CN107363432A - A kind of composite soldering and method for welding for being used to connect nickel base superalloy - Google Patents
A kind of composite soldering and method for welding for being used to connect nickel base superalloy Download PDFInfo
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- CN107363432A CN107363432A CN201710767258.8A CN201710767258A CN107363432A CN 107363432 A CN107363432 A CN 107363432A CN 201710767258 A CN201710767258 A CN 201710767258A CN 107363432 A CN107363432 A CN 107363432A
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- graphene
- composite soldering
- base superalloy
- nickel base
- nickel
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/3033—Ni as the principal constituent
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/40—Making wire or rods for soldering or welding
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
A kind of composite soldering and method for welding for being used to connect nickel base superalloy, the method can be solved at existing joint interface by that formed frangible compounds are spread into mother metal is more for melting point depressant in solder, joint plasticity is poor, the problem of Aero-Space are to high performance requirements can not be fully met, the present invention composite soldering by essential element Ni, Cr, and add Si, B melting point depressant and graphene enhancing be mutually made up of ultrasonic agitation method;Between composite soldering is placed in into face to be connected, heating and thermal insulation in vacuum furnace is put into, room temperature is finally cooled to and completes soldering.The present invention is simple to operate, the addition of graphene hinders enrichment of the melting point depressant such as Si, B at mother metal and brazed seam linkage interface in solder, inhibit the overreaction of solder and mother metal, the frangible compounds quantity separated out at linkage interface significantly reduces, the crystallite dimension of diffusion region tends to be uniform, substantially increases joint performance.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to high temperature alloy connection area, and in particular to a kind of composite soldering for being used to connect nickel base superalloy
And method for welding.
Background technology
Nickel base superalloy has excellent elevated temperature strength, has good inoxidizability and anticorrosive in hot environment
Property the advantages that, be manufacture the high-temperature component such as aero-engine and the turbine disk, turbo blade and combustion chamber in dynamic power machine pass
Key material.Easily weld crack is produced in welding process, weld seam easily forms microstructure segregation etc. yet with nickel base superalloy
Problem causes welding joint mechanical property and high-temperature and durable to decline, and has had a strong impact on the normal use of component.Thus to Ni-based
The performance of complex structural member prepared by high temperature alloy connection proposes higher requirement, ensures the quality of high temperature conjunction part, carries
Rise the security and reliability, the nickel base superalloy structural member Interface Microstructure that improves, the overall performance for improving joint comprehensively of component
It is the key for preparing high-performance component.Wherein soldering is one of main method of nickel base superalloy welding.
At present, the melting point depressant such as Si, B in traditional nickel-based solder expands in brazing process to nickel base superalloy mother metal
Dissipate, due to the difference of melting point depressant diffusion velocity in liquid solder and solid-state mother metal, melting point depressant can occur at joint interface
The phenomenon of enrichment, separate out a large amount of frangible compounds so that joint plasticity is deteriorated, so as to cause mechanical properties decrease.
Graphene is as a kind of new carbon, because its thermal conductivity is strong, density is small, intensity is high, specific surface area is big, resistance to height
A series of excellent performances such as temperature, the switching performance of soldered fitting is improved frequently as strengthening mutually.The special two-dimentional honeybee of graphene
Nest shape lattice structure can hinder interatomic diffusion to a certain extent, suppress the formation of harmful phase.
The content of the invention
Mother metal and brazed seam interface during the invention aims to solve existing nickel-based solder soldering nickel base superalloy
The problem of melting point depressant enrichment is serious to cause hydraulic performance decline, and design to provide and a kind of be used to connect the compound of nickel base superalloy
Solder and method for welding, improve the mechanical property of soldered fitting, application of the extension nickel base superalloy in engineering field.
A kind of composite soldering for being used to connect nickel base superalloy of the present invention, described composite soldering include nickel-based solder
And graphene, the nickel-based solder include Ni, Cr, Si, B, in described composite soldering the weight fraction of Si, B and graphene it
Than for(4.50~4.70):(3.10~3.40):(0.1~0.8), the thickness of the graphene is 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm.
Further, the ratio between weight fraction of Ni, Cr, Si, B and graphene is in composite soldering of the present invention(84.0~
85.0):(7.10~7.30):(4.50~4.70):(3.10~3.40):(0.1~0.8), the thickness of the graphene for 0.55nm ~
0.74nm。
Further, composite soldering of the present invention includes nickel-based solder and graphene, the nickel-based solder include Ni, Cr,
Si, B, the ratio between weight fraction of Ni, Cr, Si, B and graphene is 84.87 in the composite soldering:7.26:4.63:3.24:
(0.1~0.8), the thickness of the graphene is 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm.
