CN107810603A - 测量电容值的方法 - Google Patents

测量电容值的方法 Download PDF

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CN107810603A
CN107810603A CN201680036320.XA CN201680036320A CN107810603A CN 107810603 A CN107810603 A CN 107810603A CN 201680036320 A CN201680036320 A CN 201680036320A CN 107810603 A CN107810603 A CN 107810603A
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integrating condenser
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克里斯蒂安·莱科索 卡尔
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Leopold Kostal GmbH and Co KG
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种借助于积分法来测量电容式传感元件的电容值CM的方法，其中传感元件的接头与积分电容器的第一接头在共同的电路节点处电连接，所述积分电容器具有大于传感元件的电容值CM的已知的电容值CI，并且根据已执行的积分周期的次数IZ，借助于模数转换器来测量施加在积分电容器上的电压UCI。根据本发明的方法包括如下方法步骤：a)将要执行的积分周期的数量N规定在一个初值NStart，并且为该要执行的积分周期的数量N确定结束值NEnd；b)将电压总值UGes初始化成数值零；c)将已执行的积分周期的次数IZ初始化成数值零；d)将共同的电路节点(3)和积分电容器(2)的第二接头(2”)与接地电势GND连接；e)执行积分法，直至已执行的积分周期的次数IZ达到要执行的积分周期的数量N；f)将借助于模数转换器当前确定的电压值UCI(N)叠加至电压总值UGes上；g)将数量N提高一数值n，其中n大于或等于1并且小于NDiff＝NEnd‑NStart；h)重复从步骤e)开始的方法步骤，直至数量N超过确定的结束值NEnd；i)将电压总值UGes作为测量结果进行评价。

