CN107736118B - Rice multipoint average balanced high-yield water and fertilizer management method - Google Patents
Rice multipoint average balanced high-yield water and fertilizer management method Download PDFInfo
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- CN107736118B CN107736118B CN201711038236.4A CN201711038236A CN107736118B CN 107736118 B CN107736118 B CN 107736118B CN 201711038236 A CN201711038236 A CN 201711038236A CN 107736118 B CN107736118 B CN 107736118B
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of agricultural cultivation, and discloses a rice multi-point flat balanced high-yield water and fertilizer management method, wherein rice cultivation adopts less irrigation, more dew, less multiple fertilization and multiple light field laying for a long time; the fertilization mode adopts seedling observation and hole application; the group regulation and control mode adopts stable and balanced growth in the whole growth period; the method specifically comprises the following steps: seedling cultivation-transplanting management, transplanting-management of the green turning period, green turning-management of the early stage of jointing, jointing-management of the heading period. The invention promotes the early growth and quick growth of rice, promotes low-position tillering, greatly improves the earring rate, increases the effective earring number and is beneficial to forming large earrings; the growth of the rice field is balanced and consistent, the individuals are strong, the groups are coordinated, the group quality is greatly improved, and the photosynthetic efficiency is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of agricultural cultivation, and particularly relates to a rice multi-point average balanced high-yield water and fertilizer management method.
Background
In the rice growth, because of reasons of land preparation quality, variety characteristics, fertilization technology, disease and pest damage and the like, especially in recent years, a rice field is generally prepared by a mechanical cultivator, at present, in the rice management technology, fertilization is mainly repeated application of tillering fertilizer for 1 time, fertilization methods are all common broadcast application, the problem of uneven fertilization exists, meanwhile, water management modes are basically large-scale and large-scale, middle-stage repeated field drying and the like, and the problems are not favorable for stable tillering of rice in the early stage and stable growth of rice in the middle-stage group, so that the growth vigor of the group in the growth stage of the field is uneven, the contradiction between growth and group development is caused, the group quality is not high, and the. Aiming at the problem, the technology adopts multiple topdressing, and the fertilization method adopts a point-type method to promote the weakening and the flattening; in the aspect of water management, irrigation and dew are combined, and the field is exposed for multiple times, so that the stable growth of the colony is promoted, the contradiction of individual robustness, colony balance, good coordination and colony is achieved, the colony constitution is improved, and the high and stable yield is obtained.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a rice multi-point average high-yield water and fertilizer management method.
The invention is realized by the following steps: a rice multipoint average high yield water and fertilizer management method comprises the following steps: and (3) irrigating and exposing combined tube water after transplanting to stably promote tillering, and when seedlings are seen in the middle stage, lightly drying the field for multiple times to promote steady growth of the population until after heading point application of supplementary fertilizer to maintain balance.
Further, the rice 'multipoint average' balanced high-yield water and fertilizer management method specifically comprises the following steps:
fertilizing: and (5) small amount of additional fertilizer is applied for multiple times. Firstly, tillering fertilizer: the topdressing is carried out for 2 times, during the topdressing, the 1 st tillering fertilizer adopts a common spreading mode, and the 2 nd tillering fertilizer is applied after seedling sowing, and fertilizer is added to weak seedling areas and weak seedling holes, so that the balanced tillering is promoted, and the coordinated development of individuals and groups is ensured; secondly, spike fertilizer: the application is carried out in 2 times, namely, the application is carried out once respectively at the 2 nd stage and the 4 th stage of young ear tillering. During dressing, the dressing is divided into 2 times, the 1 st common dressing and the 2 nd seedling dressing, and the key points are to perform the dressing on the short acupoints to promote the large spike and the large particle of the colony.
Water management: less irrigation and more dew, and multiple times of light drying of the field. The method comprises the following steps: and in the green turning and tillering stage, a shallow water layer is filled each time, the water falls naturally, then the field is exposed for 2-3 days, shallow water is filled again, and the filling and exposing are alternated for multiple times, so that the early and quick tillering is promoted. The second stage: shifting nodes to spike, performing 1 st light drying after node shifting, sun-drying until the surface of the field is too small, then filling a shallow water layer, naturally drying, sun-drying until the surface of the field is too small, alternately repeating sun-drying and filling until the spike is spilt, and ensuring the quality level of the group.