A kind of method of composite soldering for connecting nickel base superalloy of the present invention is realized according to the following steps:
(One), prepare composite soldering:By thickness be 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm graphene ultrasonic disperse in acetone soln, then
Nickel-based solder is added in the scattered acetone soln of above-mentioned graphene uniform, is respectively 35kHz and 400r/ in frequency and rotating speed
30min ~ 40min is stirred by ultrasonic under conditions of min ~ 500r/min, obtains the composite soldering being made up of nickel-based solder and graphene,
Wherein used nickel-based solder includes Ni, Cr, Si, B ..., and the ratio between parts by weight of Si, B and graphene are in composite soldering
4.63:3.24:(0.1~0.8).
(Two), sample pretreating:Nickel base superalloy is machined, obtains nickel base superalloy sample to be connected,
Then the joint face to be welded of nickel base superalloy is polished using sand paper, polishing, then the nickel base superalloy handled well is put into
It is cleaned by ultrasonic 5min ~ 15min in acetone soln.
(Three), assembling:Composite soldering is coated uniformly on nickel base superalloy sample to be connected, be assembled into alloy/
The thickness of the form of composite soldering/alloy, wherein composite soldering is 80 μm ~ 120 μm.
(Four), welding:By step(Three)In obtained assembly parts be placed in vacuum furnace, 1.5 × 10-3~3×
10-3Heated under Pa vacuum state, it is 10 DEG C/min ~ 20 DEG C/min to control heating rate, is warming up to 1090oC ~ 1200o
C, then be incubated 10min ~ 40min, then control 5 DEG C/min ~ 10 DEG C/min cooldown rate be cooled to 600 DEG C after furnace cooling,
Realize soldering connection of the composite soldering to nickel base superalloy.
Further, preparation process of the present invention(One)Composite soldering when it is used:Ni, Cr, Si, B and graphene parts by weight
It is the ratio between several to be(84.0~85.0);(7.10~7.30):(4.50~4.70):(3.10~3.40):(0.1~0.8), the graphene
Thickness be 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm.
Further, preparation process of the present invention(One)Composite soldering when it is used:Ni, Cr, Si, B and graphene parts by weight
The ratio between number is 84.87:7.26:4.63:3.24:(0.1~0.8), the thickness of the graphene is 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:The composite soldering that the present invention selects, the graphene in solder can effectively hinder Si,
Diffusion of the melting point depressants such as B to base material metal, it is suppressed that its enrichment in mother metal close to the interface of brazed seam, it is possible to reduce harmful
The formation of brittlement phase, so as to realize the good connection of nickel base superalloy.Composite soldering soldering nickel is preferentially used using the present invention
Based high-temperature alloy, the elevated temperature strength of existing nickel base superalloy connection parts part is effectively increased, before there is greatly application
Scape.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of method and step for being used to connect the composite soldering of nickel base superalloy of embodiment 1(Two)What is prepared answers
Close the electron scanning micrograph of solder.
Fig. 2 is that a kind of interface microstructure for being used to connect the method for the composite soldering of nickel base superalloy of embodiment 1 is shone
Piece.
Embodiment
Technical solution of the present invention is not limited to following illustrated embodiment, in addition to each embodiment it
Between any combination.
Embodiment 1:
A kind of composite soldering for being used to connect nickel base superalloy, described composite soldering include nickel-based solder and graphene, institute
Stating nickel-based solder includes Ni, Cr, Si, B, and the ratio between weight fraction of Ni, Cr, Si, B and graphene is in the composite soldering
84.87:7.26:4.63:3.24:0.5, the thickness of the graphene is 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm.
A kind of method of composite soldering for connecting nickel base superalloy is realized according to the following steps:
(One), prepare composite soldering:By thickness be 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm graphene ultrasonic disperse in acetone soln, then
Nickel-based solder is added in the scattered acetone soln of above-mentioned graphene uniform, is respectively 35kHz and 480r/ in frequency and rotating speed
36min is stirred by ultrasonic under conditions of min, obtains the composite soldering being made up of nickel-based solder and graphene, wherein used nickel
Base solder includes Ni, Cr, Si, B, and the ratio between parts by weight of Si, B and graphene are 4.63 in composite soldering:3.24:0.5.
