CN107076024A - 用于具有排气再循环的燃气涡轮机***的燃烧控制的方法和*** - Google Patents
用于具有排气再循环的燃气涡轮机***的燃烧控制的方法和*** Download PDFInfo
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- CN107076024A CN107076024A CN201580038534.6A CN201580038534A CN107076024A CN 107076024 A CN107076024 A CN 107076024A CN 201580038534 A CN201580038534 A CN 201580038534A CN 107076024 A CN107076024 A CN 107076024A
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C9/00—Controlling gas-turbine plants; Controlling fuel supply in air- breathing jet-propulsion plants
- F02C9/16—Control of working fluid flow
- F02C9/20—Control of working fluid flow by throttling; by adjusting vanes
- F02C9/22—Control of working fluid flow by throttling; by adjusting vanes by adjusting turbine vanes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C1/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid
- F02C1/04—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of hot gases or unheated pressurised gases, as the working fluid the working fluid being heated indirectly
- F02C1/08—Semi-closed cycles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C3/00—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid
- F02C3/34—Gas-turbine plants characterised by the use of combustion products as the working fluid with recycling of part of the working fluid, i.e. semi-closed cycles with combustion products in the closed part of the cycle
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
- F02C6/18—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use using the waste heat of gas-turbine plants outside the plants themselves, e.g. gas-turbine power heat plants
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F02C9/00—Controlling gas-turbine plants; Controlling fuel supply in air- breathing jet-propulsion plants
- F02C9/16—Control of working fluid flow
- F02C9/20—Control of working fluid flow by throttling; by adjusting vanes
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2220/00—Application
- F05D2220/30—Application in turbines
- F05D2220/32—Application in turbines in gas turbines
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2220/00—Application
- F05D2220/60—Application making use of surplus or waste energy
