CN107207749A - 复合材料的结合 - Google Patents
复合材料的结合 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN107207749A CN107207749A CN201580059804.1A CN201580059804A CN107207749A CN 107207749 A CN107207749 A CN 107207749A CN 201580059804 A CN201580059804 A CN 201580059804A CN 107207749 A CN107207749 A CN 107207749A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- base material
- composite base
- matrix resin
- resin
- curing agent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 117
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 163
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 163
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 118
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 230000013011 mating Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 70
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 50
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 45
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 44
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 21
- -1 tertiary amine boron trifluoride Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Guanidine Chemical compound NC(N)=N ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- MQJKPEGWNLWLTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dapsone Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 MQJKPEGWNLWLTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicyandiamide Chemical class NC(N)=NC#N QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methyl-guanidine Natural products CNC(N)=N CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N boron trifluoride Substances FB(F)F WTEOIRVLGSZEPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaminoamidine Natural products CN(C)C(N)=N SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920003986 novolac Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- LJGHYPLBDBRCRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(3-aminophenyl)sulfonylaniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC(S(=O)(=O)C=2C=C(N)C=CC=2)=C1 LJGHYPLBDBRCRZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000002460 imidazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- KDCGOANMDULRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7H-purine Chemical compound N1=CNC2=NC=NC2=C1 KDCGOANMDULRCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910015900 BF3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Piperazine Chemical compound C1CNCCN1 GLUUGHFHXGJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrazine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC=N1 KYQCOXFCLRTKLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000008065 acid anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinoxaline Chemical compound N1=CC=NC2=CC=CC=C21 XSCHRSMBECNVNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N salicylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O YGSDEFSMJLZEOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BAXOFTOLAUCFNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-indazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=NNC2=C1 BAXOFTOLAUCFNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZFMOJHVRFMOIGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trimethoxy-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriborinane Chemical compound COB1OB(OC)OB(OC)O1 ZFMOJHVRFMOIGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RSEBUVRVKCANEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-pyrroline Chemical compound C1CC=CN1 RSEBUVRVKCANEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WRYCSMQKUKOKBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Imidazolidine Chemical compound C1CNCN1 WRYCSMQKUKOKBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Indole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC=CC2=C1 SIKJAQJRHWYJAI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenazine Natural products C1=CC=CC2=NC3=CC=CC=C3N=C21 PCNDJXKNXGMECE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=CN=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiazole Chemical compound C1=CSC=N1 FZWLAAWBMGSTSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000085 borane Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CN1 MTNDZQHUAFNZQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002475 indoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- HOBCFUWDNJPFHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N indolizine Chemical compound C1=CC=CN2C=CC=C21 HOBCFUWDNJPFHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002916 oxazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N papa-hydroxy-benzoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 FJKROLUGYXJWQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- LFSXCDWNBUNEEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalazine Chemical class C1=NN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 LFSXCDWNBUNEEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003053 piperidines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003217 pyrazoles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical compound C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003235 pyrrolidines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinazoline Chemical compound N1=CN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960004889 salicylic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N trihydridoboron Substances B UORVGPXVDQYIDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 3
