CN107567428B - 纳米颗粒作为超导体中的钉扎中心的用途 - Google Patents
纳米颗粒作为超导体中的钉扎中心的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107567428B CN107567428B CN201680012945.2A CN201680012945A CN107567428B CN 107567428 B CN107567428 B CN 107567428B CN 201680012945 A CN201680012945 A CN 201680012945A CN 107567428 B CN107567428 B CN 107567428B
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Abstract
本发明属于纳米颗粒、其制备及其作为超导体中的钉扎中心的领域。特别地,本发明涉及包含Sr、Ba、Y、La、Ti、Zr、Hf、Nb或Ta的氧化物的纳米颗粒,其中所述纳米颗粒的重均直径为1‑30nm,并且其中在纳米颗粒的表面上存在通式(I)、(II)或(III)的有机化合物或者包含至少两个羧酸基团的有机化合物,其中a为0‑5,b和c彼此独立地为1‑14,n为1‑5,f为0‑5,p和q彼此独立地为1‑14,e和f彼此独立地为0‑12。
Description
本发明属于纳米颗粒、其制备及其作为超导体中的钉扎中心的领域。
超导体,特别是具有至少77K的转变温度的高温超导体的适用性通常取决于它们在高磁场中的临界电流密度。引入具有低导电性的小颗粒,即所谓的钉扎中心,可以提高高磁场中的临界电流密度。由现有技术已知钉扎中心在超导体中的用途。
WO 2013/139 843公开了一种用于由W/O乳液制备钉扎中心的方法及其在高温超导体中的用途。
De Roo等在Journal of the American Chemical Society(第136卷,第9650-9657页)中描述了一种用于在微波辅助溶剂热法中制备钉扎中心的方法。
WO 2008/058 849A1公开了用亚乙基甲基丙烯酸酯磷酸酯稳定的ZrO2纳米颗粒。然而,没有公开用于超导体的油墨。
US 2012/0 071 680 A1公开了表面改性的氧化锆纳米晶体颗粒,其中使用有机膦酸作为改性剂。然而,没有给出这些的特定结构,并且没有公开用于超导体的油墨。
防止这些纳米颗粒聚集仍然是一个挑战,特别是在超导体通过化学溶液沉积制备时。该聚集导致钉扎中心的效率降低,并且甚至可能负面地影响超导体的特性,例如临界电流密度。因此,本发明的目的是提供在用于制备超导体的油墨中以及在由此形成的超导体中对于聚集稳定的纳米颗粒。期望获得提高超导体在高磁场下的临界电流密度的纳米颗粒。
这些目的通过包含Sr、Ba、Y、La、Ti、Zr、Hf、Nb或Ta的氧化物的纳米颗粒来实现,其中纳米颗粒的重均直径为1-30nm,并且其中通式(I)、(II)或(III)的有机化合物或者包含至少两个羧酸基团的有机化合物位于纳米颗粒的表面上
其中a为0-5,
b和c彼此独立地为1-14,
n为1-5,
r为0-5,
p和q彼此独立地为1-14,和
e和f彼此独立地为0-12。
本发明进一步涉及一种用于制备本发明纳米颗粒的方法,其包括:
(i)从包含非极性溶剂的悬浮液中沉淀出包含Sr、Ba、Y、La、Ti、Zr、Hf、Nb或Ta的氧化物的纳米颗粒,其中所述纳米颗粒的重均直径为1-30nm,和
(ii)将醇和通式(I)、(II)或(III)的有机化合物或包含至少两个羧酸基团的有机化合物加入沉淀的纳米颗粒中。
本发明进一步涉及一种用于制备高温超导体的油墨,其包含:
(a)含钇或稀土金属的化合物,
(b)含钡的化合物,
(c)含铜的化合物,
(d)醇,和