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2270/00—Control
- F05D2270/01—Purpose of the control system
- F05D2270/02—Purpose of the control system to control rotational speed (n)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2270/00—Control
- F05D2270/01—Purpose of the control system
- F05D2270/08—Purpose of the control system to produce clean exhaust gases
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2270/00—Control
- F05D2270/70—Type of control algorithm
- F05D2270/703—Type of control algorithm integral
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2270/00—Control
- F05D2270/70—Type of control algorithm
- F05D2270/705—Type of control algorithm proportional-integral
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2270/00—Control
- F05D2270/80—Devices generating input signals, e.g. transducers, sensors, cameras or strain gauges
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/16—Combined cycle power plant [CCPP], or combined cycle gas turbine [CCGT]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
Abstract
在具有排气再循环***(54)的燃气涡轮机***(52)中,带有可变导向叶片(586)的鼓风机(580)定位在再循环***中,其中排气再循环***(54)从燃气涡轮机***接收排气并将排气再循环回到燃气涡轮机***。一种***包括被被配置为通信表示鼓风机叶片位置的信号的至少一个传感器(600)。该***进一步包括可通信地耦合至至少一个传感器的控制器(118),其中,该控制器被配置为执行控制逻辑以得出用于鼓风机叶片位置的参考值(618),并且其中,该控制器被配置为应用直接限制、基于模型的限制或其组合至参考值以得到基于限制的值(638),且其中,该控制器被配置为基于该基于限制的值定位鼓风机叶片。
Description
相关申请交叉引用
本申请要求2014年6月30日提交的题为“METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR COMBUSTIONCONTROL FOR GAS TURBINE SYSTEM WITH EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION(用于具有排气再循环的燃气涡轮机***的燃烧控制的方法和***)”的美国临时专利申请号62/019,298的优先权和权益,该美国临时专利申请通过引用并入本文用于所有目的。
本申请涉及2012年12月28日提交的题为“STOICHIOMETRIC COMBUSTION CONTROLFOR GAS TURBINE SYSTEM WITH EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION(用于具有排气再循环的燃气涡轮机***的化学计量燃烧控制)”的美国临时专利申请号61/747,209、2012年11月2日提交的题为“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DIFFUSION COMBUSTION IN A STOICHIOMETRICEXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION GAS TURBINE SYSTEM(用于化学计量排气再循环燃气涡轮机***中的扩散燃烧的***和方法)”的美国临时专利申请号61/722,118、2012年11月2日提交的题为“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DIFFUSION COMBUSTION WITH FUEL-DILUENT MIXINGIN A STOICHIOMETRIC EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION GAS TURBINE SYSTEM(用于化学计量排气再循环燃气涡轮机***中的利用燃料稀释液混合的扩散燃烧的***和方法)”的美国临时专利申请号61/722,115、2012年11月2日提交的题为“SYSTEM AND METHOD FORDIFFUSION COMBUSTION WITH OXIDANT-DILUENT MIXING IN A STOICHIOMETRIC EXHAUSTGAS RECIRCULATION GAS TURBINE SYSTEM(用于化学计量排气再循环燃气涡轮机***中的利用氧化剂稀释液混合的扩散燃烧的***和方法)”的美国临时专利申请号61/722,114、以及2012年11月2日提交的题为“SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR LOAD CONTROL WITH DIFFUSIONCOMBUSTION IN A STOICHIOMETRIC EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION GAS TURBINE SYSTEM(用于化学计量排气再循环燃气涡轮机***中的具有扩散燃烧的负载控制的***和方法)”的美国临时专利申请号61/722,111,以上美国临时专利申请全部通过引用并入本文用于所有目的。
技术领域
本文公开的主题涉及燃气涡轮发动机,且更具体地,涉及燃气涡轮机的燃烧***的控制***和方法。
背景技术
燃气涡轮发动机应用领域广泛,例如发电、飞行器以及各种机器。燃气涡轮发动机通常在燃烧器部利用氧化剂(例如,空气)燃烧燃料以生成热燃烧产物,热燃烧产物然后驱动涡轮机部中的一个或更多个涡轮机级。进而,涡轮机部驱动压缩机部中的一个或更多个压缩机级,从而将氧化剂连同燃料一起从入口压缩到燃烧器部中。再者,燃料与氧化剂在燃烧器部中混合,并接着燃烧以产生热燃烧产物。燃气涡轮发动机通常沿着燃烧器部的燃烧室上游的一个或更多个流动路径预混合燃料和氧化剂,并随后燃烧燃料和氧化剂以生成可用功率。遗憾的是,预混合火焰很难控制或维持,其能够影响各种排气排放和功率要求。此外,燃气涡轮发动机通常消耗作为氧化剂的大量空气,并输出大量排气至大气。换句话说,排气通常作为燃气涡轮机操作的副产物被浪费。
发明内容
在下面概述范围与最初要求保护的本发明匹配的某些实施例。这些实施例并不旨在限制要求保护的本发明的范围,而是这些实施例仅旨在提供本发明可能形式的简短概括。实际上,本发明可涵盖与下面阐述的实施例类似或不同的各种形式。
在第一实施例中,一种***包括至少一个传感器,其配置为通信表示鼓风机叶片位置的信号,其中,鼓风机叶片设置在排气再循环***的鼓风机中,排气再循环***从燃气涡轮机***接收排气并将排气再循环回到燃气涡轮机***。该***进一步包括可通信地耦合至至少一个传感器的控制器,其中,该控制器被配置为执行控制逻辑以得出鼓风机叶片位置的参考值,并且其中,该控制器被配置为应用直接限制、间接限制或其组合至参考值以得到基于限制的值,并且其中,该控制器被配置为基于该基于限制的值定位鼓风机叶片。
在第二实施例中,一种方法包括感测燃气涡轮发动机的操作,并接收用于燃气涡轮机***的期望负载。该方法进一步包括经由基于非模型的控制逻辑基于燃气涡轮机***的操作得到参考鼓风机叶片位置,并且基于用于燃气涡轮机***的期望负载得到间接限制。该方法另外包括通过应用参考鼓风机叶片位置和间接限制得到基于限制的值,并应用该基于限制的值得到期望的叶片位置。该方法还包括将致动信号传递至鼓风机叶片致动器以将叶片定位在期望的叶片位置处。
在第三实施例中,一种控制***包括处理器,其被配置为感测燃气涡轮机***的操作,并接收用于燃气涡轮机***的期望负载。该处理器被进一步配置为经由基于非模型的控制逻辑基于燃气涡轮机***的操作得到参考鼓风机叶片位置,并且基于用于燃气涡轮机***的期望负载得到间接限制。该处理器被另外配置为通过应用参考鼓风机叶片位置和间接限制得到基于限制的值,并应用该基于限制的值得到期望的叶片位置。该处理器还被配置为将致动信号传递至鼓风机叶片致动器以将叶片定位在期望的叶片位置处。
附图说明
当参照附图阅读下列具体实施方式时,本发明的这些和其它特征、方面和优点将变得更加容易理解,其中,贯穿附图,相同符号表示相同部件,其中:
图1为具有联接到碳氢化合物生产***的基于涡轮机的服务***的***的实施例的示意图;
图2为图1的***的实施例的示意图,该图进一步示出控制***和组合循环***;
图3为图1和图2的***的实施例的示意图,其进一步示出燃气涡轮发动机、排气供应***和排气处理***的细节;
图4为用于运行图1至图3的***的过程的实施例的流程图;
图5为可通信地耦合至图1至图3的基于涡轮机的***和控制***的多个传感器和致动器以及适于排气再循环的排气处理***的实施例的示意图;
图6为适于由图1至图3的控制***使用的基于模型的控制***的实施例的示意图;和
图7为适于控制图1至图3的基于涡轮机的***的过程的实施例的流程图。