Description

测量电容值的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于借助于积分法来测量电容式传感元件的电容值CM的方法，其中传感元件的接头与积分电容器的第一接头在共同的电路节点处电连接，所述积分电容器具有大于传感元件的电容值CM的已知的电容值CI，并且其中根据已执行的积分周期的次数IZ，借助于模数转换器来测量施加在积分电容器上的电压UCI。
背景技术
在此提到的类型的方法用于评价电容式接触传感器或接近传感器。这种传感器能够在灵敏区域中探测物体的存在并且在适当构成的情况下也探测由物体接触或接近的地点，所述物体例如是用户的手指或针笔。接触灵敏的区域在此例如能够与显示屏幕重叠。在显示应用中，接触或接近传感器能够为用户实现，直接与在屏幕上示出的内容相互作用，而不是仅间接地借助于鼠标或类似的输入仪器。
存在大量不同类型的接触传感器，例如电阻式接触传感器、具有表面声波的接触传感器和电容式接触传感器，其中后者目前应用最广泛，借助所述电容式接触传感器尤其也已经能够检测单纯的接近。
当物体接触或靠近电容式接触传感器的表面时，传感器的电容值发生变化。相关联的传感器控制仪器或由所述传感器控制仪器使用的测量方法的目的是，处理电容变化，以便检测触发所述电容变化的接触或接近。在此，特殊的困难在于，传感器的电容值和尤其要检测的变化是非常小的。出于所述原因，人们为了进行测量而愿意使用所谓的积分方法，其中在多个依次的周期中将少量的电荷量从传感元件传递到积分电容器上，所述积分电容器具有已知的固定的且明显较大的电容值，所述传感元件的电容值是相对小和可变的。
通过德国公开文献DE 10 2010 041 464 A1已知一种根据权利要求1的前序部分的用于测量电容式传感元件的电容值的方法。此处描述的用于测量电容值的方法为上述类型的积分法，其中传感元件的接头与积分电容器的第一接头在共同的电路节点处电连接。
为了执行测量而使用不同的方法。因此，例如可以在执行所谓的积分周期的固定预设的数量之后，借助于模数转换器测量从在此进行的电荷迁移的总量中得到的、施加在积分电容器上的电压并且数字化。将测量的电压本身、或其数字化的数值、或从所述数值和积分电容器的电容的已知的恒定的参量、电源电压和积分周期的数量中计算出的测量电容的值作为测量的结果使用。但是，对此备选地，也能够在每个单独的积分周期中测量施加在积分电容器上的电压，并且在达到预设的阈值时结束测量。于是，在这种情况下，测量参量是在达到阈值电压之前执行的积分周期的数量。
所述测量方法的分辨率进而两个状态或电容值的可区分性的极限通过使用的模数转换器的分辨率决定性地确定。通过模数转换器，能够仅以特定的离散级来检测电压。所述级也称作为量化区间。因此，将要测量的区域量化，即分成离散的区域，因此在该情况下分成电压级。那么在测量时将随后较高的或较低的级的数值作为数字测量值分配给真实的、且模拟测量的电压，这根据哪个级与该电压更接近来判断。真实的电压与通过模数转换器输出的电压级的偏差是量化误差。因此，如果下面提到通过模数转换器测量的电压值，则意味着总是表示通过模数转换器输出的电压级的相应的数字化的值。
发明内容
根据本发明的方法相对于之前描述的方法具有的优点是，在模数转换器的分辨率相同的情况下，实现测量结果的更高的分辨率。
根据本发明，这通过如下方法步骤实现：
a)将要执行的积分周期的数量N规定在一个初值NStart，并且为该要执行的积分周期的数量N确定结束值NEnd；
b)将电压总值UGes初始化成数值零；
c)将已执行的积分周期的次数IZ初始化成数值零；
d)将共同的电路节点(3)和积分电容器(2)的第二接头(2”)与接地电势GND连接；
e)执行积分法，直至已执行的积分周期的次数IZ达到要执行的积分周期的数量N；
f)将借助于模数转换器当前确定的电压值UCI(N)叠加到电压总值UGes上；
g)将数量N提高数值n，其中n大于或等于1并且小于NDiff＝NEnd-NStart；
h)重复从步骤e)开始的方法步骤，直至数量N超过确定的结束值NEnd；
i)将电压总值UGes作为测量结果进行评价。
在根据本发明的方法的一个有利的设计方案中提出，积分法包括如下方法步骤：
e1)将共同的电路节点(3)保持为无电势，其中同时将已知的电源电压UV施加到积分电容器(2)的第二接头(2”)上；
e2)将电源电压UV与积分电容器(2)的第二接头(2”)分离，其中同时将共同的电路节点(3)与接地电势GND连接；
e3)将已执行的积分周期的次数IZ提高数值一，并且重复从步骤e1)开始的方法步骤，直至已执行的积分周期的次数IZ达到要执行的积分周期的当前预设的数量N；
e4)借助于模数转换器(4)来测量施加在积分电容器(2)上的电压UCI(N)。
附图说明
下面参考附图阐述本发明。在此：
图1：a)示出用于执行按照本发明的方法的测量装置的示意图，
b)作为a)中的开关的时序图示出具有N个积分周期的积分的时序图。
图2作为积分周期的数量N的函数示出施加在积分电容器上的电压UCI(N)的变化曲线。
具体实施方式
在图1a)中，附图作为电路图以示意性的视图示出测量装置，所述测量装置用于执行按照本发明的方法以用于测量电容式传感元件1的电容值CM。传感元件1在此例如构成接触传感器、例如呈电极的形式的接触传感器，所述电极关于相对的接地电势或地电势具有固有电容，所述固有电容具有电容值CM。在例如由用户的手指接触或接近电极时，所述电容值CM由于接触电容改变，所述手指关于接地电势或地电势具有所述接触电容。
传感元件1的接头在共同的电路节点3处与积分电容器2的第一接头2’电连接。在此，积分电容器2的已知的电容值CI大于传感元件1的要确定的电容值CM。共同的电路节点3还与第一开关S1连接并且经由所述第一开关根据开关位置能可选地与接地电势或地电势GND连接或与固定的电源电压UV连接或者是无电势的，即保持断开(NC)。积分电容器2的第二接头2”与第二开关S2电连接并且经由所述第二开关根据开关位置能可选地与接地电势或地电势GND、与固定的电源电压UV或与模数转换器4的输入端连接。
为了测量电容值CM，使用原则上已知的积分法，其中在多个依次的周期中将少量的电荷量从传感器元件1传递到积分电容器2上。在这种被称为积分周期的电荷迁移进行N次之后，借助于模数转换器4测量随后施加在积分电容器2上的电压UCI(N)。电压UCI(N)与电容值CM成正比并且因此是所述电容值的量度。这种积分法的示例性的流程借助于图1a)中的开关S1和S2的在图1b)中描绘的时序图描述，其中以下步骤描绘积分周期的流程：
将与积分电容器2的第一接头2’连接的、共同的电路节点3借助于开关S1断开进而保持无电势，其中同时借助于开关S2将电源电压UV施加到积分电容器2的第二接头2”上。随后，借助于开关S2将电源电压UV与积分电容器2的第二接头2”分离并且使所述第二接头保持无电势，其中同时将共同的电路节点3借助于开关S2与接地电势GND连接。
在测量进行时，重复地执行所述积分周期的步骤，亦即这样多次执行，直至已执行的积分周期的次数IZ达到预设的数量N(积分阶段)。
随后，借助于模数转换器4测量在所述N个积分周期之后施加在积分电容器2上的电压UCI(N)，这通过如下方式进行：将积分电容器2的第二接头2”借助于开关S2与模数转换器4的输入端连接(探测阶段)。
将测量的(数字的)电压值UCI(N)传输给控制和评价装置5以用于进一步处理和评价。控制和评价装置5控制整个所描述的方法的进程，并且对此作为中央元件例如包括微控制器。
根据本发明，刚刚描述的利用N个积分周期的测量是上级流程的组成部分，所述上级流程包括多次这种测量，这些测量中要执行的积分周期的数量N分别具有不同数值，亦即以下述方式进行，所述方式也由施加在积分电容器2上的电压UCI(N)的曲线的在图2中描绘的视图表明，所述曲线作为积分周期的数量N的函数：
首先，将要执行的积分周期的数量N规定在一个用于在上级进程的范围中第一次测量的初值NStart。同时，在上级进程的范围中为最后的测量确定用于积分周期的最大执行的数量N的目标值或结束值NEnd。将电压总值UGes初始化成数值零。
开始时，将已执行的积分周期的次数IZ初始化成数值零。此外，为了初始化测量过程，将与积分电容器2的第一接头2’连接的、共同的电路节点3和积分电容器2的第二接头2”与接地电势GND连接，进而将在积分电容器2上的电压UCI置于零(重置阶段)。
紧接着，执行在上文中描述的积分法，亦即这样长时间执行，直至已执行的积分周期的次数IZ达到要执行的积分周期的当前有效的数量N，所述已执行的积分周期的次数在每次执行时提高数值一。于是，借助于模数转换器确定施加在积分电容器2上的电压值UCI(N)，并且将所述电压值叠加至当前有效的电压总值UGes上。
之后，将要执行的积分周期的数量N提高数值n，并且将在上一段中描述的步骤以新的数量N重复。在此，既不将已执行的积分周期的次数IZ复位，也不将当前施加在积分电容器2上的电压消除，从而实际仅执行另外n个积分周期，并且在此施加在积分电容器2上的电压相应地进一步提高。提高值n在此至少等于1并且小于初值NStart和目标值或结束值NEnd之间的差NDiff＝NEnd-NStart。为了作为上级进程的组成部分不过少地进行分别具有N个积分周期的测量，将提高值n通常选择成明显小于NDiff。所述提高值在此要么逐步变化，要么采用例如为n＝1、n＝2、n＝3的常数或其他数值。以新的数量N这样多次重复在上一段中描述的步骤，直至数量N超过开始时确定的结束值NEnd。
在图1b)中这示例性地针对n＝2借助于前两个积分和探测阶段示出。第一积分阶段在此包括NStart个积分周期。之后，进行第一探测阶段，在所述第一探测阶段中，测量当前施加在积分电容器2上的电压UCI(NStart)。在随后进行的第二积分阶段中，执行另外的n＝2个积分周期，从而施加在积分电容器2上的电压UCI(NStart+2)现在从总共NStart+2个积分周期中得出。以所述方式继续测量，直至最终作为最后的数值测量电压UCI(NEnd)。
直至所述时刻从分别测量的电压UCI(N)相加而成的电压总值UGes随后作为测量结果被评价。
因此，如所描述的那样，各个测量的电压值UCI(N)作为相加数成为电压总值UGes。所述电压值UCI(N)中的每个电压值在此通过模数转换器4确定并且因此如已经在上文中阐述的那样包含量化误差。在此，量化在测量范围内线性地进行，即通过模数转换器4输出的电压级的级高分别是相等的。因为相反地，施加在积分电容器2上的电压UCI(N)作为积分周期的数量N的函数的变化曲线如在图2中可见的那样是非线性的，所以得到量化误差的统计学的分布，所述量化误差在总和中引起其至少部分的抵消。