Further, the rice 'multipoint average' balanced high-yield water and fertilizer management method specifically comprises the following steps:
seedling cultivation-transplant management: preparing 50 soft disks in each mu of field, loading nutrient soil on the soft disks before sowing, and covering the soil layer with 2/3 hole depths; then, sowing the bud cereals into holes of a floppy disk in a hole sowing mode, and sowing 3-4 bud cereals of the seeds with accelerated germination in each hole; covering a layer of nutrient soil after sowing; then, uniformly placing the sowed soft plates on the seedling box, and covering a mulching film for heat preservation;
transplanting-management of the green turning period: when the leaf age of the seedling reaches 3.1-4.5 leaves, transplanting the seedling to a field by adopting a transplanting mode with soil, and transplanting the cultivated seedling to the field in a sunny weather; before transplanting, selecting robust seedlings with consistent growth, and transplanting 2-4 grain seedlings in each hole;
turning green-jointing earlier stage management: adopting less irrigation and more dew; after transplanting and turning green, irrigating a shallow water layer for 3cm each time, naturally drying, then exposing the field for 2-3 days, then irrigating shallow water for 2cm-3cm, and managing water by irrigating and exposing for multiple times in an alternating mode; meanwhile, tillering is carried out for 2 times in combination with topdressing, topdressing is carried out in combination with seedling conditions, and nitrogen fertilizer is applied in a weak seedling mode by adopting a point-type fertilization method;
section shifting-heading period management: and (3) after the nodes are pulled out, lightly drying the field for the 1 st time, airing until the field surface is too small, filling a 3cm water layer, performing hole point type topdressing on weak seedlings, naturally drying, airing the field until the field surface is too small, applying water for topdressing, performing hole point type fertilization on the weak seedlings during topdressing, and alternately repeating airing and irrigation until the ears of the rice are pulled out.
Furthermore, in the management of transplanting-green turning period, the manual seedling transplanting mode adopts shallow seedling transplanting depth, uniform plant row spacing, consistent seedling number in each hole and vertical seedling transplanting.
Further, in the final stage of green turning-tillering management, the combined topdressing and tillering time of 2 times is as follows: 1, 5 to 7 days after the transplantation; the 2 nd time is 18-20 days after transplantation.
The invention has the advantages and positive effects that:
the invention has the advantages that: the early growth and the quick growth of rice can be promoted at the early stage, the low-position tillering is more, the individual growth is robust, and the large spike formation is facilitated; the rice field in the middle and later periods is harmonious in population, the growth vigor is balanced and consistent, the population quality is greatly improved, and the photosynthetic efficiency is high. The technology can promote robust growth and increase the yield per unit area for large spike type varieties, spike grain types and multi-spike type varieties. Compared with the conventional cultivation technology, the technology improves the ear forming rate of the rice by 5-12 percent, increases the effective ear number per unit area by 4.4 percent on average, and simultaneously increases the total grain number per ear by 6.8 percent and the solid grain number per ear by 7.7 percent; promoting balanced production increase, and the average production increase amplitude is more than 5 percent compared with the conventional technology.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a rice multi-point average high yield management method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
In the prior art, the problems of unbalanced field growth and uncoordinated groups exist in production, and the scheme of promoting balanced and stable growth of the rice field in the growing period by adopting multiple topdressing, hole-point application, irrigation and dew combination, multiple times of light field laying and the like is not adopted, so that the yield is not high and unstable.
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
The multi-point average balanced high-yield management method for the rice provided by the embodiment of the invention changes the traditional rice cultivation method that the long-term flooding is less irrigation and more dew, the one-time heavy fertilization is less fertilization for multiple times, and the one-time heavy drying of the field is multiple light field laying;
the common spreading mode of the traditional fertilization is changed into the seedling-watching hole-point application;
the traditional 'front promotion and back control' group regulation mode is changed into the mode of stable and balanced growth in the whole growth period.
The rice multipoint average balanced high-yield management method provided by the embodiment of the invention is suitable for dry seedling cultivation of rice floppy disks, and the transplanting and green returning period is implemented until the heading period of rice. The method comprises the following steps:
s101: seedling cultivation-transplantation management.
S102: and (5) transplanting-managing in a green turning period.
S103: and (4) green turning-tillering final stage management.
S104: management of tillering end-heading stage.
The invention is further described below with reference to specific assays.
S101 seedling cultivation-transplantation management comprises the following steps:
the preparation of seedling bed, nutrient soil (or mud), soft disk and seedling box to be sowed is identical to that of general conventional soft disk seedling-raising technique.
Sowing method and sowing quantity: 50 flexible disks (353 holes) are prepared in each mu of field, before sowing, the flexible disks are filled with nutrient soil (or nutrient soil), and the mud layer is formed by covering the depth of the holes with 2/3 degrees. And then sowing the sprouted grains into holes of a floppy disk in a hole-sowing mode, and sowing 3-4 sprouted grains (2 grains are planted in hybrid rice, and 3-4 grains are planted in conventional rice) in each hole. After seeding, covering a layer of nutrient soil (or mud), then uniformly placing the seeded soft disks on the seedling box, covering with mulching film and preserving heat so as to quickly grow seedlings. The seedling bed management is the same as the conventional soft disk seedling raising technology.