具体实施方式
本发明的一个或更多个具体实施例将在下面描述。在努力提供这些实施例的简要描述中,实际实施方式的所有特征可不在本说明书中进行描述。应当明白,在作为任何工程或设计项目的任何此类实际实施方式的开发中,必须做出众多与实施方式相关的决定以实现开发者的指定目标,诸如符合在不同实施方式中彼此不同的***相关和商业相关约束。而且,应当明白,此类开发工作可能是复杂和费时的,然而,对本领域的普通技术人员来说,承担具有本公开益处的设计、制作和制造仍然是例行工作。
当介绍本发明的各种实施例的元素时,冠词“一个”、“一种”、“该”和“所述”旨在意为存在一个或更多个元素。术语“包含”、“包括”和“具有”旨在为包含的且意为可以有附加元素而不仅是所列的。
如下面所详细论述的,所公开的实施例大体涉及具有排气再循环(EGR)的燃气涡轮机***,且特别地,涉及使用EGR的燃气涡轮机***的化学计量操作。例如,燃气涡轮机***可被配置成沿排气再循环路径再循环排气,连同至少一些再循环排气一起化学计量燃烧燃料和氧化剂,并捕集排气用于各种目标***。排气再循环连同化学计量燃烧可帮助增加排气中二氧化碳(CO2)的浓度水平,该排气然后能够被后处理以分离和提纯CO2和氮气(N2)以用于各种目标***。燃气涡轮机***也可采用沿排气再循环路径的各种排气处理(例如,热回收、催化反应等),从而增加CO2的浓度水平、减少其它排放(例如,一氧化碳、氮氧化物以及未燃烧碳氢化合物)的浓度水平并增加能量回收(例如,用热回收单元)。此外,燃气涡轮发动机可被配置成用一个或更多个扩散火焰(例如,使用扩散燃料喷嘴)、预混火焰(例如,使用预混合燃料喷嘴)或它们的任何组合来燃烧燃料和氧化剂。在某些实施例中,扩散火焰可帮助将稳定性和操作保持在化学计量燃烧的特定限度内,这进而有助于增加CO2的产量。例如,与用预混合火焰运行的燃气涡轮机***相比,用扩散火焰运行的燃气涡轮机***可实现更大量的EGR。EGR的增加量继而帮助增加CO2产量。可能的目标***包含管道、储罐、固碳(carbon sequestration)***,以及碳氢化合物生产***,诸如提高原油采收率(EOR)***。
本文所述的***和方法提供排气(EG)处理***(如,排气再循环回路),其适于吸入流体(如,涡轮机排气)通过热回收蒸汽发生器(HRSG)***,调节通过再循环鼓风机的流体压力,和/或冷却通过EGR冷却器的流体以再循环地递送至涡轮机***压缩机。因此,通过EG处理***的压力比可以经调节以改善通过涡轮机***的产生功率和/或可以改善产品气的产生,如下面更详细描述的。还提供控制***,其适于控制本文所述各种***,包括EG处理***。例如,控制***可调节包括在再循环鼓风机中的叶片,以及其他调节,以调节排气再循环回路内的压力。
图1为具有与基于涡轮机的服务***14相关联的碳氢化合物生产***12的***10的实施例的示意图。如下面进一步详细论述的,基于涡轮机的服务***14的各个实施例被配置成向碳氢化合物生产***12提供各种服务,诸如电力、机械功率和流体(例如,排气),以促进油和/或气生产或回收。在所示出的实施例中,碳氢化合物生产***12包含油/气抽取***16和联接到地下储层20(例如,油、气或碳氢化合物储层)的提高原油采收率(EOR)***18。油/气抽取***16包含各种地面设备22,诸如联接到油/气井26的采油树或生产树24。而且,井26可包含一个或更多个管件28,其延伸通过地球32中的钻孔30至地下储层20。树24包含一个或更多个阀、油嘴、隔离套、防喷器以及各种流量控制装置,其调节压力并控制到地下储层20和来自该地下储层20的流量。树24通常被用于控制从地下储层20流出的生产流体(例如,油或气)的流量,而EOR***18可通过将一种或更多种流体喷射到地下储层20中以增加油或气的生产。
因此,EOR***18可包含流体喷射***34,其具有一个或更多个管件36,该一个或更多个管件36延伸通过地球32中的孔38至地下储层20。例如,EOR***18可以将一种或更多种流体40例如气体、蒸汽、水、化学物或其任何组合传送到流体喷射***34中。例如,如下面所进一步详细论述的,EOR***18可被联接到基于涡轮机的服务***14,使得***14将排气42(例如,基本没有或完全没有氧)传送到EOR***18以用作喷射流体40。流体喷射***34将流体40(例如,排气42)传送通过一个或更多个管件36到地下储层20中,如箭头44所指示的。喷射流体40通过与油/气井26的管件28远离偏移距离46的管件36进入地下储层20。因此,喷射流体40置换沉积在地下储层20中的油/气48,并通过碳氢化合物生产***12的一个或更多个管件28驱动油/气48上升,如箭头50所指示的。如下面所进一步详细论述的,喷射流体40可包括源自基于涡轮机的服务***14的排气42,该基于涡轮机的服务***14能够生成在碳氢化合物生产***12所需的现场排气42。换句话说,基于涡轮机的***14可同时生成供碳氢化合物生产***12使用的一种或更多种服务(例如,电力、机械功率、蒸汽、水(例如,淡化水)以及排气(例如,基本没有氧)),从而减少或消除此类服务对外部源的依赖。
