CN107852884B - Method for improving acidified soil and improving soil by using nitrogen-fixing blue algae - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for improving acidified soil and improving soil by using nitrogen-fixing blue algae, which comprises the following steps: 1) selecting anabaena as nitrogen-fixing blue algae to apply algae seeds, and performing step-by-step expansion culture; 2) under the double cropping rice mode, deep ploughing 15cm-20cm in the early stage of early rice seedling transplanting, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers after seedling transplanting, inoculating nitrogen-fixing blue algae according to the amount of 3kg-5kg of fresh algae per mu, shallow ploughing a stubble field after harvesting the early rice, wherein the depth of the shallow ploughing is 5cm-10cm, planting late rice, and applying the nitrogen-fixing blue algae and the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to the same method; under the single cropping rice mode, deep ploughing 15cm-20cm in the early stage of rice transplanting, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer after transplanting, and inoculating nitrogen-fixing blue algae according to the amount of 5kg-7kg fresh algae per mu. The method can reduce the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer by 50 percent, simultaneously nitrogen-fixing blue algae can enter the red soil along with deep ploughing or shallow ploughing, the organic matter content of the red soil is increased after decomposition, and the soil fertility level of the red soil is comprehensively improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical fields of algae biotechnology and soil fertility improvement technology, and particularly relates to a method for improving acidified soil and improving soil by using nitrogen-fixing blue algae.
Background
China is the biggest rice producing country in the world, the yield is the first, and the production area is the second in the world. Among three grain crops of rice, wheat and corn in China, the rice is the crop with the largest planting area and accounts for 35% of the planting area of the grain in China. With the rapid growth of population and the continuous reduction of cultivated land area in China, the contradiction between food safety and resource consumption and environmental protection is increasingly sharp. In recent years, the fertilizer consumption in China is continuously increased at a high speed, but the yield of grain crops is increased slowly, which shows that the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer is low. The long-term and large-scale application of the fertilizer not only causes soil degradation and soil fertility reduction, but also causes resource waste and agricultural non-point source pollution increase to form a big problem before the interface.
The red soil region in south China has wide area and is one of the main production regions of rice. The red soil area also faces the difficult problem of soil degradation, meanwhile, the rapid development of modern industrialization and the artificial activities such as the large application of chemical fertilizers increase hydrogen and aluminum ions in the soil, accelerate the loss of elements such as calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, and aggravate the soil acidification.
Among the difficulties in dealing with soil degradation, increasing soil organic matter is considered to be one of the effective means to be performed. Although the content of organic matters in the soil accounts for only a small part of the total amount of the soil, the organic matters have extremely important functions and meanings in the aspects of improving the physical structure of the soil, adjusting the pH value of the soil, improving the soil fertility, protecting the environment, promoting the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry and the like. The role of organic matter in improving the physical properties of soil is manifold, with the most important, direct role being to improve the soil structure, promote the formation of granular structures, increase the soil's porosity, and improve the soil's air and water permeability. The traditional method for increasing the organic matters of the soil mainly comprises the steps of applying decomposed organic fertilizer, returning straws to the field and returning green manure to the field, but the methods have respective defects and application limitations, for example, the source of the decomposed organic fertilizer is not wide enough; the straw returning promotion is not needed in the large-area agricultural machinery operation, and the straw returning cost is high in the small-area mechanical returning; the green manure planting and returning can indirectly increase the input cost of farmers.
