure 2 shows a top view of a heating element of the heating system according to the invention;

FIG. 3 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an electrical coupling between a contact element and an electrical lead;

figure 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a heating system according to the invention;

fig. 5 shows a schematic view of a heating system according to the invention with 10 heating elements.

Detailed Description

Several preferred embodiments are described below with reference to the drawings, but the several embodiments are not limitative of the present invention and should be construed as merely exemplary embodiments of the present invention. The elements of the drawings are not necessarily to scale relative to each other. In the figures, identical elements that have the same function and that have the same function are always denoted by the same reference numerals, unless otherwise stated.

In fig. 1 a cross-sectional view of a part of a heating system 18 according to the invention is shown, in which only the isolating/reflecting element 2 and the spacer element 3 are shown. The isolating/reflecting element 2 is formed here by an air-isolating layer and a reflecting layer in the form of an aluminium film, the air-isolating layerThe heat bridge being broken by bonding the whole surface of the wall 1 in a delamination manner

The spacer element 3 is in the form of a wooden strip which is mounted on the isolating/reflecting element 2.

Fig. 2 shows a top view of the heating element 4 of the heating system 18 according to the invention. The substrate 5 may be a gypsum fiberboard (e.g., 120cm x 60cm x 1.5cm size board from Fermacell) or other board that is flame retardant and suitable for use in the construction field. The substrate 5 is provided with contact elements 6 (preferably copper electrodes, self-adhesive or produced, for example, by thermal spraying of copper) and is coated with a dispersion agent containing at least one carbon-based conductive additive in order to produce a heating layer 7 on the substrate 5, wherein a circumferential edge region 9 on the substrate 5 is exposed in order to be able to mount the heating element 4 on the spacer element 3 (for example, by screwing). The contact element 6 is now provided with an electrical connection 10. A protective layer 8 may then also be applied for protecting the heating layer 7 from mechanical damage.

Fig. 3 shows a schematic cross-sectional view of an electrical coupling 10 between a contact element 6 and an electrical lead 11. For example by drilling and sinking a hole in the substrate 5. The contact element 6 is cut and glued into the hole. Rivets 15 (which may also be threaded), mounting screws 17, mounting washers 16 for reliable electrical access, and placing cable lug sleeves 12 to establish electrical connection with electrical conductors 11 leading to a power source (not shown). The lock nut 14 compresses the structure and the stop washer 13. The structure can then be leveled, pasted and/or painted on the screw head side.

Figure 4 shows a cross-sectional view of a heating system 18 according to the invention. The heating element 4 is screwed onto the spacer element 3 (e.g. a wooden strip) with the heating layer facing the wall as shown in fig. 2. Accordingly, the IR rays emitted from the heating element 4 are reflected on the isolating/reflecting element 2 and are emitted into the room. This significantly improves the efficiency of the heating system according to the invention.

Fig. 5 shows a schematic view of a heating system 18 according to the invention with 10 heating elements 4. The heating element 4 is (approximately) mounted over the entire surface of the wall 1. Areas that are not suitable or desired to be heated can simply be laid down on a common substrate 5' without a heating layer. The heating elements 4 are wired by means of suitable wires 11 (preferably hidden, for example between the wall 1 and the heating elements 4), optionally connected to one another by collector terminals (Sammelklemmen)19 (to which the power of the power supply must be adapted) and supplied by a control element 22, in particular a safe low voltage. The control element 22 may be installed in the same room as the heating element 4 as shown in fig. 5. In an alternative (not shown) embodiment the control element 22 is located elsewhere (e.g. in a next door room, in a central electrical or safety room connected to the room to be heated or in a basement). Furthermore, the embodiment shown in fig. 5 has a thermostat 20 and a temperature sensor 21, which serve to increase the operability and safety of the heating system according to the invention (on the one hand, since a simple setting of the desired room temperature can be achieved by means of the thermostat 20, and on the other hand, since an overheated heating system (for example having a temperature of more than 50 ℃ above the surface of the heating layer) can be detected in time and excluded (for example by activating an automatic shut-off system) by means of the temperature sensor 21).