(Two), sample pretreating:Nickel base superalloy is machined, obtains nickel base superalloy sample to be connected,
Then the joint face to be welded of nickel base superalloy is polished using sand paper, polishing, then the nickel base superalloy handled well is put into
It is cleaned by ultrasonic 15min in acetone soln;
(Three), assembling:Composite soldering is coated uniformly on nickel base superalloy sample to be connected, is assembled into alloy/compound
The thickness of the form of solder/alloy, wherein composite soldering is 100 μm;
(Four), welding:By step(Three)In obtained assembly parts be placed in vacuum furnace, 3 × 10-3Pa vacuum shape
Heated under state, it is 20 DEG C/min to control heating rate, is warming up to 1160 DEG C, is then incubated 30min, then controls 10 DEG C/min
Cooldown rate be cooled to 600 DEG C after furnace cooling, that is, realize soldering connection of the composite soldering to nickel base superalloy.
The present invention can realize the soldering connection of nickel base superalloy, by controlling graphene content and composite soldering thick
Degree, the grain size size to mother metal and brazed seam interface and the control of frangible compounds distribution are realized, and then control soldering to connect
The microstructure and mechanical property of head.After tested, the room temperature shear strength of joint and 800 DEG C of shear at high temperature intensity highests respectively can
Up to 410.4MPa and 329.7MPa.
Embodiment 2:
A kind of composite soldering for being used to connect nickel base superalloy, described composite soldering include nickel-based solder and graphene, institute
Stating nickel-based solder includes Ni, Cr, Si, B, and the ratio between weight fraction of Ni, Cr, Si, B and graphene is in the composite soldering
84.87:7.26:4.63:3.24:0.1, the thickness of the graphene is 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm.
A kind of method of composite soldering for connecting nickel base superalloy is realized according to the following steps:
(One), prepare composite soldering:By thickness be 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm graphene ultrasonic disperse in acetone soln, then
Nickel-based solder is added in the scattered acetone soln of above-mentioned graphene uniform, is respectively 35kHz and 400r/ in frequency and rotating speed
30min is stirred by ultrasonic under conditions of min, obtains the composite soldering being made up of nickel-based solder and graphene, wherein used nickel
Base solder includes Ni, Cr, Si, B, and the ratio between parts by weight of Si, B and graphene are 4.63 in composite soldering:3.24:0.1.
(Two), sample pretreating:Nickel base superalloy is machined, obtains nickel base superalloy sample to be connected,
Then the joint face to be welded of nickel base superalloy is polished using sand paper, polishing, then the nickel base superalloy handled well is put into
It is cleaned by ultrasonic 15min in acetone soln;
(Three), assembling:Composite soldering is coated uniformly on nickel base superalloy sample to be connected, is assembled into alloy/compound
The thickness of the form of solder/alloy, wherein composite soldering is 80 μm;
(Four), welding:By step(Three)In obtained assembly parts be placed in vacuum furnace, 3 × 10-3Pa vacuum shape
Heated under state, it is 20 DEG C/min to control heating rate, is warming up to 1200oC, is then incubated 30min, then controls 10 DEG C/min
Cooldown rate be cooled to 600 DEG C after furnace cooling, that is, realize soldering connection of the composite soldering to nickel base superalloy
It is complete using joint obtained by present embodiment, realize being reliably connected for nickel base superalloy.After tested, joint
Room temperature shear strength and 800 DEG C of shear at high temperature intensity highests are respectively up to 320.7MPa and 243.5MPa.
Embodiment 3:
A kind of composite soldering for being used to connect nickel base superalloy, described composite soldering include nickel-based solder and graphene, institute
Stating nickel-based solder includes Ni, Cr, Si, B, and the ratio between weight fraction of Ni, Cr, Si, B and graphene is in the composite soldering
84.87:7.26:4.63:3.24:0.3, the thickness of the graphene is 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm.
A kind of method of composite soldering for connecting nickel base superalloy is realized according to the following steps:
(One), prepare composite soldering:By thickness be 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm graphene ultrasonic disperse in acetone soln, then
Nickel-based solder is added in the scattered acetone soln of above-mentioned graphene uniform, is respectively 35kHz and 450r/ in frequency and rotating speed
33min is stirred by ultrasonic under conditions of min, obtains the composite soldering being made up of nickel-based solder and graphene, wherein used nickel
Base solder includes Ni, Cr, Si, B, and the ratio between parts by weight of Si, B and graphene are 4.63 in composite soldering:3.24:0.3.