The nitrogen-fixing blue algae is a low-grade algae plant capable of converting molecular nitrogen in the air into nitrogen compounds, has a simple structure, small individual and strong adaptability, and can survive from desert to ice. The nitrogen-fixing blue algae is applied to the rice field, on one hand, the nitrogen-fixing blue algae can be used as a nitrogen fertilizer source of the rice field, and the application amount of a chemical nitrogen fertilizer is reduced; on the other hand, after the algae die and decay, soil organic matters can be increased, and the soil quality is comprehensively improved; moreover, the nitrogen-fixing blue algae is small and can be returned to the field along with turning, and extra measures and cost investment are not needed. The nitrogen-fixing blue algae is organically combined with field management measures, so that the nitrogen-fixing blue algae is beneficial to relieving soil degradation, the utilization rate of a fertilizer is improved, and the input cost of farmers can be reduced to a certain extent.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for improving acidified soil and improving soil by using nitrogen-fixing blue algae, which solves the problem of soil degradation caused by long-term application of chemical fertilizers in red soil paddy fields in south, improves soil structure and relieves red soil acidification, and has the advantages of simple and convenient management, low cost and long-term benefit.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for improving acidified soil and improving soil by using nitrogen-fixing blue algae comprises the following steps:
1) nitrogen-fixing blue algae propagation: selecting any nitrogen-fixing species in anabaena as nitrogen-fixing blue algae application algae species, and carrying out step-by-step expansion culture;
2) nitrogen-fixing blue algae application: under the double cropping rice mode, deep ploughing is firstly carried out at the early stage of early rice transplanting, the depth of a plough layer is 15cm-20cm, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied after rice transplanting, nitrogen-fixing blue algae are inoculated in the morning on a sunny day, and the application amount of fresh algae per mu is 3kg-5kg, calculated according to dry weight; after harvesting the early rice, shallow ploughing the stubble field to 5-10 cm depth, planting the late rice and applying nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer and nitrogen-fixing blue algae, wherein the application method and the use amount are the same as those of the early rice; under the single cropping rice mode, deep ploughing is firstly carried out at the early stage of rice transplanting, the depth of a plough layer is 15cm-20cm, after the rice transplanting, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied, nitrogen-fixing blue algae are inoculated in the morning on a sunny day, and the application amount of fresh algae per mu is 5kg-7kg, calculated according to dry weight;
3) field management: in the early season of double cropping rice, the water depth of the field is kept to be 5cm-7cm, and in the late season, the water depth is kept to be 7cm-12 cm; the single cropping rice keeps the field water depth to be 5cm-10 cm.
Preferably, the nitrogen-fixing blue algae propagation method comprises the following steps of step-by-step propagation according to breeder seeds, first-stage algae seeds, second-stage algae seeds and third-stage algae seeds:
1) inoculating stock seed to BG110In a liquid culture medium, culturing by aeration to logarithmic growth phase to obtain first-class algae seeds;
2)inoculating the first-order algal species to BG110Ventilating and culturing in a liquid culture medium to logarithmic growth phase to obtain second-level algae seeds;
3) inoculating the second-level algae seeds into a simple soil pond at the top of a field, and culturing for 7-10 days under natural illumination by using a simple culture medium to obtain third-level algae seeds, wherein the simple culture medium is as follows: commercial calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1.12 g.L-1Boric acid 1.43 mg. L-1Manganese chloride tetrahydrate 0.93 mg. L-10.195 mg-L of disodium molybdate dihydrate-10.11 mg-L zinc sulfate heptahydrate-10.04 mg.L of copper sulfate pentahydrate-10.025 mg. L of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate-1。
Preferably, after rice is transplanted, the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 5 kg/mu-10 kg/mu, the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer are applied twice, the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is 5 kg/mu-10 kg/mu, the application amount of the potassium fertilizer is 10 kg/mu-15 kg/mu, and the phosphate fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied once when the nitrogen-fixing blue algae is inoculated.
Preferably, the nitrogen-fixing blue algae is anabaena azotoformans or anabaena variabilis.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages and effects:
1. the nitrogen-fixing blue algae has the advantages of simple culture method, low cost, high growth speed, adaptability to various habitats, good growth in red soil paddy fields, reduction of the illumination received by a paddy field mud-water interface in the growth process and inhibition of the mass propagation of weeds in the paddy fields.
2. The nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae applied to the red-soil rice field can increase nitrogen sources in the rice field and reduce the application amount of chemical nitrogen fertilizers on one hand, and on the other hand, the nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae can enter the red soil at different depths along with the reasonable application of deep ploughing and shallow ploughing, so that the organic matter content of the red soil is increased after decomposition, and the fertility level of the red soil is comprehensively improved. Meanwhile, reasonable deep ploughing and shallow ploughing can reduce the cost investment of farmers.
3. The red-soil paddy field can enable the seed source to exist in the soil for a long time by applying the nitrogen-fixing blue algae once, and only proper supplementary inoculation of the nitrogen-fixing blue algae is needed subsequently, so that the soil fertility is continuously improved, and the long-term benefit is realized.