Claims (4)

1.借助于积分法来测量电容式传感元件(1)的电容值CM的方法，其中所述传感元件(1)的接头与积分电容器(2)的第一接头(2’)在共同的电路节点(3)处电连接，所述积分电容器具有大于所述传感器元件的电容值CM的已知的电容值CI，并且根据已执行的积分周期的次数IZ，借助于模数转换器来测量施加在所述积分电容器(2)上的电压UCI，
其特征在于设有如下方法步骤：
a)将要执行的积分周期的数量N规定在一个初值NStart，并且为该要执行的积分周期的数量N确定结束值NEnd；
b)将电压总值UGes初始化成数值零；
c)将已执行的积分周期的次数IZ初始化成数值零；
d)将所述共同的电路节点(3)和所述积分电容器(2)的第二接头(2”)与接地电势GND连接；
e)执行积分法，直至已执行的积分周期的次数IZ达到要执行的积分周期的数量N；
f)将借助于所述模数转换器当前确定的电压值UCI(N)叠加至电压总值UGes上；
g)将数量N提高数值n，其中n大于或等于1并且小于NDiff＝NEnd-NStart；
h)重复从步骤e)开始的方法步骤，直至数量N超过确定的所述结束值NEnd；
i)将电压总值UGes作为测量结果进行评价。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，
其特征在于，
提高的数值n是常数。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，
其特征在于，
提高的数值n逐步变化。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，
其特征在于，
所述积分法包括如下方法步骤：
e1)将所述共同的电路节点(3)保持为无电势，其中同时将已知的电源电压UV施加到所述积分电容器(2)的所述第二接头(2”)上；
e2)将所述电源电压UV与所述积分电容器(2)的所述第二接头(2”)分离，同时将所述共同的电路节点(3)与所述接地电势GND连接；
e3)将已执行的积分周期的次数IZ提高数值一，并且重复从步骤e1)开始的方法步骤，直至已执行的积分周期的次数IZ达到要执行的积分周期的当前预设的数量N；
e4)借助于所述模数转换器(4)来测量施加在所述积分电容器(2)上的电压UCI(N)。
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