在所示出的实施例中,基于涡轮机的服务***14包含化学计量排气再循环(SEGR)燃气涡轮机***52和排气(EG)处理***54。燃气涡轮机***52可被配置成以化学计量燃烧运行模式(例如,化学计量控制模式)和非化学计量燃烧运行模式(例如,非化学计量控制模式)诸如贫燃料控制模式或富燃料控制模式来运行。在化学计量控制模式中,燃烧通常以燃料和氧化剂的大致化学计量比发生,从而产生大致化学计量燃烧。具体地,化学计量燃烧通常包括在燃烧反应中基本消耗全部的燃料和氧化剂,使得燃烧产物基本没有或完全没有未燃烧燃料和氧化剂。化学计量燃烧的一个量度是当量比,或phi(Φ),其是实际燃料/氧化剂比相对于化学计量燃料/氧化剂比的比。大于1.0的当量比产生燃料和氧化剂的富燃料燃烧,反之,小于1.0的当量比产生燃料和氧化剂的贫燃料燃烧。相比之下,1.0的当量比产生既不是富燃料又不是贫燃料的燃烧,从而使得燃烧反应基本消耗所有的燃料和氧化剂。在本公开实施例的背景下,术语化学计量或基本化学计量可指的是约0.95到约1.05的当量比。不过,所公开的实施例也可包含1.0加上或减去0.01、0.02、0.03、0.04、0.05或更多的当量比。再者,在基于涡轮机的服务***14中的燃料和氧化剂的化学计量燃烧可产生基本没有未燃烧燃料或氧化剂剩下的燃烧产物或排气(例如,42)。例如,排气42可具有小于1、2、3、4或5体积百分比的氧化剂(例如,氧)、未燃烧燃料或碳氢化合物(例如,HC)、氮氧化物(例如,NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、硫氧化物(例如,SOx)、氢和其它未完全燃烧产物。通过进一步示例,排气42可以具有小于约每百万份体积的10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100、200、300、400、500、1000、2000、3000、4000或5000份的氧化剂(例如,氧)、未燃烧燃料或碳氢化合物(例如,HC)、氮氧化物(例如,NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、硫氧化物(例如,SOx)、氢和其它未完全燃烧产物的量。不过,所公开实施例也可在排气42中产生其它范围的残留燃料、氧化剂和其它排放水平。如本文所使用的,术语排放、排放水平和排放目标可指的是特定燃烧产物(例如,NOx、CO、SOx、O2、N2、H2、HC等)的浓度水平,其可以存在于再循环气体流、排出的气体流(例如,排放到大气中)以及用于各种目标***(例如,碳氢化合物生产***12)中的气体流中。
虽然不同实施例中的SEGR燃气涡轮机***52和EG处理***54可包含各种部件,但是所示出的EG处理***54包括接收和处理源自SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的排气60的热回收蒸汽发生器(HRSG)56以及排气再循环(EGR)***58。HRSG 56可以包括一个或更多个热交换器、冷凝器和各种热回收设备,所述设备集中起将排气60的热传递给水流从而生成蒸汽62的作用。蒸汽62可被用在一个或更多个蒸汽涡轮机、EOR***18或碳氢化合物生产***12的任何其他部分中。例如,HRSG 56可以生成低压、中压和/或高压蒸汽62,其可以被选择性应用于低压、中压和高压蒸汽涡轮机级或EOR***18的不同应用。除了蒸汽62之外,处理水64(例如,淡化水)可以通过HRSG 56、EGR***58和/或EG处理***54的其他部分或SEGR燃气涡轮机***52生成。处理水64(例如,淡化水)在例如内陆或沙漠地区的水短缺区域会是特别有用的。处理水64可以至少部分由于驱动SEGR燃气涡轮机***52内燃料燃烧的大体积空气生成。虽然蒸汽62和水64的现场生成可能在许多应用中是特别有益的(包含碳氢化合物生产***12),排气42、60的现场生成对EOR***18可能是特别有益的,这是由于来源于SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的其低氧含量、高压和热。因此,HRSG 56、EGR***58和/或EG处理***54的另一部分可输出排气66或将排气66再循环到SEGR燃气涡轮机***52中,同时还将排气42传送到EOR***18以与碳氢化合物生产***12一起使用。同样,排气42可从SEGR燃气涡轮机***52直接抽取(即,没有经过EG处理***54),以用于碳氢化合物生产***12的EOR***18。