List of reference numerals

1 wall part

2 isolating/reflecting element

3 spacer element

4 heating element

5 base

6 contact element

7 heating layer

8 protective layer

9 surrounding edge region for mounting

10 electric connection part

11 electric lead

12 cable joint sleeve

13 stop washer

14 lock nut

15 rivet

16 shim

17 screw

18 heating system

19 collector terminal

20 thermostat

21 temperature sensor

22 control element

Claims

1. Heating system (18) for heating a room, comprising

(i) An isolating/reflecting element (2) which can be mounted or mounted on a wall (1) of a room and comprises at least one isolating layer and at least one reflecting layer, wherein the isolating layer is permeable and is equipped to break a thermal bridge of the wall (1) and the reflecting layer is equipped to reflect IR radiation,

(ii) a heating element (4) which is equipped for generating IR radiation, and

(iii) a spacing element (3) arrangeable or arranged between the isolating/reflecting element (2) and the heating element (4) and configured such that the heating element (4) is spaced apart from the isolating/reflecting element (2).

2. A heating system (18) according to claim 1, wherein the heating element (4) is an electric heating element, and wherein the heating element (4) comprises a substrate (5), the substrate (5) being coated with a heating layer (7) and being equipped to be flame retardant.

3. A heating system (18) according to claim 2, wherein the heating element (4) is an electric heating element operable at a safe low voltage.

4. A heating system (18) according to claim 2, wherein the heating layer (7) comprises at least one carbon-based electrically conductive additive.

5. A heating system (18) according to claim 2, wherein the electric heating element is equipped to at least partially absorb electromagnetic radiation, wherein the substrate (5) has a first side coated with a heating layer (7) and a second side opposite the first side, wherein the second side is coated with an EMV layer equipped to at least partially absorb electromagnetic radiation, wherein the heating element (4) has means for grounding equipped to enable grounding of the heating layer (7) in the absence of an applied voltage and/or current to the heating layer (7).

6. A heating system (18) according to claim 2, wherein the heating element (4) comprises two electrically conductive contact elements (6) arrangeable or arranged on the heating element (4) such that a voltage and/or a current can be applied to the heating element (4).

7. A heating system (18) according to claim 5, characterized in that the heating element (4) comprises two electrically conductive contact elements (6) which can be arranged or arranged on the heating element (4) such that a voltage and/or a current can be applied to the heating element (4).

8. A heating system (18) according to claim 6, wherein the two electrically conductive contact elements (6) comprise electrically conductive metal strips.

9. A heating system (18) according to claim 8, wherein the electrically conductive metal strips are made of copper.

10. A heating system (18) according to claim 7, wherein the two electrically conductive contact elements (6) comprise electrically conductive metal strips.

11. A heating system (18) according to claim 10, wherein the electrically conductive metal strips are made of copper.

12. A heating system (18) according to any of claims 8-11, wherein each of the two electrically conductive contact elements (6) has an adhesive layer.

13. A heating system (18) according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the heating element (4) has a protective layer (8).

14. A heating system (18) according to any of claims 1-11,

(i) the reflective layer is equipped to reflect IR radiation into a room; and/or

(ii) The insulating layer is constructed in multiple layers and has at least one air-insulating layer; and/or

(iii) The isolating/reflecting element (2) has an EMV layer, which is equipped to at least partially absorb electromagnetic radiation.

15. A heating system (18) according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the heating element (4) is mountable to the wall (1) via a spacing element (3) such that IR radiation producible by the heating element (4) is producible facing the insulating/reflecting element (2) or facing the insulating/reflecting element (2).

16. A heating system (18) according to any of claims 1 to 11, further having a control element (22), wherein the control element (22) has an automatic cut-off mechanism, a thermostat (20) and/or a temperature sensor (21).