- STLZCUYBVPNYED-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorbetamide Chemical compound OCCN(C(=O)C(Cl)Cl)CC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl STLZCUYBVPNYED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 150000007974 melamines Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- 150000004703 alkoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- JYZIHLWOWKMNNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzimidazole Chemical compound C1=C[CH]C2=NC=NC2=C1 JYZIHLWOWKMNNX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 claims 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
一种用于在粘合性结合之前表面制备复合基材的方法。将可固化的表面处理层施用到可固化的树脂基复合基材上,然后进行共固化。共固化后,完全固化该复合基材,但该表面处理层保持部分固化。该表面处理层可以是树脂膜或由树脂浸渍的织物构成的可移除剥离层。在表面制备之后,该复合基材具有化学活性的可结合表面,其可以被粘合性结合到另一复合基材上以形成共价结合的结构。
Description
附图简要说明
图1A-1B示出了根据本披露的一个实施例使用剥离层在复合基材上制备可结合表面的一种方法。
图2示意性地示出了根据本披露的另一个实施例具有在其上形成的表面树脂膜的复合基材。
图3示出了表面处理后的两种复合基材的粘合性结合。
图4是根据一个实施例的表面处理树脂相对于标准预浸料树脂的DSC测量的迹线。
详细说明
粘合性结合已经常规地用作用于连接复合结构的方法,如在航空航天工业中使用的那些。目前,复合结构的粘合性结合主要通过以下三种方式之一进行:(1)共固化、(2)共结合、和(3)二次结合。
“共固化”涉及通过同时固化和结合来连接未固化的复合零件,其中这些复合零件与粘合剂一起固化,导致化学结合。然而,难以将该技术应用于未固化的预浸料的结合以制造具有复杂形状的大型结构零件。未固化的复合材料(例如预浸料)是粘性的(即粘的触感),并且缺乏自支撑所需的刚性。这样,未固化的复合材料难以处理。例如,难以在具有复杂三维形状的工具上组装并且结合未固化的复合材料。
“共结合”包括通过粘合性结合将预固化的复合零件连接到未固化的复合零件上,其中粘合剂和未固化的复合零件在结合期间被固化。预固化的复合材料通常在粘合性结合之前需要额外的表面制备步骤。
“二次结合”是通过粘合性结合将预固化的复合零件连接在一起,其中只有粘合剂被固化。这种结合方法典型地需要在结合表面处对每个先前固化的复合零件进行表面制备。
用于共结合和二次结合的适当的表面处理是在粘合性结合的结构中实现最高水平的结合线完整性的先决条件。结合线完整性总体上是指结合界面的整体质量和稳固性。常规的共结合和二次结合方法典型地包括在粘合性结合之前根据制造商的说明书对复合结构进行表面处理。表面处理包括但不限于喷砂处理、砂纸打磨、剥离层、涂底漆等。这些表面处理方法主要通过表面的机械粗糙化改进粘附性。粗糙化的表面允许由于在结合界面处的机械联锁的更好的粘附性。预固化的复合结构的这种共结合或二次结合具有的局限性在于结合机制只通过机械联锁发生而不形成化学键,如在共固化结合中。此类表面处理,如果不正确地进行,可能在使用最终结合的结构期间成为结合失败的根源。此外,在复合结合的组件的界面处不存在化学键的形成下,结合线质量的评估对于确保发生适当的结合是至关重要的。不幸的是,结合线质量的评估通常是困难的,并且本领域已知的用来测量结合线质量的目前的技术并不非常适合于测量并且评估所有弱结合的潜在来源。
在航空航天工业中,粘合剂典型地与机械紧固件(例如铆钉、螺钉、和螺栓)结合使用,以安全并且可靠地固定结构材料。很少使用结构粘合剂作为连接飞机中的结构零件的唯一机制。由粘合性结合的零件提供的一些益处包括较轻的重量、降低的应力集中、耐久性、较低的零件计数等。尽管这些益处,粘合性结合的使用是有限的,部分是由于难以评估结合线完整性。目前,未知存在用于测量连接零件的结合强度的非破坏性方法。测量粘合性结合的接合点的强度的唯一方式是找到极限强度,其是通过破坏结合获得的。由于显而易见的原因,这种类型的破坏性测试在如飞机的组装的工业制造环境中是不实际的。此外,通过对大量样品进行验证测试以确定粘合剂的平均负载能力不保证每一个结合的结构将具有预期的结合强度。
为了满足国家(如美国)的某些航空认证要求,目前需要一级结构的结构冗余。目前现有技术水平的结合方法不能满足这些要求。目前,只有共固化的结构才被美国联邦航空管理局(FAA)认证为一级结构并且广泛用于航空航天工业。因此,仍然存在对于可以在制造环境中用作产生可靠并且高强度化学键同时提供结合线质量的优异的再现性的方法的粘合性结合方法或技术的需要。此外,仍然存在对于可以满足结构冗余要求(例如由美国FAA规定的那些)而不增加额外的制造步骤的结合方法的需要。
在此披露了一种表面制备方法,该方法使得能够产生化学活性复合表面,其通过使用树脂基粘合剂可化学结合到另一基材上。这种结合方法在复合表面与粘合剂之间产生化学键,导致在基材之间的更强的结合。此外,这种结合方法使得污染对复合基材的结合表面的影响最小化。此外,这种结合方法可以在工业规模上实施,并且不需要对目前在工业中使用的基础设施的实质性改变。
在此披露的结合方法允许通过在有待结合的表面上产生化学活性官能团,导致共固化的结构来实现可认证的结合的方式。因此,在此披露的新颖的结合方法提供了满足结构冗余要求的方式,如由美国FAA提出的那些,而不增加额外的制造步骤。