排气再循环通过EG处理***54的EGR***58来处理。例如,EGR***58包含一个或更多个管道、阀、鼓风机、排气处理***(例如,过滤器、微粒去除单元、气体分离单元、气体净化单元、热交换器、热回收单元、水分去除单元、催化剂单元、化学品喷射单元或它们的任何组合)以及控制装置,以将排气沿排气再循环路径从SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的输出端(例如,排放的排气60)再循环到输入端(例如,进气排气66)。在所示出的实施例中,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52将排气66吸入到具有一个或更多个压缩机的压缩机部,从而将排气66压缩连同氧化剂68和一个或更多个燃料70的吸气供燃烧室部使用。氧化剂68可包括环境空气、纯氧、富氧空气、氧减少空气、氧-氮混合物或促进燃料70燃烧的任何合适氧化剂。燃料70可包括一种或更多种气体燃料、液体燃料或它们的任何组合。例如,燃料70可包括天然气、液化天然气(LNG)、合成气、甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷、石脑油、煤油、柴油、乙醇、甲醇、生物燃料或它们的任何组合。
SEGR燃气涡轮机***52在燃烧器部中混合并燃烧排气66、氧化剂68和燃料70,从而生成热燃烧气体或排气60,以驱动涡轮机部中的一个或更多个涡轮机级。在某些实施例中,在燃烧器部中的每个燃烧器包含一个或更多个预混合燃料喷嘴、一个或更多个扩散燃料喷嘴或它们的任何组合。例如,每个预混合燃料喷嘴可被配置成混合在燃料喷嘴内和/或部分在该燃料喷嘴上游的氧化剂68和燃料70,从而将氧化剂燃料混合物从燃料喷嘴喷射到用于预混合燃烧(例如,预混合火焰)的燃烧区中。通过进一步示例,每个扩散燃料喷嘴可被配置成将燃料喷嘴内的氧化剂68流与燃料70流隔离,从而将来自燃料喷嘴的氧化剂68和燃料70分别喷射到用于扩散燃烧(例如,扩散火焰)的燃烧区中。具体地,通过扩散燃料喷嘴提供的扩散燃烧延迟氧化剂68与燃料70的混合,直到初始燃烧点,即火焰区域。在采用扩散燃料喷嘴的实施例中,扩散火焰可提供增加的火焰稳定性,因为扩散火焰通常在氧化剂68与燃料70的单独流之间的化学计量点(即,在氧化剂68与燃料70在混合时)处形成。在某些实施例中,一种或更多种稀释剂(例如,排气60、蒸汽、氮或另一惰性气体)可在扩散燃料喷嘴或预混合燃料喷嘴中与氧化剂68、燃料70或两者预混合。此外,一种或更多种稀释剂(例如,排气60、蒸汽、氮或另一惰性气体)可在每个燃燃烧器内的燃烧点处或在其下游被喷射到燃烧器中。使用这些稀释剂可帮助调剂火焰(例如,预混合火焰或扩散火焰),从而帮助减少NOx(诸如一氧化氮(NO)和二氧化氮(NO2))排放。与火焰的类型无关,燃烧产生热燃烧气体或排气60,以驱动一个或更多个涡轮机级。在每个涡轮机级被排气60驱动时,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52生成机械功率(M)72和/或电力(E)74(例如,经由发电机)。***52也输出排气60,并且可进一步输出水64。再者,水64可为处理水,诸如淡化水,这在各种现场或非现场应用中是有用的。
排气抽取也由使用一个或更多个抽取点76的SEGR燃气涡轮机***52提供。例如,所示出的实施例包含具有排气(EG)抽取***80和排气(EG)处理***82的排气(EG)供应***78,其从抽取点76接收排气42、处理排气42并接着向各个目标***供应或分配排气42。目标***可包含EOR***18和/或其它***,诸如管道86、储罐88或固碳***90。EG抽取***80可包含一个或更多个管道、阀、控制装置和流分离件,这促进排气42与氧化剂68、燃料70以及其它杂质的隔离,同时也控制被抽取排气42的温度、压力和流率。EG处理***82可包含一个或更多个热交换器(例如,热回收单元,诸如热回收蒸汽发生器、冷凝器、冷却器或加热器)、催化剂***(例如,氧化催化剂***)、微粒和/或水去除***(例如,气体脱水单元、惯性分离器、聚结过滤器、不透水过滤器以及其它过滤器)、化学品喷射***、溶剂型处理***(例如,吸收剂、闪蒸罐等)、碳捕集***、气体分离***、气体净化***和/或溶剂型处理***、排气压缩机或它们的任何组合。EG处理***82的这些子***能够控制温度、压力、流率、水分含量(例如,水去除量)、微粒含量(例如,微粒去除量)以及气体成分(例如,CO2、N2等的百分比)。
根据目标***,被抽取排气42通过EG处理***82的一个或更多个子***进行处理。例如,EG处理***82可引导全部或部分排气42通过碳捕集***、气体分离***、气体净化***和/或溶剂型处理***,其被控制以分离和净化含碳气体(例如,二氧化碳)92和/或氮气(N2)94以供各种目标***使用。例如,EG处理***82的实施例可执行气体分离和净化以产生排气42的多个不同流95,诸如第一流96、第二流97和第三流98。第一流96可具有富二氧化碳和/或贫氮气(例如,富CO2贫N2流)的第一成分。第二流97可具有含有在中间浓度水平的二氧化碳和/或氮气(例如,中间浓度CO2、N2流)的第二成分。第三流98可具有贫二氧化碳和/或富氮气(例如,贫CO2富N2流)的第三成分。每个流95(例如,96、97和98)可包含气体脱水单元、过滤器、气体压缩机或它们的任何组合,以促进流95输送到目标***。在某些实施例中,富CO2贫N2流96可具有大于约70、75、80、85、90、95、96、97、98或99体积百分比的CO2纯度或浓度水平,以及小于约1、2、3、4、5、10、15、20、25或30体积百分比的N2纯度或浓度水平。