CN107623131A - The preparation and its application of membrane electrode based on platinum or platinum alloy nanotube - Google Patents
The preparation and its application of membrane electrode based on platinum or platinum alloy nanotube Download PDFInfo
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- CN107623131A CN107623131A CN201610553993.4A CN201610553993A CN107623131A CN 107623131 A CN107623131 A CN 107623131A CN 201610553993 A CN201610553993 A CN 201610553993A CN 107623131 A CN107623131 A CN 107623131A
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Abstract
The present invention describes a kind of preparation and application of the membrane electrode based on platinum or platinum alloy nanotube, includes the formation of orderly polarizing electrode micro-structural, the preparation of platinum or platinum alloy nanotube and the assembling of membrane electrode.Co OH CO3 nanometer stick array of the growth with rule orientating first in substrate, then it is catalyst-loaded on this array, and the Co OH CO3 nanometer stick arrays to being supported with catalyst make annealing treatment, finally array thermal is pressed on amberplex and obtains membrane electrode, and purified treatment is carried out to membrane electrode, constructed membrane electrode can be applied to fuel cell.Membrane electrode constructed by the present invention has the advantages that catalyst loading is low, catalyst utilization is high, is easy to amplification.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of preparation method of membrane electrode, belong to fuel cell field.
Background technology
Fuel cell is a kind of efficient energy conversion device, effectively can will be stored in chemicals
Chemical energy in matter is converted into electric energy.At present, fuel cell is in electric automobile, distributed electrical
Stand, the multiple fields such as aviation obtain application.Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells with its power density it is high,
Toggle speed is fast, high conversion efficiency, advantages of environment protection are widely paid close attention to.
Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is the core component of electrochemical reaction of fuel battery, it by
Catalytic Layer and gas diffusion layers positioned at PEM both sides form.Membrane electrode is broadly divided into gas
Body diffusion electrode (Gas Diffusion Electrode, GDE), thin layer Film electrode (catalyst
Coated membrane, CCM) and nano thin-layer electrode with Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
(nanostructured thin film, NSTF) is the orderly polarizing electrode (ordered of representative
MEAs).GDE is prepared using techniques such as silk-screen printing, electrostatic sprayings, by catalyst, is hated
Aqua, organic solvent composition catalyst pulp are brushed on gas diffusion layers, after high-temperature process
Electrode three-dimensional is realized to Catalytic Layer surface spraying Naifon solution；CCM is then generally adopted at present
With preparation technologies such as spraying, transfers, catalyst, ion conductor resin and organic solvent are formed
Slurry spray on film, or first slurry is sprayed on other carriers and is transferred to again on film,
Form Membrane catalysis layer integrated electrode.Traditional CCM electrodes, the preparation technology of GDE electrodes
Maturation, but the Catalytic Layer thickness of electrode is big, catalyst is in unordered accumulation so that the use of catalyst
Amount is high, catalyst utilization is low.To solve, fuel cell precious metal dosage is high, catalyst is sharp
With rate it is low the problem of, 3M companies develop it is a kind of in order thin layer electrode (NSTF electrode,
Nanostructured Thin Film electrode), it has microcosmic orderly, catalyst loading
The features such as low, it can effectively reduce resistance to mass tranfer and improve the utilization rate of catalyst.
Patent US5039561 describes a kind of preparation method of ordering nanowhisker arrays,
Organic thin film is specially deposited in substrate, then to organic thin film in high temperature, high vacuum
Under the conditions of made annealing treatment, obtain the nanowhisker arrays of high-sequential.Prepared by the invention
Nanowhisker arrays there is excellent chemical stability and mechanical strength.
Patent US20110151353A1 describes a kind of preparation method of NSTF electrodes, tool
Body be deposited using magnetron sputtering technique in ordering nanowhisker arrays Pt, Mn, Co,
The metals such as Ir, the nanometer stick array for being supported with catalyst is then needed on the one of amberplex
Side or both sides, prepared electrode are applied to fuel cell, water electrolytic cell.The invention is made
Standby electrode has that noble metal dosage is low, electro-chemical activity is high, stability is good, resistance to mass tranfer is small
The advantages that.
Patent CN201310690828.X describes a kind of preparation method of self-supporting Catalytic Layer,
The nanometer stick array of ordering is specially prepared using hydro-thermal method, then using magnetron sputtering technique
It is catalyst-loaded on array, finally catalyst is transferred on amberplex.The patent institute
The electrode of preparation has the characteristics of low load amount, thickness of thin, but the Catalytic Layer prepared by the patent
It is made up of the mechanical impurity of platinum and other metals, is a kind of unordered macroporous membrane electrode.