通过使用可以放置在纤维增强的树脂基材(或“复合基材”)上的可固化表面处理层来产生上述化学活性复合表面。在一个实施例中,该可固化表面处理层是富含树脂的剥离层。图1A-1B示出了如何使用富含树脂的剥离层来产生具有化学活性官能团的可结合表面。参考图1A,首先将可固化剥离层10层压到未固化的或可固化的复合基材11的最外表面上。该未固化的/可固化的复合基材由用含有一种或多种热固性树脂的未固化的或可固化的基质树脂11b灌注或浸渍的增强纤维11a构成。作为实例,增强纤维11a可以是连续的单向碳纤维。可固化剥离层10由用可固化基质树脂10b灌注或浸渍的织造织物10a构成,该可固化基质树脂不同于复合基材11的未固化的/可固化的基质树脂11b。剥离层10的基质树脂还含有一种或多种热固性树脂;然而,将其进行配制使得剥离层的树脂比复合基材11的树脂更缓慢地固化。结果是,当复合基材11在相同的固化条件下完全固化时,剥离层的树脂仅部分固化。接下来,通过在一个或多个高温下加热持续预定时间段来进行剥离层10和复合基材11的共固化,直到复合基材11完全固化,但剥离层10仅部分固化。作为共固化的结果,剥离层的基质树脂在界面区域处与复合基质树脂掺杂并且反应。控制剥离层树脂和基材的基质树脂的固化动力学以得到剥离层树脂基质之间所希望的掺杂量。共固化后,剥离层(包括其中的织物)在图1A中所示的断裂线12处被剥离,如图1B中示出的在复合基材11上留下部分固化的树脂13的剩余薄膜。在剥离期间的断裂线12处于纤维-树脂界面处,但不在织物内。结果是,形成具有化学活性官能团的粗糙的可结合表面13a(图1B)。
在另一个实施例中,该可固化表面处理层是如图2所示的可固化树脂膜20(没有嵌入其中的任何织物)。在此实施例中,该可固化树脂膜20形成在复合基材21上,该复合基材由用未固化的或可固化的基质树脂21b灌注或浸渍的增强纤维21a构成,并且共固化所得结构。作为实例,增强纤维11a可以是连续的单向碳纤维。如在剥离层的情况下,配制表面树脂膜使得它比复合基材的树脂更缓慢地固化。结果是,当复合基材完全固化时,表面树脂膜仅部分固化,并且固化的复合基材拥有具有化学活性官能团的可结合表面。
在以上实施例中,表面处理层(剥离层/树脂膜)和复合基材的共固化可以在从约室温(20℃-25℃)至约375°F(191℃)范围内的温度下在从约0psi至约80psi(或约0MPa至约0.55MPa)范围内的压力下进行约1h至约12h。此外,可以在高压釜中或通过在其中不施加外压的非高压釜(out-of-autoclave)方法来实现共固化。
如以上所讨论的,具有可结合表面的第一固化复合基材11或21可以用夹在基材之间并且与可结合表面32接触的可固化树脂基粘合性膜31连接到第二复合基材30上,如图3所示。树脂基粘合性膜31处于未固化或部分固化的状态,并且具有能够与第一基材(11或21)的可结合表面32上的化学活性官能团反应的化学官能团。在影响结合的后续热处理期间,这些官能团彼此反应以形成化学或共价键。
第二复合基材30可以是固化的复合基材,该复合基材已经经受与对于第一复合基材(11或21)所描述的相同的剥离层表面制备以便形成具有化学活性官能团的对应可结合表面。然后使所连接的复合基材在一个或多个高温下经受热处理以固化粘合剂,得到共价结合的结构-这被称为二次结合。粘合性膜31可以被施用到第一和第二复合基材的任一个或两个可结合表面上。
可替代地,第二复合基材30的可结合表面可以通过其他已知的表面处理如喷砂、喷砂处理、干剥离层表面制备等来制备。“干剥离层”是通常由尼龙、玻璃、或聚酯制成的干燥的织造织物(无树脂),将其施用到复合基材的结合表面上,随后固化。固化后,移除干剥离层以露出有纹理的结合表面。
在替代实施例中,当将第二复合基材30连接到第一固化复合基材(11或21)上时,其处于未固化状态。在这种情况下,在随后的加热步骤中同时固化未固化复合基材30和可固化粘合性膜31-这被称为共结合。
在根据在此披露的方法的复合基材的共结合或二次结合期间,在存在于树脂基粘合剂中的活性部分与复合基材的可结合表面上的化学活性官能团之间形成化学或共价键,这些化学活性官能团源自表面处理层(富含树脂的剥离层/表面树脂膜)。结果是,共价结合的结构基本上没有粘合剂-复合物界面。在此所述的可结合表面上的化学活性官能团的存在通过增加结合的基材之间的结合强度并且提高结合可靠性来优化随后的结合过程。此外,共价结合的结构比通过常规共结合或二次结合过程制备的结合结构更抗污染。
如在此使用的术语“固化(cure)”和“固化(curing)”包括通过混合基础组分、在高温下加热、暴露于紫外线和辐射而产生的聚合材料的聚合和/或交联。如在此使用的“完全固化的”是指100%的固化度。如在此使用的“部分固化的”是指小于100%的固化度。
在与复合基材共固化后,部分固化的表面处理层的固化度可以是在完全固化的10%-75%的范围内,例如25%-75%或25%-50%。部分固化的表面处理层(剥离层/树脂膜)含有未反应的/非交联的官能团,其是可结合表面的化学活性官能团的来源。热固性树脂体系的固化度可以通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)来确定。热固性树脂体系在固化期间经历不可逆的化学反应。当树脂体系中的组分固化时,树脂释放出热量,其由DSC仪器监测。可以使用固化热来确定树脂材料的固化百分比。例如,以下简单的计算可以提供此信息:
固化%=[ΔH未固化–ΔH固化]/[ΔH未固化]X 100%
在涉及剥离层的实施例中,剥离层具有基于剥离层的总重量按重量计至少20%的树脂含量,这取决于被浸渍的织物的具体类型。在某些实施例中,树脂含量是在按重量计约20%至约80%、或按重量计约20%至约50%的范围内。尽管在此考虑了其他类型的织物,织物可以由玻璃、尼龙、或聚酯纤维构成。在一个实施例中,以基于剥离层的总重量的重量百分比计,本披露的富含树脂的剥离层含有:约20%至约80%的热固性基质树脂、约2%至约20%的一种或多种固化剂、和约5%至约40%的额外的改性剂或填充剂添加剂。
在此描述的实施例中,表面处理层的树脂组分和复合基材的树脂组分由可固化树脂组合物形成,这些可固化树脂组合物包括:一种或多种热固性树脂;至少一种固化剂;以及任选地添加剂、改性剂、和填充剂。复合基材的基质树脂还可以包括作为增韧剂的小量的热塑性材料,如聚酰胺和聚醚砜。
合适的热固性树脂的实例包括但不限于环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、氰酸酯、聚酰亚胺、双马来酰亚胺、聚酯、聚氨酯、苯并噁嗪(包括聚苯并噁嗪)、其组合和其前体。
特别合适的是每分子具有多个环氧化物官能团的多官能环氧树脂(或聚环氧化物)。聚环氧化物可以是饱和的、不饱和的、环状的、或非环状的、脂肪族的、芳香族的、或杂环的聚环氧化物化合物。合适的聚环氧化物的实例包括通过在碱存在下表氯醇或表溴醇与多酚的反应制备的聚缩水甘油醚。因此,合适的多酚是例如间苯二酚、邻苯二酚、氢醌、双酚A(双(4-羟苯基)-2,2-丙烷)、双酚F(双(4-羟苯基)-甲烷)、氟4,4’-二羟基二苯甲酮、双酚Z(4,4’-亚环己基-双酚)和1,5-羟基萘。作为聚缩水甘油醚的基础的其他合适的多酚是已知的酚醛清漆树脂类型的苯酚和甲醛或乙醛的缩合产物。