S102 transplanting-green turning period management comprises the following steps: when the leaf age of the seedling reaches 3.1-4.5 leaves, transplanting (or throwing) the seedling to a field in a soil-carrying transplanting mode, and transplanting (or throwing) the cultivated seedling to the field in a sunny weather. Before transplanting (or throwing) planting, selecting robust seedlings with basically consistent growth, and transplanting 2-4 grains per hole (2 grains are transplanted for hybrid rice, 3-4 grains are transplanted for conventional rice). The manual transplanting mode needs to be shallow, even and straight, namely the depth of seedlings is shallow, the row spacing of plants is even, the number of seedlings in each hole is basically consistent, and the seedlings are vertically transplanted.
S103, final management of green turning and tillering comprises the following steps: the method adopts the steps of pouring less water and adding more water. Namely, after transplanting and turning green, a shallow water layer (3cm) is irrigated each time to allow the water to naturally fall dry, then the field is exposed for 2-3 days, shallow water (2-3cm) is irrigated again, and water is managed by irrigating and exposing in an alternating mode for multiple times, so that the deep root system pricking and the rapid tillering can be promoted, and the water saving is facilitated. Meanwhile, 2 times of tillering (5-7 days after transplanting for the 1 st time and 18-20 days after transplanting for the 2 nd time) are combined and applied, the fertilizer variety is mainly quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer (urea), and the fertilizing amount is reasonably determined according to the variety characteristics, the soil fertility level and the season (the total urea applying amount is 7-10 kg/mu of hybrid rice and 5-8 kg/mu of conventional rice); during topdressing, the seedling condition is combined, and the weak seedlings adopt a hole-point fertilization method to increase the application of nitrogen fertilizer (4 g/m)2Urea).
S104 tiller-heading stage management comprises: when tillers enter a peak seedling stage, performing 1 st light drying in the sun, after the tillers are not too small on the field surface, filling a water layer of about 3cm, performing hole point type topdressing (4g/m2 urea) on weak seedlings according to the field seedling condition, naturally drying, drying the field again until the field is too small, then performing water topdressing on the weak seedlings, performing seedling dressing when the weak seedlings are subjected to spike dressing, performing hole point type fertilizing (3g/m2 urea) on the weak seedlings, and alternately repeating the drying and the filling until the weak seedlings are subjected to the hole point type topdressing (3g/m2 urea), wherein the drying and the filling are alternately repeated
And (5) ear sprouting of rice.
The invention is further described with reference to specific examples.
In 2015, the farm residence of Binglin Sifen town was compared with the conventional cultivation method (repeated 3 times) on late rice by adopting a field plot experiment. The test result shows that: at the final stage of tillering, when the number of basic seedlings treated by the technology is less than that of a control, the maximum tillering rate is 557%, the maximum tillering rate is reduced by 13 percentage points compared with the control, the maximum tiller number is reduced by 6.6% compared with the control, but the earning rate is greatly improved by 9.9 percentage points compared with the control, and finally, the effective ear number per mu is increased by 1.76 ten thousand per mu compared with the control (Table 1). The technology is favorable for promoting the early growth, fast growth and stable growth of rice, improving the heading efficiency, promoting the improvement of population quality, promoting the growth coordination of the population and the individual, increasing the effective photosynthetic population and laying an important foundation for high yield.
TABLE 1 difference in tillering and heading efficiency of different treatment late rice (2015, carignan tomb)
The yield and yield structure survey of the test shows that the yield of the multi, point and flat technology is increased by 12.8% compared with the conventional technology, the total grain number, the setting rate and the thousand grain weight of the yield structure are improved in different degrees, wherein the effective grain increasing range is up to 9.4% to the maximum, the grain number of each grain is 7.7% to the second, the total grain number of each grain is increased by 6.8%, and the thousand grain weight is increased by 0.8% to the minimum (Table 2). The technology is shown to promote the improvement of the quality of the population and ensure better photosynthetic efficiency, thereby promoting the improvement of each index of the yield structure.
TABLE 2 differential management of late rice yield and yield structure (2015, carignan)
In 2016, the technology and the conventional technology are adopted in Mingyuecun, Changsha county to carry out large-area comparison demonstration on early rice and late rice respectively,
the large-area comparison demonstration result is basically consistent with the experiment performance of the 2015 carignan plot, the tillering stage can promote early and fast growth and stable growth of rice, the spike rate is high when seedlings descend, and the effective spike number is also increased (table 3), which shows that the rice seedling growing technology is a practical technology with relatively less waste. The results in table 4 further illustrate the problem that the "multipoint average" technique is improved to a different extent compared with the conventional technique in comparison with the effective spike, total particles per spike, the number of solid particles per spike and the setting rate (table 4), which indicates that the technique can effectively promote the synchronous improvement of population quality and individual level, is beneficial to the balanced development, better coordinates the contradiction between individuals and populations, and finally realizes the improvement of yield.