相反,贫CO2富N2流98可具有小于约1、2、3、4、5、10、15、20、25或30体积百分比的CO2纯度或浓度水平,以及大于约70、75、80、85、90、95、96、97、98或99体积百分比的N2纯度或浓度水平。中间浓度的CO2、N2流97可具有在约30到70、35到65、40到60或45到55体积百分比之间的CO2纯度或浓度水平和/或N2纯度或浓度水平。不过前述范围仅仅是非限制性示例,富CO2贫N2流96和贫CO2富N2流98可特别适合与EOR***18和其它***84一起使用。不过,这些富、贫或中间浓度CO2流95中的任何一个可单独或以各种组合与EOR***18和其它***84一起使用。例如,EOR***18和其它***84(例如,管道86、储罐88、以及固碳***90)中的每个可以接收一个或更多个富CO2贫N2流96、一个或更多个贫CO2富N2流98、一个或更多个中间浓度CO2、N2流97、以及一个或更多个未处理的排气42流(即,绕过EG处理***82)。
EG抽取***80沿压缩机部、燃烧器部和/或涡轮机部在一个或更多个抽取点76处抽取排气42,使得排气42可以以合适温度和压力用在EOR***18和其它***84中。EG抽取***80和/或EG处理***82还可以循环流体流(例如,排气42)向EG处理***54和从EG处理***54循环流体流。例如,经过EG处理***54的排气42的一部分可以被EG抽取***80抽取以用于EOR***18和其它***84中。在某些实施例中,EG供应***78和EG处理***54可彼此独立或集成在一起,并因此可使用单独或共同的子***。例如,EG处理***82可被EG供应***78和EG处理***54两者使用。从EG处理***54抽取的排气42可经历多级气体处理,诸如在EG处理***54中的一个或更多个气体处理级,接着是EG处理***82中的一个或更多个气体处理附加级。
在每个抽取点76处,由于在EG处理***54中的基本上化学计量燃烧和/或气体处理,被抽取排气42可基本不含氧化剂68和燃料70(例如,未燃烧的燃料或碳氢化合物)。而且,根据目标***,被抽取排气42可在EG供应***78的EG处理***82中经受进一步处理,从而进一步降低任何残留氧化剂68、燃料70或其它不良燃烧产物。例如,在EG处理***82中的处理之前或之后,被抽取排气42可具有小于1、2、3、4或5体积百分比的氧化剂(例如,氧)、未燃烧燃料或碳氢化合物(例如,HC)、氮氧化物(例如,NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、硫氧化物(例如,SOx)、氢和其它未完全燃烧产物。通过进一步示例,在EG处理***82中的处理之前或之后,被抽取排气42可以具有小于约每百万份体积的10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100、200、300、400、500、1000、2000、3000、4000或5000份的氧化剂(例如,氧)、未燃烧燃料或碳氢化合物(例如,HC)、氮氧化物(例如,NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)、硫氧化物(例如,SOx)、氢和其他未完全燃烧产物。因此,排气42特别适合与EOR***18一起使用。
涡轮机***52的EGR运行具体使能在多个位置76处的排气抽取可行。例如,***52的压缩机部可被用于压缩没有任何氧化剂68的排气66(即,只压缩排气66),使得基本上无氧排气42可在输入氧化剂68和燃料70之前从压缩机部和/或燃烧器部抽取。抽取点76可被定位在毗邻压缩机级之间的级间端口处、在沿压缩机排气套管的端口处、在沿燃烧器部中的每个燃烧器的端口处或它们的任何组合。在某些实施例中,排气66可不与氧化剂68和燃料70混合,直到其到达燃烧器部中的每个燃烧器的盖端部和/或燃料喷嘴。而且,一个或更多个流动隔板(例如,壁、分隔器、挡板等)可被用于将氧化剂68和燃料70与抽取点76隔离。通过这些流动隔板,抽取点76可沿燃烧器部中每个燃烧器的壁直接布置。
一旦排气66、氧化剂68和燃料70流过该盖端部(例如,通过燃料喷嘴)进入每个燃烧器的燃烧部分(例如,燃烧腔室)中,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52被控制提供排气66、氧化剂68和燃料70的大致化学计量燃烧。例如,***52可保持约0.95到约1.05的当量比。结果,在每个燃烧器中的排气66、氧化剂68和燃料70的混合物的燃烧产物基本是没有氧和未燃烧燃料。因此,燃烧产物(或排气)可从SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的涡轮机部被抽取以用作被传送到EOR***18的排气42。沿涡轮机部,抽取点76可被设置在任何涡轮机级处,例如毗邻涡轮机级之间的级间端口处。因此,通过使用任何前述抽取点76,基于涡轮机的服务***14可生成排气42、抽取排气42并输送排气42到碳氢化合物生产***12(例如,EOR***18)以用于地下储层20的油/气48生产。