(Two), sample pretreating:Nickel base superalloy is machined, obtains nickel base superalloy sample to be connected,
Then the joint face to be welded of nickel base superalloy is polished using sand paper, polishing, then the nickel base superalloy handled well is put into
It is cleaned by ultrasonic 15min in acetone soln;
(Three), assembling:Composite soldering is coated uniformly on nickel base superalloy sample to be connected, is assembled into alloy/compound
The thickness of the form of solder/alloy, wherein composite soldering is 120 μm;
(Four), welding:By step(Three)In obtained assembly parts be placed in vacuum furnace, 3 × 10-3Pa vacuum shape
Heated under state, it is 20 DEG C/min to control heating rate, is warming up to 1170 DEG C, is then incubated 30min, then controls 10 DEG C/min
Cooldown rate be cooled to 600 DEG C after furnace cooling, that is, realize soldering connection of the composite soldering to nickel base superalloy
It is complete using joint obtained by present embodiment, realize being reliably connected for nickel base superalloy.After tested, joint
Room temperature shear strength and 800 DEG C of shear at high temperature intensity highests are respectively up to 358.6MPa and 267.1MPa.
Embodiment 4:
A kind of composite soldering for being used to connect nickel base superalloy, described composite soldering include nickel-based solder and graphene, institute
Stating nickel-based solder includes Ni, Cr, Si, B, and the ratio between weight fraction of Ni, Cr, Si, B and graphene is in the composite soldering
84.87:7.26:4.63:3.24:0.8, the thickness of the graphene is 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm.
A kind of method of composite soldering for connecting nickel base superalloy is realized according to the following steps:
(One), prepare composite soldering:By thickness be 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm graphene ultrasonic disperse in acetone soln, then
Nickel-based solder is added in the scattered acetone soln of above-mentioned graphene uniform, is respectively 35kHz and 500r/ in frequency and rotating speed
40min is stirred by ultrasonic under conditions of min, obtains the composite soldering being made up of nickel-based solder and graphene, wherein used nickel
Base solder includes Ni, Cr, Si, B, and the ratio between parts by weight of Si, B and graphene are 4.63 in composite soldering:3.24:0.8.
(Two), sample pretreating:Nickel base superalloy is machined, obtains nickel base superalloy sample to be connected,
Then the joint face to be welded of nickel base superalloy is polished using sand paper, polishing, then the nickel base superalloy handled well is put into
It is cleaned by ultrasonic 15min in acetone soln;
(Three), assembling:Composite soldering is coated uniformly on nickel base superalloy sample to be connected, is assembled into alloy/compound
The thickness of the form of solder/alloy, wherein composite soldering is 90 μm;
(Four), welding:By step(Three)In obtained assembly parts be placed in vacuum furnace, 3 × 10-3Pa vacuum shape
Heated under state, it is 20 DEG C/min to control heating rate, is warming up to 1130 DEG C, is then incubated 30min, then controls 10 DEG C/min
Cooldown rate be cooled to 600 DEG C after furnace cooling, that is, realize soldering connection of the composite soldering to nickel base superalloy
It is complete using joint obtained by present embodiment, realize being reliably connected for nickel base superalloy.After tested, joint
Room temperature shear strength and 800 DEG C of shear at high temperature intensity highests are respectively up to 354.6MPa and 251.4MPa.
Claims (6)
- A kind of 1. composite soldering for being used to connect nickel base superalloy, it is characterised in that:Described composite soldering includes Ni-based pricker Material and graphene, the nickel-based solder include Ni, Cr, Si, B, the weight fraction of Si, B and graphene in described composite soldering The ratio between be(4.50~4.70):(3.10~3.40):(0.1~0.8), the thickness of the graphene is 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm.
- A kind of 2. composite soldering for being used to connect nickel base superalloy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Compound pricker The ratio between weight fraction of Ni, Cr, Si, B and graphene is in material(84.0~85.0):(7.10~7.30):(4.50~4.70): (3.10~3.40):(0.1~0.8), the thickness of the graphene is 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm.
- A kind of 3. composite soldering for being used to connect nickel base superalloy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:It is described multiple Closing solder includes nickel-based solder and graphene, and the nickel-based solder includes Ni, Cr, Si, B, Ni, Cr in the composite soldering, Si, The ratio between weight fraction of B and graphene is 84.87:7.26:4.63:3.24:(0.1~0.8), the thickness of the graphene is 0.55nm~0.74nm。
- A kind of 4. method for being used to connect the composite soldering of nickel base superalloy, it is characterised in that:Realize according to the following steps:(One), prepare composite soldering:By thickness be 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm graphene ultrasonic disperse in acetone soln, then Nickel-based solder is added in the scattered acetone soln of above-mentioned graphene uniform, is respectively 35kHz and 400r/ in frequency and rotating speed 30min ~ 40min is stirred by ultrasonic under conditions of min ~ 500r/min, obtains the composite soldering being made up of nickel-based solder and graphene, Wherein used nickel-based solder includes Ni, Cr, Si, B, and the ratio between parts by weight of Si, B and graphene are in composite soldering 4.63:3.24:(0.1~0.8);(Two), sample pretreating:Nickel base superalloy is machined, obtains nickel base superalloy sample to be connected, then The joint face to be welded of nickel base superalloy is polished using sand paper, polishing, then the nickel base superalloy handled well is put into acetone It is cleaned by ultrasonic 5min ~ 15min in solution;(Three), assembling:Composite soldering is coated uniformly on nickel base superalloy sample to be connected, is assembled into alloy/compound The thickness of the form of solder/alloy, wherein composite soldering is 80 μm ~ 120 μm;(Four), welding:By step(Three)In obtained assembly parts be placed in vacuum furnace, 1.5 × 10-3~3×10-3Pa Vacuum state under heated, it is 10oC/min ~ 20oC/min to control heating rate, is warming up to 1090oC ~ 1200oC, then Be incubated 10min ~ 40min, then control 5 DEG C/min ~ 10 DEG C/min cooldown rate be cooled to 600 DEG C after furnace cooling, that is, realize Soldering connection of the composite soldering to nickel base superalloy.