(e)本发明纳米颗粒。
本发明进一步涉及本发明纳米颗粒作为超导体中的钉扎中心的用途。
本发明的优选实施方案可以在说明书和权利要求书中找到。不同实施方案的组合处于本发明的范围内。
根据本发明,纳米颗粒包含Sr、Ba、Y、La、Ti、Zr、Hf、Nb或Ta,优选Sr、Ba、Ti、Zr、Hf或Ta,特别是Zr、Hf或Ta的氧化物。该氧化物的优选实例是SrO、SrTiO3、SrZrO3、BaO、BaTiO3、BaZrO3、Y2O3、La2O3、TiO2、ZrO2、HfO2、Nb2O5、Ta2O5。优选地,纳米颗粒包含ZrO2、HfO2或Ta2O5。纳米颗粒可以包含其他物质,例如其他金属的氧化物。优选地,纳米颗粒包含至少90重量%,特别是至少95重量%,例如98重量%的Sr、Ba、Y、La、Ti、Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta或其组合的氧化物。
本发明纳米颗粒的重均直径为1-30nm,优选2-20nm,特别是4-10nm。重均直径优选根据ISO 22412(2008)通过动态光散射,优选通过使用米氏理论测量。纳米颗粒具有低粒度分布D90/D50的分散度(其通过动态光散射测量),优选为1.2或更低,更优选1.15或更低,特别是1.1或更低的D90/D50值。
纳米颗粒优选是结晶的。就本发明而言,“结晶”是指纳米颗粒的结晶度优选为至少50%,更优选至少70%,特别是至少90%。将结晶度定义为在HR-TEM中目视观测的纳米颗粒的重均半径与通过使用德拜-谢勒方程评价X射线衍射图谱(XRD)的主峰的极大值半处的全宽度(FWHM)确定的纳米颗粒的半径之比。1的比值确定100%的结晶度。
根据本发明,纳米颗粒在其表面上具有通式(I)、(II)或(III)的有机化合物或者包含至少两个羧酸基团的有机化合物。不受理论的束缚,据信羧酸、聚醚或磷酸与纳米颗粒的表面结合,并且剩余的羧酸或磷酸产生使纳米颗粒对聚集稳定的表面电荷。
在通式(I)的化合物中,a优选为0。优选b为2-10,更优选3-8。优选c为2-10,更优选3-6。优选n为2-4。在一个优选实例中,a为0,b为6,c为5,n为3。
在通式(II)的化合物中,p和q优选为2-12。p与q之比优选为20:80-80:20,特别是40:60-60:40。
在通式(III)的化合物中,e优选为0。优选f为2-6。
正如本领域技术人员公知的,指数a、b、c、e、f、n、p、q和r表示平均值,这意指通式(I)、(II)和(III)的化合物由于典型的制备方法而具有一定程度的多分散性。
优选地,包含至少两个羧酸基团的有机化合物是通式(IV)的化合物,
其中R1和R2彼此独立地为H、OH或COOH,m为1-12。
如果m大于1,则R1和R2可能彼此相同或不同。通式(IV)的化合物的实例包括其中R1和R2为氢的二羧酸,如丙二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸;具有羟基的二羧酸,如丙醇二酸、苹果酸、酒石酸;或者三羧酸,如柠檬酸或异柠檬酸。
优选地,使通式(I)、(II)或(III)的有机化合物或者包含至少两个羧酸基团的有机化合物至少部分去质子化。中和度优选为2-98摩尔%,更优选50-75摩尔%,特别优选75-90摩尔%,其中摩尔%涉及磷酸或羧酸基团的总摩尔数。去质子化基团的抗衡离子优选为铵离子。这些包括铵离子、伯铵离子、仲铵离子、叔铵离子或季铵离子,优选叔铵离子。铵离子优选具有正烷基、正烷醇或聚(亚烷氧基)基团。优选的实例是N,N-二丁基铵乙醇。作为替换,铵离子可以是聚合物如聚(亚乙基亚胺)的一部分。一个实例是聚(亚乙基亚胺)包含酯基如2-乙基己基酯,所述酯通常通过聚(亚乙基亚胺)与相应丙烯酸酯的反应而得到。