合适的环氧树脂的实例包括双酚A或双酚F的二缩水甘油醚,例如由陶氏化学公司(Dow Chemical Co.)可获得的EPONTM828(液体环氧树脂)、D.E.R.331、D.E.R.661(固体环氧树脂);氨基苯酚的三缩水甘油醚,例如来自亨斯迈公司(Huntsman Corp.)的MY 0510、MY 0500、MY 0600、MY 0610。额外的实例包括苯酚基酚醛清漆环氧树脂,从陶氏化学公司作为DEN 428、DEN431、DEN 438、DEN 439、和DEN 485可商购的;从汽巴-嘉基公司(Ciba-Geigy Corp.)作为ECN 1235、ECN 1273、和ECN 1299可商购的甲酚基酚醛清漆环氧树脂;从亨斯迈公司作为71756、556、和756可商购的烃酚醛清漆环氧树脂。
根据一个实施例,优先选择表面处理层的固化剂(或硬化剂)以允许比复合基材的基质树脂更慢的固化速率。硬化剂可以选自具有良好建立的反应性的熟知的硬化剂。例如,按渐增的固化速率的顺序,环氧树脂的硬化剂总体上被分类为:聚硫醇<聚酰胺<脂肪族多胺<芳香族多胺衍生物<叔胺三氟化硼络合物<酸酐<咪唑<芳香族多胺<氰基胍<苯酚酚醛清漆。这个列表只是引导并且在分类内存在重叠。表面处理层的硬化剂总体上选自朝向反应级数的更高端列出的组,而复合基材的硬化剂通常可以选自朝向反应级数开始的组。
可用于表面处理层和复合基材的硬化剂的具体实例包括但不限于三聚氰胺和取代的三聚氰胺衍生物、脂肪族和芳香族伯胺、脂肪族和芳香族叔胺、三氟化硼络合物、胍、双氰胺、双脲(包括从CVC热固性特种材料公司(CVC Thermoset Specialties)作为CA 150可商购的2,4-甲苯双-(二甲基脲)、4,4’-亚甲基双-(苯基二甲基脲),例如来自CVC热固性特种材料公司的CA 152)、和4,4’-二氨基二苯基砜(4,4-DDS)。可以组合一种或多种固化剂。
表1提供了用于环氧基复合基材(例如预浸料)和环氧基表面处理层的硬化剂配对的一些实例以实现不同的固化速率。
表1
根据另一个实施例,表面处理层的热固性树脂组合物含有一种或多种能够降低热固性树脂与硬化剂之间的反应速率的固化抑制剂。因此,表面处理层可以含有与复合基材中的那些相同的热固性树脂和硬化剂,但是由于抑制剂的存在将以较慢的速率固化。为了本披露的目的,可以使用减缓热固性树脂与硬化剂之间的反应速率的任何抑制剂。
对于环氧基组合物,合适的固化抑制剂的实例包括但不限于硼酸、三氟硼烷、及其衍生物(如硼酸烷基酯、烷基硼烷、三甲氧基环硼氧烷)和具有从1至3的pKa的有机酸,如马来酸、水杨酸、草酸及其混合物。其他抑制剂包括金属氧化物、金属氢氧化物、和金属的醇盐,其中该金属是锌、锡、钛、钴、锰、铁、硅、硼、或铝。当使用这种抑制剂时,在树脂组合物中抑制剂的量可以是高达约15份每一百份树脂或PHR,例如约1至约5PHR。“PHR”是基于树脂组合物中所有树脂的总重量。
在另一个实施例中,复合基材的基质树脂可以含有一种或多种添加剂、加速剂、或催化剂,它们起到增加在热固性树脂与其中的硬化剂之间的反应速率的作用。
用于在此披露的目的的有用的催化剂是催化热固性树脂与固化剂的反应的那些催化剂。对于环氧树脂,合适的催化剂的实例是含有胺、膦、杂环氮、铵、鏻、砷或锍部分的化合物。合适的催化剂是杂环含氮和含胺化合物。可以在此使用的合适的杂环的含氮和含胺化合物包括例如咪唑、咪唑烷、咪唑啉、苯并咪唑、噁唑、吡咯、噻唑、吡啶、吡嗪、吗啉、哒嗪、嘧啶、吡咯烷、吡唑、喹喔啉、喹唑啉、酞嗪、喹啉、嘌呤、吲唑、吲哚、吲嗪、吩嗪、吩吡嗪、吩噻嗪、吡咯啉、吲哚啉、哌啶、哌嗪、其组合等。当使用这种催化剂时,在树脂组合物中一种或多种催化剂的量可以是高达15份每一百份树脂或PHR,例如约1至约5PHR。
呈微粒形式(例如粉末)的无机填充剂也可以作为流变改性组分加入到表面处理层/复合基材的树脂组合物中,以控制树脂组合物的流动并且防止其中的附聚。合适的无机填充剂包括但不限于气相二氧化硅、滑石、云母、碳酸钙、氧化铝、研磨或沉淀的白垩、石英粉、氧化锌、氧化钙、和二氧化钛。如果存在,树脂组合物中的填充剂的量可以是基于树脂组合物的总重量按重量计从约0.5%至约40%、或按重量计约1%至约10%、或按重量计约1%至约5%。
在使用富含树脂的剥离层进行表面处理的实施例中,剥离层可以通过将树脂组合物涂覆到织造织物上以便使用常规的溶剂或热熔涂覆方法完全浸渍在织物中的纱线来形成。然后使湿剥离层干燥以便将挥发物含量降低至优选按重量计小于2%。干燥可以通过在室温下空气干燥过夜、然后在约140°F至约170°F下烘箱干燥、或者必要时通过在高温下烘箱干燥以减少干燥时间来进行。随后,可以通过在相对侧上施用可移除的离型纸或合成膜(例如聚酯膜)来保护干燥的剥离层。在使用剥离层进行表面处理之前,要移除这些离型纸或合成膜。
在使用表面树脂膜进行表面处理的实施例中,树脂膜可以使用常规的薄膜涂覆方法通过将树脂组合物涂覆到可移除的载体(例如,离型纸)上而形成。然后将湿树脂膜干燥。随后,将树脂膜放置到复合基材的表面上,并且移除载体。
复合基材
在此背景下,复合基材是指纤维增强的树脂复合物,包括预浸料或预浸料叠层(如用于制造航空航天复合结构的那些)。如在此使用的术语“预浸料”是指已经用可固化基质树脂浸渍的纤维材料层(例如单向的丝束或带、非织造垫、或织物层)。复合基材中的基质树脂可以处于未固化或部分固化的状态。纤维增强材料可以呈织造或非织造织物层、或连续单向纤维的形式。如在此使用的“单向纤维”是指沿相同方向对齐的增强纤维层。如在此使用的术语“预浸料叠层”是指已经铺放在堆叠安排中的多个预浸料层。例如,预浸料层的数量可以是2至100层、或10至50层。
预浸料层的堆叠可以手动或通过自动化方法如自动铺带(ATL)进行。叠层内的预浸料层可以相对于彼此以选定的取向放置。例如,预浸料叠层可以包含具有单向纤维构造的预浸料层,其中纤维以相对于叠层的最大维度(如长度)的选定的角度例如0°、45°、或90°定向θ。应进一步理解,在某些实施例中,预浸料可以具有纤维构造的任何组合,如单向对齐的纤维、多方向纤维、和织造织物。
预浸料可以通过用基质树脂体系灌注或浸渍连续纤维或织造织物,产生柔韧并且粘性的材料片来制造。这经常被称为预浸渍过程。可以指定纤维、其定向和树脂基质的配制品的精确规格,以实现对于预浸料的预期用途的最佳性能。每平方米纤维的体积也可根据要求指定。
术语“浸渍”是指将可固化的基质树脂材料引入到增强纤维中,以便用树脂部分或完全包封纤维。用于制造预浸料的基质树脂可以采取树脂膜或液体的形式。此外,基质树脂在结合之前处于可固化或未固化的状态。通过施加热和/或压力可以促进浸渍。
作为实例,浸渍方法可以包括:
(1)将纤维层(例如,呈单向纤维或纤维网的形式)连续移动通过熔融浸渍基质树脂组合物的(加热)浴以完全或基本上完全浸湿纤维;或者
(2)将顶部和底部树脂膜压制抵靠在纤维层上(例如,呈平行安排的连续单向纤维或织物层的形式)。
复合基材(例如预浸料)中的增强纤维可以采取短切纤维、连续纤维、长丝、丝束、束、片、层、及其组合的形式。连续纤维可以进一步采用单向(在一个方向上对齐)、多方向(在不同方向上对齐)、非织造、织造、针织、缝合、缠绕、和编织构造,以及涡流垫、毡垫、和短切垫的结构的任何一种。织造纤维结构可以包含多个织造丝束,每个丝束由多根长丝(例如数千根长丝)构成。在另外的实施例中,丝束可以通过交叉丝束针法、引纬针织针法、或少量的树脂粘合剂(如热塑性树脂)保持在适当的位置。
纤维材料包括但不限于玻璃(包括电或E玻璃)、碳(包括石墨)、芳族聚酰胺、聚酰胺、高模量聚乙烯(PE)、聚酯、聚-对亚苯基-苯并噁唑(PBO)、硼、石英、玄武岩、陶瓷、及其组合。
为了制造高强度复合材料,如用于航空航天和自动应用的那些复合材料,优选的是增强纤维具有大于3500MPa的拉伸强度。
通常,复合基材/预浸料的基质树脂与如以上描述的表面处理层的基质树脂相似。
粘合剂
用于结合复合基材的粘合剂是适用于与未固化的或可固化的复合基材共固化的可固化组合物。该可固化粘合剂组合物可以包含一种或多种热固性树脂、一种或多种固化剂和/或一种或多种催化剂、以及任选地增韧剂、填充剂、流动控制剂、染料等。热固性树脂包括但不限于环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂、双马来酰亚胺、聚酰亚胺、氰酸酯、酚醛树脂等。
可用于可固化粘合剂组合物的环氧树脂包括每分子具有多个环氧基团的多官能环氧树脂,如对于剥离层和复合基材的基质树脂所披露的那些。
固化剂可以包括例如胍(包括取代的胍)、脲(包括取代的脲)、三聚氰胺树脂、胍胺、胺(包括伯胺和仲胺、脂肪族和芳香族胺)、酰胺、酸酐及其混合物。特别合适的是潜伏性基于胺的固化剂,其可以在大于160°F(71℃)、或大于200°F、例如350°F的温度下活化。合适的潜伏性基于胺的固化剂的实例包括双氰胺(DICY)、胍胺、胍、氨基胍、及其衍生物。特别合适的潜伏性基于胺的固化剂是双氰胺(DICY)。
固化加速剂可以与潜伏性基于胺的固化剂结合使用,以促进在环氧树脂与基于胺的固化剂之间的固化反应。合适的固化加速剂可以包括烷基和芳基取代的脲(包括芳香族或脂环族二甲基脲);基于甲苯二胺或亚甲基二苯胺的双脲。双脲的实例是2,4-甲苯双(二甲基脲)。作为实例,双氰胺可以与作为固化加速剂的取代的双脲组合使用。
增韧剂可以包括热塑性或弹性聚合物、以及聚合物颗粒如核-壳橡胶(CSR)颗粒。合适的热塑性聚合物包括具有或不具有反应性官能团的聚芳基砜。具有官能团的聚芳基砜的实例包括例如具有末端胺官能团的聚醚砜-聚醚醚砜(PES-PEES)共聚物。合适的弹性聚合物包括羧基封端的丁二烯腈聚合物(CTBN)和胺封端的丁二烯丙烯腈(ATBN)弹性体。CSR颗粒的实例包括以商品名Kane可商购的那些,如MX 120、MX 125、和MX 156(全部都含有分散在液体双酚A环氧树脂中的25wt.%CSR颗粒)。
无机填充剂可以呈微粒形式,例如,粉末、薄片,并且可以选自气相二氧化硅石英粉、氧化铝、云母、滑石和粘土(例如高岭土)。
实例
提供以下实例来说明本披露的某些方面。
实例1
此实例证明了基于受控固化动力学概念的表面处理的有效性。
通过制备含有以重量份计的以下各项的树脂配制品来形成表面处理膜:50份的含二环戊二烯的酚醛清漆环氧树脂;80份的双酚A的二缩水甘油醚;10份的对氨基苯酚环氧树脂;10份的聚(醚)砜;39份的4,4’-二氨基二苯基砜;和2份的气相二氧化硅。
使用热熔方法混合树脂混合物,然后以0.054psf(磅每平方英尺)涂覆树脂混合物作为无支撑膜。用10层预浸料材料手动铺设树脂膜,使得树脂膜是最上层。预浸料材料由用含有弹性体改性的双-A-环氧树脂、酚醛清漆改性的环氧树脂、二氰基胍、和1,1’-4(甲基-间-亚苯基)双(3,3’-二甲基脲)的环氧基基质树脂浸渍的玻璃纤维构成。然后通过在80psi下在250°F下加热3小时来固化具有树脂膜的未固化层压体。固化后,固化的复合物具有可结合的表面。将固化的复合层压体从工具中移除并且与经受相同的表面处理的另一种类似制备的、固化的复合层压体连接。没有使用粘合剂用于结合步骤,并且只有表面处理官能团可用于结合。然后将连接的制品在350°F下在80psi下加热90min。
实例2
以下实例显示了用于比较的不含缓慢固化表面处理膜的表面处理的效果。
通过制备含有以重量份计的以下各项的树脂配制品来形成表面处理膜:50份的含二环戊二烯的酚醛清漆环氧树脂;80份的双酚A的二缩水甘油醚;10份的对氨基苯酚环氧树脂;10份的聚(醚)砜;29份的4,4’-二氨基二苯基砜;2份的双氰胺;和2份的气相二氧化硅。
使用热熔方法混合树脂混合物,然后以0.054psf涂覆树脂混合物作为无支撑膜。用10层预浸料材料手动铺设树脂膜,使得树脂膜是最上层。预浸料材料与实例1中描述的相同。然后通过在80psi下在250°F下加热3小时来固化未固化层压体。固化后,固化的复合物具有可结合的表面。将固化的复合物从工具中移除并且与含有相同的可结合表面的另一种类似制备的、固化的复合层压体连接。没有使用粘合剂用于结合步骤,并且只有表面处理官能团可用于结合。然后将连接的制品在350°F下在80psi下加热90min。
实例3
以下实例证明涉及使用可移除的剥离层以改进表面粗糙度并促进结合的表面处理。
通过制备含有以重量份计的以下各项的树脂配制品来形成表面处理层:50份的含二环戊二烯的酚醛清漆环氧树脂;80份的双酚A的二缩水甘油醚;10份的对氨基苯酚环氧树脂;10份的聚(醚)砜;19份的4,4’-二氨基二苯基砜;和2份的气相二氧化硅。
使用热熔法混合树脂混合物,然后将树脂混合物涂覆到来自博舍工业公司(Porcher Industries)的聚酯基织物(Porcher 8115)上以浸渍织物,并且使树脂浸渍的织物干燥,从而形成剥离层。用10层的预浸料材料手动铺设剥离层,使得剥离层是最上层。预浸料材料由用含有基于亚甲基二苯胺的四官能环氧树脂、基于间氨基苯酚的三官能环氧树脂、聚醚砜、3,3’-二氨基二苯基砜、和间苯二甲酸二酰肼(加速剂)的环氧基基质树脂浸渍的碳纤维构成。然后通过在80psi下在350°F下加热3小时来固化未固化的复合层压体。固化后,将固化的复合物从工具中移除,移除剥离层,并且与经受与剥离层相同的表面处理的另一种类似制备的、固化的复合层压体粘合性连接。所使用的粘合剂是FM309-1(由氰特工程材料公司(Cytec Engineered Materials)可获得)。然后将连接的制品在350°F下在40psi下加热90min以实现固化。