TABLE 3 comparison of tillering occurrence and heading efficiency by the "multipoint flattening" technique in different seasons (2016 years, Changsha)
TABLE 4 comparison of technical yields and yield structures for different seasons "multipoint flat" (2016, Changsha)
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A rice multipoint average high yield water and fertilizer management method is characterized by comprising the following steps: after transplanting, irrigating and combining with tube water, stably promoting tillering, and when seedlings are seen in the middle stage, lightly drying the field for multiple times to promote steady growth of the population until after heading, applying additional fertilizer at a point to keep balance;
the rice multipoint average balanced high-yield water and fertilizer management method specifically comprises the following steps:
fertilizing: a small amount of multiple topdressing: firstly, tillering fertilizer: the topdressing is carried out for 2 times, during the topdressing, the 1 st tillering fertilizer adopts a common spreading mode, and the 2 nd tillering fertilizer is applied after seedling sowing, and fertilizer is added to weak seedling areas and weak seedling holes, so that the balanced tillering is promoted, and the coordinated development of individuals and groups is ensured;
secondly, spike fertilizer: the application is carried out for 2 times, namely, the application is carried out once respectively at the 2 nd stage and the 4 th stage of young ear tillering; during dressing, the dressing is carried out for 2 times, the 1 st common dressing is carried out, the 2 nd seedling dressing is carried out, and the key points are to perform the dressing on the short acupoints so as to promote the large spike and the large particle of the colony of an individual;
water management: irrigating less and exposing more, and lightly drying the field for multiple times: the method comprises the following steps: in the green turning and tillering stage, a shallow water layer is filled each time, the shallow water layer naturally falls off, then the field is exposed for 2-3 days, shallow water is filled again, and the filling and exposing are alternated for multiple times, so that the early and quick tillering is promoted;
the second stage: shifting nodes to spike, performing 1 st light drying after node shifting, sun-drying until the surface of the field is too small, then filling a shallow water layer, naturally drying, sun-drying until the surface of the field is too small, alternately repeating sun-drying and filling until the spike is spiced on the rice, and ensuring the quality level of the group;
the rice multipoint average balanced high-yield water and fertilizer management method specifically comprises the following steps:
seedling cultivation-transplantation management: preparing 50 soft disks in each mu of field, loading nutrient soil in the soft disks before sowing, and covering the depth of a hole 2/3 by a mud layer; then, sowing the bud cereals into holes of a floppy disk in a hole-sowing mode, and sowing 3-4 bud cereals with accelerated buds in each hole; covering a layer of nutrient soil after sowing; then, uniformly placing the sowed soft plates on the seedling box, and covering a mulching film for heat preservation;
transplanting-management of the green turning period: when the leaf age of the seedling reaches 3.1-4.5 leaves, transplanting the seedling to a field by adopting a transplanting mode with soil, and transplanting the cultivated seedling to the field in a sunny weather; before transplanting, selecting robust seedlings with consistent growth, and inserting 2-4 seedlings in each hole;
turning green-management before jointing: adopting less irrigation and more dew; after transplanting and turning green, irrigating a shallow water layer for 3cm each time, naturally drying, then exposing the field for 2-3 days, then irrigating shallow water for 2cm-3cm, and managing water by irrigating and exposing for multiple times in an alternating mode; topdressing the tillering fertilizer for 2 times, topdressing the fertilizer for 2 times in combination with the seedling condition, and adopting a 'point-type' fertilization method to focus on applying nitrogen fertilizer to weak seedlings;
jointing-heading period management: and (3) tillering the rice seedlings to enter a peak seedling stage, slightly drying the rice fields for the 1 st time, pouring a 3cm water layer when the tillering is too small on the field surface, performing hole point type topdressing on weak seedlings, naturally drying the rice seedlings, drying the rice fields again until the rice seedlings are too small on the field surface, applying water and topdressing, performing hole point type fertilization on the weak seedlings during topdressing, and alternately repeating the drying and the pouring until the rice ears are pulled out.
2. The rice multipoint average balanced high yield water and fertilizer management method according to claim 1,
in the management of transplanting-green turning period, the manual seedling transplanting mode adopts shallow seedling transplanting depth, uniform plant row spacing, consistent seedling number per hole and upright seedling transplanting.
3. The rice multipoint equalization high yield water and fertilizer management method according to claim 1, wherein in the management of green turning and pre-jointing, the time of applying 2 times of tillering fertilizer is as follows: 1, 5 to 7 days after the transplantation; the 2 nd time is 18-20 days after transplantation.
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| US10278341B2 (en) * | 2013-12-27 | 2019-05-07 | Xinjiang Tianye (Group) Co., Ltd. | Method of drip irrigation under plastic film for rice cropping |
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