优选地,除了在其表面上包含至少一个磷酸基团和至少一个酯基或者至少两个羧酸基团的有机化合物之外,纳米颗粒还具有三烷基磷氧化物或脂肪酸。脂肪酸的实例包括硬脂酸、棕榈酸、芥酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸或月桂酸。优选油酸或月桂酸。
本发明还涉及一种用于制备本发明纳米颗粒的方法。该方法包括从包含非极性溶剂的悬浮液中沉淀出包含Sr、Ba、Y、La、Ti、Zr、Hf、Nb或Ta的氧化物的纳米颗粒。沉淀可以通过加入可与非极性溶剂混溶的高极性溶剂而进行。实例是酮,如丙酮、甲基乙基酮或环戊酮;醇,如甲醇或乙醇;或者腈,如乙腈。
沉淀后,将纳米颗粒与溶剂分离,例如通过沉降、离心或过滤。优选离心。除去溶剂后,优选用进行沉淀的溶剂洗涤颗粒,例如一至五次,并除去溶剂。
本发明方法进一步包括将醇和通式(I)、(II)或(III)的有机化合物或包含至少两个羧酸基团的有机化合物加入沉淀的纳米颗粒中。可以首先将醇与有机化合物混合,并将该混合物加入沉淀的颗粒中,或者将醇加入沉淀的颗粒中,并将有机化合物加入该混合物中。
醇包括线性醇,如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、正丁醇、正戊醇、正己醇、正庚醇、正辛醇、正壬醇、正癸醇、正十一醇、正十二烷醇;支化醇,如异丙醇、仲丁醇、叔丁醇、2-乙基己醇;或者二醇,如乙二醇或丙二醇。优选线性醇,特别是甲醇。该方法可以包含一种醇或不同醇的混合物。醇的混合物的优选实例是包含少量C2-C12醇混合物的甲醇。
通常,通式(I)、(II)或(III)的有机化合物或者包含至少两个羧酸基团的有机化合物与纳米颗粒的重量比为1:5-10:1,优选1:1-1:6,如1:2-1:4。醇中纳米颗粒的浓度通常为0.01-0.5mol/l,优选0.05-0.3mol/l,其中摩尔对应于纳米颗粒中金属离子的摩尔量。
将纳米颗粒与醇和有机化合物混合可以例如通过搅拌、振摇或超声而进行。
优选地,包含非极性溶剂和纳米颗粒的悬浮液通过在表面活性剂的存在下包含可溶性前体的缩合、酯化或消除反应而制备。可溶性前体包括金属卤化物,如氯化物、溴化物、碘化物;或者烷氧基化物,如甲氧基化物、乙氧基化物、异丙氧基化物、丁氧基化物或己氧基化物。非极性溶剂优选具有1.65D(德拜)或更小,更优选1.6D或更小,特别是1.5D或更小的偶极动量。非极性溶剂包括烃,如己烷、环己烷、异十一烷、十二烷;芳烃,如苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、均三甲苯;或者卤代溶剂,如氯仿。合适的表面活性剂包括脂肪酸如油酸,和磷氧化物(phosphor oxide)如三辛基磷氧化物。
作为替换,本发明纳米颗粒可以通过包括以下的方法制备
(i)将醇和通式(I)、(II)或(III)的有机化合物或包含至少两个羧酸基团的有机化合物加入包含非极性溶剂和含有Sr、Ba、Y、La、Ti、Zr、Hf、Nb或Ta的氧化物的纳米颗粒的悬浮液中,其中纳米颗粒的重均直径为1-30nm,和
(ii)通过蒸发除去非极性溶剂,其中醇具有比非极性溶剂高的沸点。
上述相同的定义和优选实施方案适用于适用的情况。
本发明纳米颗粒在用于制备高温超导体的油墨中对于聚集特别稳定。因此,本发明进一步涉及一种用于制备高温超导体的油墨,其包含:
(a)含钇或稀土金属的化合物,
(b)含碱土金属的化合物,
(c)含过渡金属的化合物,
(d)醇,和
(e)本发明纳米颗粒。
含钇或稀土金属的化合物、含碱土金属的化合物和含过渡金属的化合物包括氧化物、氢氧化物、卤化物、羧酸盐、烷氧基化物、硝酸盐或硫酸盐。优选羧酸盐,特别是乙酸盐或丙酸盐。羧酸盐和烷氧基化物可以优选被氟取代,例如二氟乙酸盐、三氟乙酸盐,或者部分或完全氟化的丙酸盐。