结合的结构的机械特性和表征
通过根据ASTM D5528进行的G1c断裂韧性试验来确定实例1-3中产生的结合的结构的机械性能。G1c结果展示于表2中。
表2
表2通过证明与硬化剂引起表面处理树脂的完全固化的表面处理相比实现改进的结合强度示出了本披露的表面处理的优点。
热表征
通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)可以容易地评估与下面的预浸料材料的固化速率相比的表面处理层的固化速度。图4示出了实例3中披露的预浸料材料和表面处理层的DSC曲线。如从图4可以看出的,表面处理树脂的开始固化温度高于预浸料树脂的开始固化温度。在该具体实例中,预浸料材料开始经受固化并且以比表面处理层的速率更高的速率消耗活性环氧官能团。因此,在预浸料材料的完全固化之后,表面处理树脂处于部分固化状态并且含有未反应的官能团。
Claims (28)
1.一种用于在粘合性结合之前的表面制备方法,该方法包括:
(a)提供包含用第一可固化基质树脂浸渍的增强纤维的复合基材;
(b)将表面处理层施用到该复合基材的表面上,所述表面处理层包含与该第一基质树脂不同的第二可固化基质树脂;
(c)共固化该复合基材和该表面处理层,直到该复合基材完全固化,但该表面处理层保持部分固化,
其中配制该第二基质树脂以比该第一基质树脂更慢的速率固化,并且在共固化(c)后,该表面处理层提供具有化学活性官能团的可结合表面。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该表面处理层是不包含嵌入其中的织物或增强纤维的树脂膜。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中该表面处理层包含用该第二可固化基质树脂灌注的织造织物,并且在共固化(c)后,从该复合基材的表面除去该表面处理层,将部分固化的基质树脂的薄膜留在该复合基材的表面上,所述薄膜提供具有化学活性官能团的粗糙化的可结合表面。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中这些第一和第二可固化基质树脂包含一种或多种多官能环氧树脂。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中这些第一和第二基质树脂包含不同的固化剂,选择这些固化剂以影响在不同速率下的固化。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其中
这些第一和第二基质树脂包含一种或多种环氧树脂,
用于这些第一和第二基质树脂的固化剂选自下组,该组由以下各项组成:三聚氰胺和取代的三聚氰胺衍生物、聚硫醇、聚酰胺、脂肪族多胺、芳香族多胺衍生物、叔胺三氟化硼络合物、酸酐、咪唑、芳香族多胺、氰基胍、苯酚酚醛清漆,并且
选择用于该第一基质树脂的固化剂以使该第一基质树脂能够以相对于该第二基质树脂的速率更快的速率进行固化。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中该第一基质树脂包含1,3-双(4-氨基苯氧基)苯,并且该第二基质树脂包含4,4’-二氨基二苯基砜或(3-(4-氨基苯甲酰基)氧苯基)-4-氨基苯甲酸酯,作为固化剂。
8.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中该第一基质树脂包含4,4’-二氨基二苯基砜或3,3’-二氨基二苯基砜,并且该第二基质树脂包含三聚氰胺,作为固化剂。
9.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中该第一基质树脂包含4,4’-二氨基二苯基砜和二氰基胍的组合,并且该第二基质树脂包含4,4’-二氨基二苯基砜或三聚氰胺,作为固化剂。
10.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中该第一基质树脂包含3,3’-二氨基二苯基砜,并且该第二基质树脂包含4,4’-二氨基二苯基砜,作为固化剂。
11.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中该第一基质树脂包含双苯胺M,并且该第二基质树脂包含4,4’-二氨基二苯基砜,作为固化剂。
12.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中该第一基质树脂包含4,4’-二氨基二苯基砜,并且该第二基质树脂包含(3-(4-氨基苯甲酰基)氧苯基)-4-氨基苯甲酸酯,作为固化剂。
13.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中该第一基质树脂包含双苯胺P,并且该第二基质树脂包含3,3’-二氨基二苯基砜,作为固化剂。
14.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中该第一基质树脂包含3,3’-二氨基二苯基砜和间苯二甲酸二酰肼的组合,并且该第二基质树脂包含三聚氰胺,作为固化剂。
15.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中该可固化的第二基质树脂包含一种或多种热固性树脂、固化剂、和抑制剂,该抑制剂可以降低该第二基质树脂中的该一种或多种热固性树脂与该固化剂之间的反应速率。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其中,所述抑制剂选自下组,该组由以下各项组成:硼酸;三氟硼烷;硼酸烷基酯;烷基硼烷;三甲氧基环硼氧烷;具有从1至3的pKa的有机酸,包括马来酸、水杨酸、草酸;金属氧化物、金属氢氧化物、和金属的醇盐,其中该金属是锌、锡、钛、钴、锰、铁、硅、硼、或铝;以及其组合。
17.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,其中该可固化的第一基质树脂包含一种或多种热固性树脂、固化剂、和加速剂,该加速剂可以增加在该一种或多种热固性树脂与该固化剂之间的反应速率。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中该第一基质树脂包含一种或多种环氧树脂,并且该加速剂选自含有胺、膦、杂环氮、铵、鏻、砷或锍部分的化合物。