The present invention be prepared on the basis of patent CN201310690828.X based on platinum and its
The membrane electrode of alloy nanotube.Prepared electrode is made up of platinum or platinum alloy nanotube.Institute
Pattern, the composition of the electrode of preparation are different from patent CN201310690828.X.Institute of the present invention
It is the method mild condition of use, simple to operate, it can effectively reduce the noble metal dosage of electrode.
The content of the invention
A kind of preparation method of the membrane electrode based on platinum or platinum alloy nanotube, including following step
Suddenly：
1) reaction solution is prepared；Reaction solution is the ammonium fluoride that concentration is 1-30mM, 1-30
MM urea, the aqueous solution of 1-50mM cobalt nitrate；
2) substrate is impregnated into reaction solution, reacted in autoclave at 90-150 DEG C
30min-24h, Co-OH-CO is prepared in substrate3Array；Used substrate can
For glass, nickel sheet, nickel screen, stainless steel or titanium sheet；
3) in Co-OH-CO3Catalyst-loaded on array, catalyst-loaded method has physics
Vapour deposition, chemical vapor deposition, the catalyst supported be Pt, Pd, Ru, Co, Ni,
The alloy of a kind of metal or several metals in Fe, Cu, Au, Ag, Mn, Ir, Cr,
The atomic ratio of Pt and other metals is 1:5~9:1；
4) to being supported with the Co-OH-CO of catalyst3Array is made annealing treatment, annealing temperature
For 200 DEG C~1000 DEG C, annealing atmosphere H2, N2, Ar, He, or H2-Ar、H2-N2、
H2- He mixed gas, H in mixed gas2Content be 1vol.%~99vol.%, move back
The fiery time is 10min-7days；
5) array by annealing is transferred to the side of amberplex using transfer printing
Or both sides, remove substrate；It is 0.1~50MPa to apply pressure size during transfer, and the time exists
1s~30min, temperature at 20~200 DEG C, for cation hand over by used amberplex
Change film or anion-exchange membrane；
6) pickling processes are carried out to the amberplex transferred with Catalytic Layer, pickling can select
HCl、H2SO4、HNO3Or HF solution, acid concentration 1mM-10M, pickling temperature
For 20 DEG C~100 DEG C, pickling time 1min-24h；
7) membrane electrode through overpickling is washed, removes acid remaining in membrane electrode, washing
Temperature be 25 DEG C~100 DEG C, washing time 1min-24h；
8) electrode is impregnated in the aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide, removes and introduced in electrode production process
Organic matter, the mass concentration of hydrogen peroxide is 1%~10%, and the temperature of dipping is 25 DEG C~100
DEG C, dip time 1min-24h；
9) electrode is placed in 20 DEG C~100 DEG C of sulfuric acid solution and boils 30min~1h, sulfuric acid
Mass concentration in 1wt.%~30wt.%；
10) electrode Jing Guo above-mentioned steps to be washed, washing temperature is 20 DEG C~100 DEG C,
Washing time is 20s-24h.
The present invention has following features：
1. the Catalytic Layer of membrane electrode prepared by the present invention is made up of platinum or platinum alloy nanotube；
2. the electrode preparation method that the present invention describes has the characteristics of preparation condition is gentle, simple to operate；
3. membrane electrode prepared by the present invention has, noble metal dosage is low, catalytic component is adjustable, catalysis
The characteristics of layer thickness of thin；
4. full battery testing shows, high quality is had based on platinum or platinum alloy nanotube films electrode
Specific power and catalyst utilization
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the flow chart that embodiment 1 prepares membrane electrode.
Fig. 2 is the Co-OH-CO prepared by embodiment 13The scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of nanometer stick array.
Fig. 3 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the platinum nanometer stick array prepared by embodiment 1.
Fig. 4 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the membrane electrode prepared by embodiment 1.
Fig. 5 is the XRD of the membrane electrode prepared by embodiment 1.
Fig. 6 is the I-V performance curves of membrane electrode in a fuel cell prepared by embodiment 1.
Fig. 7 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the platinum cobalt nanorod array prepared by embodiment 2.
Fig. 8 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the membrane electrode prepared by embodiment 2.
Fig. 9 is the XRD of the membrane electrode prepared by embodiment 2.