含稀土金属或钇的化合物、含碱土金属的化合物和含过渡金属的化合物中的至少一种包含氟。优选地,含碱土金属的化合物包含氟,例如作为三氟乙酸盐。
优选地,钇或稀土金属是钇、镝或铒,特别是钇。优选地,碱土金属是钡。优选地,过渡金属是铜。
优选地,油墨中含过渡金属的化合物与含钇或稀土金属的化合物的摩尔比为3:0.7-3:2,更优选3:1.2-3:1.4。优选地,油墨中含过渡金属的化合物与含碱土金属的化合物的摩尔比为3:1-3:2,更优选3:1.7-3:1.9。
油墨进一步包含如对上述方法所述的醇。优选地,醇为甲醇和C2-C12醇的混合物。
考虑到各种金属在待制备的超导体中的摩尔组成,油墨以视为对超导体的生长和/或性能最佳的摩尔比包含含稀土金属或钇的化合物、含碱土金属的化合物和含过渡金属的化合物。因此,它们的浓度取决于待制备的超导体。通常,它们在溶液中的浓度彼此独立地为0.01-10mol/l,优选0.1-1mol/l。
优选地,油墨以其中纳米颗粒中的金属与含钇或稀土金属的化合物的摩尔比为1-30%,更优选3-20%,特别是5-15%的浓度包含纳米颗粒。在许多情况下,就油墨而言,这相当于0.1-5重量%的纳米颗粒。
优选地,油墨进一步包含稳定剂、润湿剂和/或其他添加剂。这些组分的量可以在相对于所使用的干燥化合物的总重量为0-30重量%的范围内变化。可能需要添加剂以调节粘度。添加剂包括路易斯碱;胺,如TEA(三乙醇胺)、DEA(二乙醇胺);表面活性剂;聚羧酸,如PMAA(聚甲基丙烯酸)和PAA(聚丙烯酸),PVP(聚乙烯吡咯烷酮),乙基纤维素。
优选地,将油墨加热和/或搅拌以使所有成分均化,例如回流。此外,油墨可以进一步包含各种添加剂以提高溶液的稳定性并促进沉积过程。这些添加剂的实例包括润湿剂、胶凝剂和抗氧化剂。
为了利用本发明油墨制备超导体,通常使所述油墨沉积在基材上。油墨的沉积可以以各种方式进行。油墨可以例如通过浸涂(将基材浸渍在油墨中)、旋涂(将油墨施加到旋转基材)、喷涂(使油墨喷洒或雾化在基材上)、毛细管涂覆(通过毛细管施加油墨)、狭缝式模具涂覆(slot die coating)(通过窄缝施加油墨)和喷墨印刷。优选狭缝式模具涂覆和喷墨印刷。
优选地,在沉积之后,在溶剂沸点以下,例如溶剂沸点以下10-100℃,优选溶剂沸点以下20-50℃的温度下蒸发油墨以形成薄膜。
基材可以是能够支撑缓冲层和/或超导层的任何材料。例如,合适的基材公开在EP830 218、EP 1 208 244、EP 1 198 846、EP 2 137 330中。通常,基材是金属和/或合金条/带,其中金属和/或合金可以是镍、银、铜、锌、铝、铁、铬、钒、钯、钼、钨和/或它们的合金。优选地,基材是镍基的。更优选地,基材是镍基的并且包含1-10at-%,特别是3-9at-%的钨。层压的金属带、涂覆有第二金属(如电镀涂覆)的带或具有合适表面的任何其他多材料带也可用作基材。
基材优选织构化,即它具有织构化表面。基材通常为20-200μm,优选40-100μm厚。长度通常大于1m,宽度通常为1cm至1m。
优选地,在将包含钇或稀土金属、碱土金属和过渡金属的薄膜沉积至其上之前,例如通过电抛光使基材表面平坦化。通常有利的是使由此平坦化的基材经受热处理。该热处理包括将基材加热至600-1000℃并保持2-15分钟,其中时间涉及基材处于最大温度下的时间。优选地,在还原气氛,如含氢气氛下进行热处理。可以重复平坦化和/或热处理。
优选地,基材的表面具有根据DIN EN ISO 4287和4288以均方根计小于15nm的粗糙度。粗糙度涉及在基材表面的晶粒边界内的10×10μm的面积,使得金属基材的晶界不影响所述的粗糙度测量。