Drawings
FIG. 1 shows the specific growth rate of various nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in red loam.
Detailed Description
Example 1: method for improving acidified soil and improving soil in double-cropping rice mode
The invention is further described below in connection with specific embodiments for practicing the inventive method. The test is carried out in a certain rice planting area in Yingtan City in Jiangxi province. The method comprises the following steps:
1. selecting nitrogen-fixing blue algae species: anabaena azotoformans (FACHB-119), Microbicula dimorpholinum (FACHB-129), Nostoc candida (FACHB-148) and Anabaena variabilis (FACHB-176) capable of fixing nitrogen are obtained from freshwater algae seed banks of Chinese academy of sciences, and cultured and screened by acidic red loam (collected from a rice planting area in Yingtan city in Jiangxi), and the results are shown in figure 1, and the Anabaena azotoformans FACHB-119(Anabaena azotica) and Anabaena variabilis (Anabaena variabilis) of Anabaena are preferably used as application algae seeds according to the specific growth rate of each algae seed in the red soil. In the embodiment, anabaena azotica FACHB-119 is selected for application.
2. Large-scale culture of nitrogen-fixing blue algae: and performing step-by-step amplification culture according to the original strain, the first-stage algae strain, the second-stage algae strain and the third-stage algae strain. First, stock seeds were inoculated into 250mL BG110And (4) ventilating and culturing in a liquid culture medium to a logarithmic growth phase to obtain a first-class algae strain. Next, the primary algal species were inoculated into 5L BG110And (5) ventilating and culturing in a liquid culture medium to a logarithmic growth phase to obtain a second-level algae seed. And finally, inoculating the second-level algae seeds into a simple soil pond at the top of the field, and culturing for 7-10 days by using a simple culture medium under natural illumination to obtain third-level algae seeds. Wherein the simple soil pond is 5m long and 1m wide, and is covered with a rectangular soil pond of agricultural film all around. The bottom is relatively flat, the water storage depth is 10cm-15cm, a simple greenhouse with the height of about 50cm is built above the soil pool by bamboo or wood bars, and a sunshade net is covered on the greenhouse, and the sunshade net is convenient to adjust illumination. The nitrogen-fixing blue algae is suitable for the temperature range of 28-38 ℃, and the illumination intensity range of 200--2·s-1. In summer, the water temperature should be closely paid attention in high temperature season, when the water temperature is higher than 38 deg.C or the illumination intensity is higher than 800 μmol · m-2·s-1When in use, the sunshade net is covered to reduce the light and is uncoveredThe membrane is vented.
The BG110The formula of the liquid culture medium is as follows: 75 mg. L-1Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO)4·7H2O)、40mg·L-1Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate trihydrate (K)2HPO3·3H2O)、36mg·L-1Calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl)2·2H2O)、20mg·L-1Sodium carbonate (Na)2CO3)、6mg·L-1Citric acid (C)6H8O7)、6mg·L-1Ferric ammonium citrate (C)6H10FeNO8)、1mg·L-1Disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA-Na)2)、2.86mg·L-1Boric acid (H)3BO3)、1.86mg·L-1Manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl)2·4H2O)、0.39mg·L-1Sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na)2MoO4·2H2O)、0.22mg·L-1Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO)4·7H2O)、0.08mg·L-1Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO)4·5H2O)、0.05mg·L-1Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co (NO)3)2·6H2O)。
The aeration culture conditions are as follows: pumping gas into liquid culture medium with air pump, filtering air with microporous filter equipped with cellulose acetate membrane before introducing gas into the culture medium, wherein the ventilation rate is 5-10. L.h-1Culturing at 28-30 deg.C in daytime and 20-25 deg.C in night, with light-dark period ratio of 12/12 hr, and illumination intensity of 70-100 μmol/m-2·s-1。
The simple culture medium comprises: commercial calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1.12 g.L-1、1.43mg·L-1Boric acid (H)3BO3)、0.93mg·L-1Manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl)2·4H2O)、0.195mg·L-1Sodium molybdate dihydrate (Na)2MoO4·2H2O)、0.11mg·L-1Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO)4·7H2O)、0.04mg·L-1Cupric sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO)4·5H2O)、0.025mg·L-1Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co (NO)3)2·6H2O)。