Figure 10 is the I-V performance curves of membrane electrode in a fuel cell prepared by embodiment 2.
Figure 11 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the platinum iron nanometer stick array prepared by embodiment 3.
Figure 12 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the membrane electrode prepared by embodiment 3.
Figure 13 is the XRD of the membrane electrode prepared by embodiment 3.
Figure 14 is the I-V performance curves of membrane electrode in a fuel cell prepared by embodiment 3.
Embodiment
Following examples are the further explanations to the present invention, and the present invention protects obvious modification simultaneously
Mode and equivalents.
Embodiment 1
Using stainless steel as substrate, Co-OH-CO is prepared using hydro-thermal method3Array.Reaction solution
For 10mM ammonium fluoride, 25mM urea, 5mM cobalt nitrate.In reaction under high pressure
120 DEG C of reaction 5h, are prepared into Co-OH-CO in substrate in kettle3Array.Shown in Fig. 2
For the Co-OH-CO of preparation3The scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of nanometer stick array.As seen from the figure
Co-OH-CO3Nanometer stick array is equably grown in substrate, and the direction of growth is basically perpendicular to base
Bottom.Co-OH-CO3The length of nanometer rods is about 3 μm, and diameter is about 100nm,
Co-OH-CO3The surface density of nanometer rods is 3~4e9/cm2。
Using magnetically controlled sputter method in Co-OH-CO3Pt is supported on array.Magnetron sputtering power
For 150W, sputtering time 10min, operating pressure 1.0Pa.It will be supported with Pt's
Co-OH-CO3Array is at 300 DEG C, H2-Ar(H2Volume fraction is 5%) to anneal under atmosphere
60min.Fig. 3 show the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the nanometer stick array of preparation.As seen from the figure
Magnetron sputtering is in Co-OH-CO3Uniform Pt layers are supported on array, the thickness of Pt layers is about
20nm.Make annealing treatment the Co-OH-CO for without the order for destroying array, being supported with Pt3
The length of nanometer rods is about 2 μm, and diameter is about 140nm.
Platinum nanometer stick array after annealing is needed on to the side of amberplex, used
Amberplex be212 films.Transfer pressure is 4MPa, transfer temperature 140
DEG C, transfer time 1min.ICP tests show that the Platinum loading of prepared membrane electrode is 68.1
μg cm-2。
Stainless steel base is removed, purified treatment is carried out to membrane electrode, handling process is：It will support
The amberplex for having Catalytic Layer is placed in 0.5M sulfuric acid solution, is removed as template
Co-OH-CO3Array, membrane electrode is cleaned in deionized water, remove the acid solution of remaining.Will
Membrane electrode boils 30min in 80 DEG C of 0.5M sulfuric acid solutions, washes in deionized water
The acid solution of remaining, then boils 30min, most in 80 DEG C of 5% aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution
30min will be boiled in the deionized water of 80 DEG C of electrode afterwards, by membrane electrode pole drying post package into
Membrane electrode assembly.Fig. 4 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of prepared membrane electrode, as seen from the figure,
Prepared Catalytic Layer is made up of nanotube, and a diameter of 140nm of nanotube, length is about 2
μm, pipe thickness is about 20nm.Fig. 5 is the XRD of prepared electrode, can by figure
To find out that Catalytic Layer prepared by magnetron sputtering is made up of single-element platinum.
Prepared membrane electrode is packaged into membrane electrode assembly, the pressure of encapsulation is 0.5MPa,
Temperature is 140 DEG C.The anode of membrane electrode assembly uses gas-diffusion electrode, anode Pt/C (70
Wt.%, Johnson Matthey) load amount is 0.2mg cm-2, electrolyte membrance is212
Film.
Battery testing condition：H2/O2Flow：50/100sccm；75 DEG C of battery temperature, satisfy
And humidification, battery back pressure are 0.2MPa.Fig. 6 show the membrane electrode combustion based on platinum nanotube
Expect the I-V performance curves in battery, the peak power output of battery is 736mW cm-2.By
Figure is it can be seen that the quality specific power of monocell is up to 2.745kW g-1Pt。
Embodiment 2
Using stainless steel as substrate, Co-OH-CO is prepared using hydro-thermal method3Array.Reaction solution
For 10mM ammonium fluoride, 25mM urea, 5mM cobalt nitrate.In reaction under high pressure
120 DEG C of reaction 4h, are prepared into Co-OH-CO in substrate in kettle3Array.
Using magnetically controlled sputter method in Co-OH-CO3PtCo is supported on array, and (atomic ratio is
3:1).Magnetron sputtering power is 100W, sputtering time 20min, operating pressure 1.0Pa.