优选地,在基材和薄膜之间存在一个或多个缓冲层。缓冲层可以包含能够支撑超导体层的任何材料。缓冲层材料的实例包括金属和金属氧化物,例如银、镍、TbOx、GaOx、CeO2、氧化钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)、Y2O3、LaAlO3、SrTiO3、Gd2O3、LaNiO3、LaCuO3、SrRuO3、NdGaO3、NdAlO3和/或本领域技术人员已知的一些氮化物。优选的缓冲层材料是钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ);各种锆酸盐,如锆酸钆、锆酸镧;钛酸盐,如钛酸锶;和简单的氧化物,如氧化铈或氧化镁。更优选地,缓冲层包含锆酸镧、氧化铈、氧化钇、掺杂钆的氧化铈和/或钛酸锶。甚至更优选地,缓冲层包含锆酸镧和/或氧化铈。
为了提高织构传递的程度和作为扩散阻挡层的效率,在基材和薄膜之间存在各自包含不同缓冲材料的多个缓冲层。优选地,基材包含两个或三个缓冲层,例如包含锆酸镧的第一缓冲层和包含氧化铈的第二缓冲层。
优选将该薄膜加热至300-600℃,优选350-450℃的温度以除去残留的前体的有机部分。将基材在该温度下保持1-30分钟,优选5-15分钟。
随后,优选在包含水和氧的气氛中将薄膜加热至700-900℃,优选750-850℃的温度以使膜结晶。水的分压为气氛总压的1-99.5%,氧气分压为气氛总压的0.5-90%,优选2-90%。甚至更优选地,在加热到700-900℃的第一阶段期间,水的分压是气氛总压的1-20%,优选1.5-5%,并且在该加热的第二阶段期间,水的分压为总压的90-99.5%,优选95-99%。
通常,将超导体线切割成更小的带,并通过用导电金属如铜涂覆,例如通过电沉积而稳定。
附图简述
图1显示了YBCO油墨中稳定的ZrO2颗粒的SAXS测量。
实施例
实施例1:纳米颗粒的合成
实施例1.1:ZrO2纳米颗粒
将20mmol(7.8g)异丙醇锆(IV)丙醇配合物(Zr[OCH(CH3)2]4·(CH3)2CHOH)和25mmol(5.83g)氯化锆(IV)在60℃下在氩气气氛中加入100g纯化和脱气的三辛基氧化膦(TOPO,通过真空蒸馏而纯化)。将反应混合物的温度缓慢升至340℃,并在该温度下在剧烈搅拌下保持2小时。在该热处理期间,初始的浅黄色溶液变成浅绿色。然后将反应混合物冷却至60℃,加入500ml丙酮以沉淀氧化锆纳米颗粒。通过离心回收沉淀物,并用丙酮洗涤数次,再分散在110ml甲苯中。通过高分辨率透射电子显微镜测量的纳米颗粒的粒度为2-3nm。图1中描绘了具有归属于晶面的峰的XRD。
实施例1.2:HfO2纳米颗粒
在剧烈搅拌下,在10ml微波小瓶中将0.5ml二苄基醚加入0.4mmol氯化铪IV。然后快速加入4ml苄醇,在搅拌5分钟后得到澄清无色的溶液。将该溶液用以下温度设置进行微波加热:在60℃下5分钟,在210℃下3小时。合成后,将相分离的混合物转移到塑料离心管中,加入3ml***。在温和离心(2000rpm,2分钟)后,观察到两个澄清和透明的相。除去有机(顶部)相,并将乙醇加入含水(底部)相,得到2ml澄清悬浮液。将该颗粒沉淀并用***洗涤一次。最后将颗粒再分散在氯仿中,通常将0.2mmol油酸加入乳状悬浮液中。在搅拌下,加入油胺直至获得无色透明的悬浮液,其通常为约0.15mmol(即50μL)。通过高分辨率透射电子显微镜测量的纳米颗粒的粒度为4-5nm。
实施例2
在离心管中,将7-8ml丙酮加入1ml实施例1.1的ZrO2分散体中。相对于锆,ZrO2分散体的浓度约为0.18mol/l。将沉淀物在实验室离心机中以4000rpm离心15分钟。取出上清液。将沉淀再分散在1ml甲苯中,通过加入7-8ml丙酮而沉淀并离心。取出上清液后,加入100μl包含浓度为350g/l的化合物Ia的甲醇溶液。Ia是通式(I)的化合物,其中a=0,b=6,c=5,n=2-3。将混合物在实验室振摇装置中振摇2分钟,由此形成澄清的悬浮液。然后加入900μl包含丙酸钇(0.24mol/l)、三氟乙酸钡(0.32mol/l)和丙酸铜(0.54mol/l)的甲醇溶液(YBCO溶液)。YBCO溶液的浓度作为表1中的钇、钡和铜的总和的浓度给出。