3. The rice sowing mode is double cropping rice. The early rice is selected to be deeply ploughed by a mechanical machine in the early sowing period (middle and late ten months in 4 months), and the depth of a plough layer is 15cm-20 cm. After deep ploughing, the water is irrigated and the harrow is used for leveling the soil surface. After rice seedlings are transplanted, commercially available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied in a matched mode, the application amount of a nitrogen fertilizer is 5 kg/mu-10 kg/mu, the base fertilizer and the top dressing are applied twice, the application amount of a phosphate fertilizer is 5 kg/mu-10 kg/mu, the application amount of a potassium fertilizer is 10 kg/mu-15 kg/mu, and the nitrogen-fixing blue algae is inoculated in one step. When the water surface of the field is clear and the seedlings are to turn green, the third-level algae cultured in the simple soil pond at the top of the field are fished, stirred uniformly and sprinkled into the field in the morning of fine days, wherein the application amount per mu is 3kg-5kg (calculated by dry weight) of fresh algae, and 4kg (calculated by dry weight) of fresh algae is applied in the embodiment. Shallow ploughing the stubble field after harvesting the early rice, wherein the depth of the shallow ploughing is 5-10 cm, transplanting late rice in the middle and late 7 months and applying nitrogen-fixing blue algae, the application method and the use amount are the same as those of the early rice, and the use method and the use amount of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizers in the planting process of the late rice are the same as those of the early rice.
4. The water depth of the double cropping rice is kept to be 5cm-7cm in the early rice period, the air temperature of the late rice is higher in the early period, and the water depth is kept to be 7cm-12 cm. In continuous rainy period, part of the field water should be discharged slowly, so as to reduce the nitrogen-fixing blue algae flowing away with the water and promote the quick recovery of the nitrogen-fixing blue algae.
The nitrogen-fixing blue algae can increase the nitrogen source of the rice field, and the nitrogen-fixing blue algae can reduce the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer by 50 percent when being applied to the rice field (Table 1). As can be seen from the table 2, only one year of nitrogen-fixing blue algae is applied in the double cropping rice paddy field, the physical and chemical properties of the soil are improved to a certain extent after the rice planting season is over, the total nitrogen content of the soil is still increased by 3.55%, the total phosphorus content is increased by 9.09%, the total potassium content is increased by 1.04%, the pH value of the soil is increased by 4.27%, the organic matter content of the soil is increased by 15.07%, and the average yield per mu of the rice is increased by 0.92% compared with the traditional planting method under the condition that the nitrogen fertilizer is reduced by 50%. By applying the nitrogen-fixing blue algae, the application reduction of the nitrogen fertilizer is realized, so that the discharge of agricultural non-point source pollution is reduced, the soil fertility is promoted, and most importantly, the yield of the rice is not reduced.
TABLE 1 comparison of chemical fertilizers consumed by nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria application with conventional fertilization
TABLE 2 influence of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria application in double cropping rice paddyfield on soil fertility compared to conventional fertilization
Example 2: method for improving acidified soil and improving soil in single cropping rice mode
The invention is further described below in connection with specific embodiments for practicing the inventive method. The test is carried out in a certain rice planting area in Yingtan City in Jiangxi province. The method comprises the following steps:
1. in the embodiment, anabaena azotoformans FACHB-119 is selected as the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria application strain.
2. The large-scale culture of nitrogen-fixing blue algae is the same as that in example 1.
3. The rice sowing mode is single cropping rice. In the early stage of rice seeding (in the middle-upper ten days of 6 months), deep ploughing is carried out by a mechanical machine, and the depth of a plough layer is 15cm-20 cm. After deep ploughing, the water is irrigated and the harrow is used for leveling the soil surface. After rice seedlings are transplanted, commercially available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied in a matched mode, the application amount of a nitrogen fertilizer is 5 kg/mu-10 kg/mu, the base fertilizer and the top dressing are applied twice, the application amount of a phosphate fertilizer is 5 kg/mu-10 kg/mu, the application amount of a potassium fertilizer is 10 kg/mu-15 kg/mu, and the nitrogen-fixing blue algae is inoculated in one step. When the water surface of the field is clear and the seedlings are to turn green, selecting three-stage algae cultured in the simple soil pond on the top of the field to be fished and sprinkled into the field in the morning of fine days, wherein the application amount per mu is 5kg-7kg (calculated by dry weight) of fresh algae, and 6kg (calculated by dry weight) of fresh algae is selected and applied in the embodiment.