17. Kit for manufacturing a heating system (18) on a wall (1), wherein the kit comprises:

(1) an isolating/reflecting element (2) which can be mounted on a wall (1) of a room and comprises at least one isolating layer and at least one reflecting layer, wherein the isolating layer is permeable and is equipped to break a thermal bridge of the wall (1) and the reflecting layer is equipped to reflect IR radiation,

(2) a heating element (4) which is equipped for generating IR radiation, and

(3) a spacing element (3) arrangeable between the isolating/reflecting element (2) and the heating element (4) and configured such that the heating element (4) is spaced apart from the isolating/reflecting element (2).

18. Kit according to claim 17, characterized in that the heating element (4) is an electric heating element and wherein the heating element (4) comprises a substrate (5), the substrate (5) being coated with a heating layer (7) and being equipped to be flame retardant.

19. Kit according to claim 18, characterized in that the heating element (4) is an electric heating element which can be operated at a safe low voltage.

20. Kit according to claim 18, characterized in that said heating layer (7) comprises at least one carbon-based conductive additive.

21. Kit according to claim 18, characterized in that the electric heating element is equipped to at least partially absorb electromagnetic radiation, wherein the substrate (5) has a first side coated with a heating layer (7) and a second side opposite the first side, wherein the second side is coated with an EMV layer equipped to at least partially absorb electromagnetic radiation, wherein the heating element (4) has means for grounding equipped to ground the heating layer (7) in the absence of an applied voltage and/or current to the heating layer (7).

22. Kit according to claim 18, characterized in that the heating element (4) comprises two electrically conductive contact elements (6) which can be arranged or arranged on the heating element (4) such that a voltage and/or a current can be applied to the heating element (4).

23. Kit according to claim 21, characterized in that the heating element (4) comprises two electrically conductive contact elements (6) which can be arranged or arranged on the heating element (4) such that a voltage and/or a current can be applied to the heating element (4).

24. Kit according to claim 22, characterized in that the two electrically conductive contact elements (6) comprise electrically conductive metal strips.

25. The kit of claim 24, wherein the conductive metal strip is comprised of copper.

26. Kit according to claim 23, characterized in that the two electrically conductive contact elements (6) comprise electrically conductive metal strips.

27. The kit of claim 26, wherein the conductive metal strip is comprised of copper.

28. The kit according to any one of claims 24 to 27, wherein each of the two electrically conductive contact elements (6) has an adhesive layer.

29. Kit according to any of claims 17 to 27, characterized in that the heating element (4) has a protective layer (8).

30. The kit of any one of claims 17 to 27,

31. Kit according to any of claims 17 to 27, characterized in that the heating element (4) is mountable to the wall (1) via a spacer element (3) such that IR radiation producible by the heating element (4) can be produced facing the isolating/reflecting element (2) or facing the isolating/reflecting element (2).

32. Kit according to any of claims 17 to 27, further having a control element (22), wherein the control element (22) has an automatic disconnection mechanism, a thermostat (20) and/or a temperature sensor (21).

33. Use of a heating system according to any one of claims 1 to 16 for heating a room or for shielding a room from electromagnetic radiation.

34. Use of a kit according to any one of claims 17-32 for manufacturing a heating system (18) on a wall portion (1).

35. Method for manufacturing a heating system (18) on a wall portion (1), comprising the steps of:

(a) mounting an isolating/reflecting element (2) on a wall (1) of a room, wherein the isolating/reflecting element (2) comprises at least one isolating layer and at least one reflecting layer, wherein the isolating layer is permeable and is equipped to break a thermal bridge of the wall (1) and the reflecting layer is equipped to reflect IR radiation,

(b) mounting a spacer element (3) on said isolating/reflecting element (2), and

(c) a heating element (4) for generating IR radiation is mounted on the spacer element (3) such that IR radiation which can be generated by the heating element (4) can be generated facing the separating/reflecting element (2) or facing the separating/reflecting element (2).

36. Method for heating a room, comprising the steps of:

(b) mounting a spacer element (3) on said isolating/reflecting element (2),

(c) mounting a heating element (4) for generating IR radiation on the spacer element (3) such that the IR radiation which can be generated by the heating element (4) can be generated facing the separating/reflecting element (2) or facing the separating/reflecting element (2), and

(d) operating the heating element (4).