19.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中该第一基质树脂包含一种或多种环氧树脂并且该加速剂选自下组,该组由以下各项组成:苯并咪唑、咪唑、咪唑烷、咪唑啉、噁唑、吡咯、噻唑、吡啶、吡嗪、吗啉、哒嗪、嘧啶、吡咯烷、吡唑、喹喔啉、喹唑啉、酞嗪、喹啉、嘌呤、吲唑、吲哚、吲嗪、吩嗪、吩吡嗪、吩噻嗪、吡咯啉、吲哚啉、哌啶、哌嗪、及其组合。
20.一种固化复合基材,具有通过如权利要求1至19中任一项所述的方法生产的具有化学活性官能团的可结合表面。
21.一种结合方法,包括:
(a)提供包含用第一可固化基质树脂浸渍的增强纤维的第一复合基材;
(b)将可移除的富含树脂的剥离层施用到该第一复合基材的表面上,所述剥离层包含用第二可固化基质树脂浸渍的织造织物,将其进行配制以比该第一基质树脂更慢的速率固化;
(c)共固化该第一复合基材和该剥离层,直到该第一复合基材完全固化,但该剥离层中的该第二基质树脂保持部分固化;
(d)从该第一复合基材的表面去除该剥离层,将部分固化的第二基质树脂的薄膜留在该第一复合基材的表面上,所述薄膜提供具有化学活性官能团的粗糙化的可结合表面;
(e)用在这些复合基材之间的可固化的粘合性膜将该固化的第一复合基材连接到第二复合基材上,
其中该可固化的粘合性膜包含能够与在该第一复合基材的可结合表面上的化学活性官能团反应的化学活性官能团;并且
(f)固化该粘合性膜以形成共价结合的结构。
22.一种结合方法,包括:
(a)提供包含用第一可固化基质树脂浸渍的增强纤维的第一复合基材;
(b)将树脂膜施用到该第一复合基材的表面上,所述树脂膜由第二可固化基质树脂形成,将其进行配制以比该第一基质树脂更慢的速率固化;
(c)共固化该第一复合基材和该树脂膜,直到该第一复合基材完全固化,但该树脂膜保持部分固化,由此提供具有化学活性官能团的可结合表面;
(e)用在这些复合基材之间的可固化的粘合性膜将该固化的第一复合基材连接到第二复合基材上,
其中该可固化的粘合性膜包含能够与在该第一复合基材的可结合表面上的化学活性官能团反应的化学活性官能团;并且
(f)固化该粘合性膜以形成共价结合的结构。
23.如权利要求21或22所述的结合方法,其中,该第二复合基材在被连接到该固化的第一复合基材之前进行固化。
24.如权利要求21所述的结合方法,其中,该固化的第二复合基材包含具有化学活性官能团的粗糙化的可结合表面,该表面通过与用于形成该固化的第一复合基材的该粗糙化的可结合表面相同的方法制备。
25.根据权利要求21或22所述的结合方法,其中,该第二复合基材在被连接到该第一复合基材之前是未固化的或部分固化的,并且在(f)中的固化期间,同时固化该粘合性膜和该第二复合基材。
26.根据权利要求21至25中任一项所述的结合方法,其中这些第一和第二可固化的基质树脂包含不同的固化剂,选择这些固化剂以影响在不同速率下的固化。
27.如权利要求26所述的结合方法,其中
这些第一和第二可固化的基质树脂包含一种或多种环氧树脂,
用于这些第一和第二基质树脂的固化剂选自下组,该组由以下各项组成:三聚氰胺和取代的三聚氰胺衍生物、聚硫醇、聚酰胺、脂肪族多胺、芳香族多胺衍生物、叔胺三氟化硼络合物、酸酐、咪唑、芳香族多胺、氰基胍、苯酚酚醛清漆,并且
选择用于该第一和第二基质树脂的这些固化剂以使该第一基质树脂能够以相对于该第二基质树脂的速率更快的速率进行固化。
28.如权利要求21至27中任一项所述的结合方法,其中该可固化的粘合性膜包含至少一种多官能的环氧树脂和至少一种胺化合物作为固化剂。
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CN111511532B (zh) * | 2017-12-21 | 2022-05-31 | 塞特工业公司 | 用于表面制备的剥离层以及使用其的粘接方法 |
CN108587067A (zh) * | 2018-05-10 | 2018-09-28 | 江苏兆鋆新材料股份有限公司 | 一种高模量高韧性环氧树脂碳纤维预浸料及其制备方法 |
CN109666297A (zh) * | 2018-11-30 | 2019-04-23 | 中国航空工业集团公司基础技术研究院 | 一种牺牲层用紫外荧光双马来酰亚胺树脂碳纤维预浸料 |
CN109666297B (zh) * | 2018-11-30 | 2021-08-03 | 中国航空工业集团公司基础技术研究院 | 一种牺牲层用紫外荧光双马来酰亚胺树脂碳纤维预浸料 |
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CA2966496A1 (en) | 2016-05-12 |
TW201634291A (zh) | 2016-10-01 |
US20180001572A1 (en) | 2018-01-04 |
WO2016073192A1 (en) | 2016-05-12 |
JP2018502753A (ja) | 2018-02-01 |
RU2017119030A3 (zh) | 2019-04-12 |
CA2966496C (en) | 2022-08-16 |
US10315404B2 (en) | 2019-06-11 |
RU2017119030A (ru) | 2018-12-05 |
US9789646B2 (en) | 2017-10-17 |
US20160121591A1 (en) | 2016-05-05 |
AU2015343586A1 (en) | 2017-05-04 |
AU2015343586B2 (en) | 2019-05-09 |
KR20170081663A (ko) | 2017-07-12 |
JP6660397B2 (ja) | 2020-03-11 |
TWI652171B (zh) | 2019-03-01 |
CN107207749B (zh) | 2021-03-16 |
EP3227363A1 (en) | 2017-10-11 |
RU2708209C2 (ru) | 2019-12-04 |
EP3227363B1 (en) | 2020-10-07 |
BR112017009032A2 (pt) | 2018-02-06 |
ES2842278T3 (es) | 2021-07-13 |
BR112017009032B1 (pt) | 2021-10-26 |
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