4. The water depth of the single-season rice in the early stage is kept about 5cm, the air temperature of the rice in the tillering and heading stages is higher, and the water depth can be properly increased to 10 cm. In continuous rainy period, part of the field water should be discharged slowly, so as to reduce the nitrogen-fixing blue algae flowing away with the water and promote the quick recovery of the nitrogen-fixing blue algae.
The nitrogen-fixing blue algae is applied to the rice field of the single cropping rice, so that the nitrogen fertilizer application is reduced by 50 percent (the application amount of the conventional nitrogen fertilizer is 10 kg/mu), the total nitrogen content of the soil is increased by 2.65 percent, the total phosphorus content is increased by 7.5 percent, the total potassium content is increased by 0.98 percent, the pH value of the soil is increased by 3.19 percent, the organic matter content of the soil is increased by 8.93 percent, and the average yield per mu of the rice is increased by 0.76 percent compared with that of the conventional planting method after the rice planting season is.
The specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the spirit of the invention. Various modifications or additions may be made to the described embodiments or alternatives may be employed by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or ambit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (3)
1. A method for improving acidified soil and improving soil by using nitrogen-fixing blue algae is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) nitrogen-fixing blue algae propagation: selecting anabaena azotica or anabaena variabilis as nitrogen-fixing blue algae to apply algae seeds, and carrying out step-by-step expansion culture;
2) nitrogen-fixing blue algae application: selecting a red-loafing paddy field, under a double-cropping rice mode, deep ploughing at the early stage of early rice transplanting, wherein the depth of a plough layer is 30-50 cm, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer after rice transplanting, inoculating nitrogen-fixing blue algae in the morning on a sunny day, and calculating the application amount of fresh algae per mu by dry weight, wherein the application amount is 3-5 kg; after harvesting the early rice, shallow ploughing the stubble field to a depth of 10-25 cm, planting the late rice and applying nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer and nitrogen-fixing blue algae, wherein the application method and the use amount are the same as those of the early rice; under the single cropping rice mode, deep ploughing is firstly carried out at the early stage of rice transplanting, the depth of a plough layer is 30cm-50cm, after the rice transplanting, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are applied, nitrogen-fixing blue algae are inoculated in the morning on a sunny day, and the application amount of fresh algae per mu is 5kg-7kg, calculated according to dry weight;
3) field management: in the early season of double cropping rice, the water depth of the field is kept to be 5cm-7cm, and in the late season, the water depth is kept to be 7cm-12 cm; the single cropping rice keeps the field water depth to be 5cm-10 cm.
2. The method for improving acidified soil and improving soil by using nitrogen-fixing blue algae according to claim 1, wherein the nitrogen-fixing blue algae propagation is expanded and cultured step by step according to an original strain, a first-stage algae strain, a second-stage algae strain and a third-stage algae strain, and comprises the following specific steps:
1) inoculating stock seed to BG110In a liquid culture medium, culturing by aeration to logarithmic growth phase to obtain first-class algae seeds;
2) inoculating the first-order algal species to BG110Ventilating and culturing in a liquid culture medium to logarithmic growth phase to obtain second-level algae seeds;
3) inoculating the second-level algae seeds into a simple soil pond at the top of a field, and culturing for 7-10 days under natural illumination by using a simple culture medium to obtain third-level algae seeds, wherein the simple culture medium is as follows: commercial calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer 1.12 g.L-1Boric acid 1.43 mg. L-1Manganese chloride tetrahydrate 0.93 mg. L-10.195 mg-L of disodium molybdate dihydrate-10.11 mg-L zinc sulfate heptahydrate-10.04 mg.L of copper sulfate pentahydrate-10.025 mg. L of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate-1。
3. The method for improving acidified soil and improving soil by using nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria according to claim 1, wherein after rice seedling transplantation, the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is 5 kg/mu-10 kg/mu, the base fertilizer and the top dressing are applied twice, the application amount of the phosphate fertilizer is 5 kg/mu-10 kg/mu, the application amount of the potassium fertilizer is 10 kg/mu-15 kg/mu, and the phosphate fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied at one time when the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria is inoculated.
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