PtCo Co-OH-CO will be supported with3Array is at 400 DEG C, H2-Ar(H2Volume fraction is
5%) anneal 1h under atmosphere.Fig. 7 show the scanning electricity of the platinum cobalt nano-tube array of preparation
Mirror figure.Magnetron sputtering is in Co-OH-CO as seen from the figure3Nanometer stick array surface supports
Uniform PtCo catalyst, the thickness of PtCo coating is about 18nm, annealing does not have
Destroy the order of array.It is supported with the Co-OH-CO of PtCo coating3The length of nanometer rods is about
For 3 μm, diameter is about 136nm.
Platinum nanometer stick array after annealing is needed on to the side of amberplex, used
Amberplex be212 films.Transfer pressure is 0.5MPa, and transfer temperature is
150 DEG C, transfer time 2min.ICP tests show the Pt load amounts of prepared membrane electrode
For 40.15 μ g cm-2, Co loads amount is 3.825 μ g cm-2。
Stainless steel base is removed, purified treatment is carried out to membrane electrode, handling process is referring to embodiment
1.Fig. 8 is the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of prepared membrane electrode, as seen from the figure PtCo nanotubes
Diameter is about 136nm, and pipe thickness is about 18nm, and the length of PtCo nanotubes is about 2-3
μm.Fig. 9 is the XRD of prepared electrode.XRD tests show that prepared receives
Mitron is PtCo alloy nanotubes, and part Pt atoms form alloy with Co.
Prepared membrane electrode is packaged into membrane electrode assembly, the pressure of encapsulation is 0.5MPa,
Temperature is 140 DEG C.The anode of membrane electrode assembly uses gas-diffusion electrode, anode Pt/C (70
Wt.%, Johnson Matthey) load amount is 0.2mg cm-2, electrolyte membrance is212
Film.Battery testing condition：H2/O2Flow：50/100sccm；75 DEG C of battery temperature, satisfy
And humidification, battery back pressure are 0.2MPa.Figure 10 is shown based on platinum cobalt nano-tube array
I-V performance curves in membrane electrode fuel cell, the peak power output of battery is 685mW
cm-2, as seen from the figure the quality specific power of monocell be up to 2.85kW g-1Pt。
Embodiment 3
Co-OH-CO3The preparation method of array participates in embodiment 2.
Using magnetically controlled sputter method in Co-OH-CO3PtFe (atomic ratios are supported on array
1:1).Magnetron sputtering power is 100W, sputtering time 20min, operating pressure 1.0Pa.
PtFe Co-OH-CO will be supported with3Array is at 600 DEG C, H2-Ar(H2Volume fraction is
5%) anneal 1h under atmosphere.Figure 11 show the scanning electron microscope (SEM) photograph of the nanometer stick array of preparation,
Prepared PtFe nanometer rods are carried on a shoulder pole in certain orientation vertical-growth in substrate as seen from the figure
It is loaded with the Co-OH-CO of PtFe coating3The length of nanometer rods is about 2.5 μm, and diameter is about
130nm。
The preparation flow of membrane electrode is referring to embodiment 2.Figure 12 is the scanning of prepared membrane electrode
Electron microscope, as seen from the figure prepared Catalytic Layer be made up of PtFe nanotubes, nanotube it is straight
Footpath is about 130nm, and pipe thickness is about 15nm, and length is about 1-2.5 μm.ICP is tested
The loading for showing the Pt of prepared membrane electrode is 49.735 μ g cm-2, Fe loading
For 1.875 μ g cm-2.Figure 13 is the XRD spectrum of prepared electrode, wherein PtFe's
Diffraction peak is prepared setting between the peak position of PtCo alloys and PtFe alloys, showing
Electrode is a kind of PtFe alloy.