- A kind of 5. method for being used to connect the composite soldering of nickel base superalloy according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: Preparation process(One)Composite soldering when it is used:The ratio between parts by weight of Ni, Cr, Si, B and graphene are(84.0~85.0); (7.10~7.30):(4.50~4.70):(3.10~3.40):(0.1~0.8), the thickness of the graphene for 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm。
- A kind of 6. method for being used to connect the composite soldering of nickel base superalloy according to claim 4, it is characterised in that: Preparation process(One)Composite soldering when it is used:The ratio between parts by weight of Ni, Cr, Si, B and graphene are 84.87:7.26: 4.63:3.24:(0.1~0.8), the thickness of the graphene is 0.55nm ~ 0.74nm.
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Cited By (5)
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CN109128583A (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2019-01-04 | 华北水利水电大学 | A kind of solder and preparation method thereof for vacuum brazing high nitrogen steel |
CN109623201A (en) * | 2019-01-18 | 2019-04-16 | 大连理工大学 | A kind of nickel-based solder and preparation method thereof for nickel base superalloy soldering |
CN109926677A (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2019-06-25 | 衢州学院 | The welding method and weldment of nickel-base alloy |
CN113182660A (en) * | 2021-05-08 | 2021-07-30 | 浙江工业大学 | SPS diffusion welding method of DD98 same nickel-based single crystal superalloy |
CN114453824A (en) * | 2021-12-25 | 2022-05-10 | 西北工业大学 | Brazing filler metal repairing method for surface defects of C/C composite material |
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CN101890591A (en) * | 2010-07-06 | 2010-11-24 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Nickel-based high temperature solder and preparation method thereof |
CN102581504A (en) * | 2012-03-23 | 2012-07-18 | 天津大学 | Graphene reinforced lead-free solder and preparation method thereof |
US20140061166A1 (en) * | 2012-08-28 | 2014-03-06 | Hobart Brothers Company | Systems and methods for welding electrodes |
CN104607823A (en) * | 2014-12-12 | 2015-05-13 | 南京大学 | Manufacturing method of spherical self-fluxing alloy solder |
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GB1076958A (en) * | 1964-12-14 | 1967-07-26 | Engelhard Ind Inc | Brazing alloys |
CN101890591A (en) * | 2010-07-06 | 2010-11-24 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Nickel-based high temperature solder and preparation method thereof |
CN102581504A (en) * | 2012-03-23 | 2012-07-18 | 天津大学 | Graphene reinforced lead-free solder and preparation method thereof |
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Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN109128583A (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2019-01-04 | 华北水利水电大学 | A kind of solder and preparation method thereof for vacuum brazing high nitrogen steel |
CN109128583B (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2020-12-29 | 华北水利水电大学 | Brazing filler metal for vacuum brazing of high-nitrogen steel and preparation method thereof |
CN109623201A (en) * | 2019-01-18 | 2019-04-16 | 大连理工大学 | A kind of nickel-based solder and preparation method thereof for nickel base superalloy soldering |
CN109623201B (en) * | 2019-01-18 | 2021-07-16 | 大连理工大学 | Nickel-based brazing filler metal for nickel-based high-temperature alloy brazing and preparation method thereof |
CN109926677A (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2019-06-25 | 衢州学院 | The welding method and weldment of nickel-base alloy |
CN113182660A (en) * | 2021-05-08 | 2021-07-30 | 浙江工业大学 | SPS diffusion welding method of DD98 same nickel-based single crystal superalloy |
CN114453824A (en) * | 2021-12-25 | 2022-05-10 | 西北工业大学 | Brazing filler metal repairing method for surface defects of C/C composite material |
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