实施例3
将约15mg表1中给出的有机化合物以表1中给出的浓度加入100μl甲苯中的纳米颗粒分散体。将混合物在实验室振摇装置上振摇2分钟以形成澄清悬浮液。然后通过加热至110-120℃而除去甲苯,同时加入癸醇以替代甲苯。将获得的癸醇溶液加入如实施例2中的YBCO溶液中。
实施例4
遵循实施例2的程序,不同之处在于使用化合物IIa代替化合物Ia。化合物IIa是通式(II)的化合物,其中f=3,p=10,q=8。
实施例5
遵循实施例2的程序,不同之处在于使用化合物IIIa代替化合物Ia。化合物IIIa是通式(III)的化合物,其中e=0,f=5-6。
实施例6(对比例)
将100μl甲苯中的纳米颗粒分散体加入900μl实施例2中描述的YBCO溶液中。
表1:实施例的结果
使包含根据实施例1.1的稳定的颗粒的YBCO溶液进行小角X射线散射(SAXS)。结果通过吉尼耶理论分析。测得粒度为2.1nm,这表明纳米颗粒是非聚集的。
Claims (19)
2.根据权利要求1的纳米颗粒,其中所述纳米颗粒包含ZrO2、HfO2或Ta2O5。
3.根据权利要求1的纳米颗粒,其中在纳米颗粒的表面上额外有三烷基磷氧化物或脂肪酸。
4.根据权利要求2的纳米颗粒,其中在纳米颗粒的表面上额外有三烷基磷氧化物或脂肪酸。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项的纳米颗粒,其中所述纳米颗粒是结晶的。
6.根据权利要求1-4中任一项的纳米颗粒,其中所述纳米颗粒具有1.2或更小的通过动态光散射测得的粒度分布D90/D50的分散度。
7.根据权利要求5的纳米颗粒,其中所述纳米颗粒具有1.2或更小的通过动态光散射测得的粒度分布D90/D50的分散度。
8.一种用于制备根据权利要求1-7中任一项的纳米颗粒的方法,包括(i)从包含非极性溶剂的悬浮液中沉淀出包含Sr、Ba、Y、La、Ti、Zr、Hf、Nb或Ta的氧化物的纳米颗粒,其中所述纳米颗粒的重均直径为1-30nm,和
(ii)将醇和通式(I)、(II)或(III)的有机化合物加入沉淀的纳米颗粒中。
9.根据权利要求8的方法,其中包含非极性溶剂和纳米颗粒的悬浮液通过在表面活性剂存在下包含可溶性前体的缩合或酯化反应而制备。
10.一种用于制备高温超导体的油墨,包含
(a)含稀土金属的化合物,
(b)含碱土金属的化合物,
(c)含过渡金属的化合物,
(d)醇,和
(e)根据权利要求1-7中任一项的纳米颗粒。
11.根据权利要求10的油墨,其中所述含稀土金属的化合物为含钇的化合物。
12.根据权利要求10的油墨,其中所述醇为甲醇和C2-C12醇的混合物。
13.根据权利要求10的油墨,其中含稀土金属的化合物、含碱土金属的化合物和含过渡金属的化合物中的至少一种包含氟。
14.根据权利要求13的油墨,其中所述含稀土金属的化合物为含钇的化合物。
15.根据权利要求12的油墨,其中含稀土金属的化合物、含碱土金属的化合物和含过渡金属的化合物中的至少一种包含氟。
16.根据权利要求15的油墨,其中所述含稀土金属的化合物为含钇的化合物。
17.根据权利要求10、12、13和15中任一项的油墨,其中所述油墨以其中纳米颗粒中的金属与含稀土金属的化合物的摩尔比为1-30%的浓度包含根据权利要求1-7中任一项的纳米颗粒。
18.根据权利要求17的油墨,其中所述含稀土金属的化合物为含钇的化合物。
19.根据权利要求1-7中任一项的纳米颗粒作为超导体中的钉扎中心的用途。
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