Prepared membrane electrode is packaged into membrane electrode assembly, the pressure of encapsulation is 0.5MPa, temperature
Spend for 140 DEG C.The anode of membrane electrode assembly uses gas-diffusion electrode, anode Pt/C (70
Wt.%, Johnson Matthey) load amount is 0.2mg cm-2, electrolyte membrance is212
Film.Battery testing condition：H2/O2Flow：50/100sccm；75 DEG C of battery temperature, satisfy
And humidification, battery back pressure are 0.2MPa.Figure 14 is shown based on PtFeThe film electricity of nanotube
I-V performance curves in the fuel cell of pole, the peak power output of battery is 830mW cm-2,
The quality specific power of battery is 3.32kW g-1Pt。
Claims (9)
- A kind of 1. electrode based on platinum or platinum alloy nanotube, it is characterised in that：Membrane electrode Catalytic Layer is made up of platinum or platinum alloy nanotube, and prepared Catalytic Layer is located at amberplex Side or both sides.
- 2. according to membrane electrode described in claim 1, it is characterised in that：Catalytic Layer is by a diameter of 10nm~200nm, length are formed for the platinum or platinum alloy nanotube of 50nm~5 μm, urged The thickness for changing layer be 50nm~10 μm, used amberplex for cation-exchange membrane or Person's anion-exchange membrane.
- 3. according to the membrane electrode of claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that：Form platinum alloy Transition metal in addition to platinum species have Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Au, Ru, Pd, Ir, One or two or more kinds of in Mn, Cr, Ag, the atomic ratio of platinum and transition metal is 1:5~9:1.
- A kind of 4. preparation method of any membrane electrodes of claim 1-3, it is characterised in that：(1) using hydro-thermal method in substrate growth of vertical in the Co-OH-CO of substrate3Nanometer rods Array；(2) in Co-OH-CO3The uniform supported metal catalyst of nanometer rods；(3) Co-OH-CO of catalyst will be supported with3Array is made annealing treatment；(4) by the nanometer stick array for being supported with catalyst be needed on amberplex side or Person both sides；(5) purified treatment is carried out to membrane electrode.
- 5. according to the preparation method of membrane electrode described in claim 4, it is characterised in that：Step (1) substrate in can be glass, nickel sheet, nickel screen, stainless steel substrates or titanium sheet；Co-OH-CO in step (1)3The growth of array is prepared by high pressure hydro-thermal method, bag Containing following steps：A, prepare reaction solution, reaction solution for be 1-30mM containing concentration ammonium fluoride, 1-30 The aqueous solution of mM urea, 1-50mM cobalt nitrate；B, substrate is impregnated into reaction solution, it is anti-at 90-150 DEG C in autoclave 30min-24h is answered, Co-OH-CO is prepared into substrate3Array.
- 6. according to the preparation method of membrane electrode described in claim 5, it is characterised in that：Step (2) catalyst-loaded method has physical vapour deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition in；Catalyst-loaded step (2) institute be platinum or platinum alloy, catalyst by Pt or platinum and Fe, One kind in Co, Ni, Cu, Au, Pd, Ru, Ir, Mn, Cr, Ag and more than two kinds Element form, the atomic ratio of platinum and other metals is 1:5~9:1, catalyst load amount is 1 μ g cm-2~5mg cm-2。
- 7. according to the preparation method of membrane electrode described in claim 5, it is characterised in that：Step (3) annealing temperature is 200 DEG C~1000 DEG C, annealing atmosphere H2、N2, Ar, He, Or H2-Ar、H2-N2、H2- He mixed gas, H in mixed gas2Content be 1vol. %~99vol.%, annealing time 10min-7days；It is 0.1~50MPa to apply pressure size when step (4) transfers, and the time is in 1s~30 Min, temperature is at 20~200 DEG C.
- 8. according to the preparation method of membrane electrode described in claim 5, it is characterised in that：Step (5) purifying step of membrane electrode is：(1) membrane electrode after washing is subjected to pickling；Used acid is nitric acid, sulfuric acid Or hydrochloric acid, concentration are 5mM~10M, the temperature of acid treatment is 20~100 DEG C, at acid The time of reason is 1min~24h(2) membrane electrode after pickling to be washed, the temperature of washing is 20~100 DEG C,；(3) membrane electrode is placed in the aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide and cleaned；The matter of hydrogen peroxide Concentration 1%~10% is measured, the temperature of cleaning is 20~100 DEG C；(4) membrane electrode is placed in sulfuric acid solution and cleaned；The mass concentration of sulfuric acid is in 1wt. %~30wt.%, the temperature of cleaning is 20~100 DEG C；(5) membrane electrode is placed in deionized water and cleaned, the temperature of cleaning is 20~100 ℃。
- A kind of 9. application of any membrane electrodes of claim 1-3, it is characterised in that：Institute The electrode of preparation can be used for fuel cell.
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