图2为图1***10的实施例的示意图,该图示出被联接到基于涡轮机的服务***14和碳氢化合物生产***12的控制***100。在所示出的实施例中,基于涡轮机的服务***14包含组合循环***102,该组合循环***102包含作为顶循环(topping cycle)的SEGR燃气涡轮机***52、作为底循环(bottoming cycle)的蒸汽涡轮机104、和HRSG 56以从排气60回收热量以生成用于驱动蒸汽涡轮机104的蒸汽62。再者,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52接收、混合并化学计量燃烧排气66、氧化剂68和燃料70(例如,预混合火焰和/或扩散火焰),从而产生排气60、机械功率72、电力74和/或水64。例如,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52可驱动一个或更多个负载或机器106,诸如发电机、氧化剂压缩机(例如,主空气压缩机)、齿轮箱、泵、碳氢化合物生产***12的设备或它们的任何组合。在一些实施例中,机器106可包含其它驱动件,诸如与SEGR燃气涡轮机***52串联的电动马达或蒸汽涡轮机(例如,蒸汽涡轮机104)。因此,由SEGR燃气涡轮机***52(以及任何附加驱动件)驱动的机器106的输出可包含机械功率72和电力74。机械功率72和/或电力74可用于向碳氢化合物生产***12现场提供动力,电力74可被分配到电网或它们的任何组合。机器106的输出还可包含压缩流体,诸如用于吸入到SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的燃烧部中的压缩氧化剂68(例如,空气或氧)。这些输出中的每个(例如,排气60、机械功率72、电力74和/或水64)可被认为是基于涡轮机的服务***14的服务。
SEGR燃气涡轮机***52产生可基本不含氧的排气42、60,并且将这种排气42、60传送到EG处理***54和/或EG供应***78。EG供应***78可处理排气42(例如,流95)并将其输送到碳氢化合物生产***12和/或其它***84。如上所讨论的,EG处理***54可包含HRSG56和EGR***58。HRSG 56可包含一个或更多个热交换器、冷凝器和各种热回收设备,该热回收设备可被用于回收排气60的热或将该热传递给水108以生成用于驱动蒸汽涡轮机104的蒸汽62。类似于SEGR燃气涡轮机***52,蒸汽涡轮机104可驱动一个或更多个负载或机器106,从而生成机械功率72和电力74。在所示出的实施例中,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52和蒸汽涡轮机104被串联布置以驱动相同的机器106。不过,在另一些实施例中,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52和蒸汽涡轮机104可单独驱动不同的机器106,以独立生成机械功率72和/或电力74。在蒸汽涡轮机104被来自HRSG 56的蒸汽62驱动时,蒸汽62的温度和压力逐渐减小。因此,蒸汽涡轮机104将使用过的蒸汽62和/或水108再循环回到HRSG 56中,以用于经由排气60的热回收生成另外的蒸汽。除了蒸汽生成之外,HRSG 56、EGR***58和/或EG处理***54的另一个部分可产生水64、与碳氢化合物生产***12一起使用的排气42、以及用作至SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的输入的排气66。例如,水64可为处理水64,诸如用于其它应用中的淡化水。淡化水在低可用水量的地区是特别有用的。关于排气60,EG处理***54的实施例可被配置成通过EGR***58再循环排气60,排气60可经过或不经过HRSG 56。
在所示出的实施例中,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52具有排气再循环路径110,该排气再循环路径110从***52的排气出口延伸到排气入口。沿着路径110,排气60经过EG处理***54,在所示出的实施例中,EG处理***54包含HRSG 56和EGR***58。EGR***58可包含沿路径110串联和/或并联布置的一个或更多个管道、阀、鼓风机、气体处理***(例如,过滤器、微粒去除单元、气体分离单元、气体净化单元、热交换器、诸如热回收蒸汽发生器的热回收单元、水分去除单元、催化剂单元、化学品喷射单元或它们的任何组合)。换句话说,EGR***58可包含沿在***52的排气出口与排气入口之间的排气再循环路径110的任何流控制部件、压力控制部件、温度控制部件、水分控制部件和气体成分控制部件。因此,在具有沿路径110的HRSG 56的实施例中,HRSG 56可被认为是EGR***58的部件。不过,在某些实施例中,HRSG 56可沿独立于排气再循环路径110的排气路径设置。不管HRSG 56是否沿着单独路径或与EGR***58共用的路径,HRSG 56和EGR***58吸入排气60并输出再循环排气66、与EG供应***78(例如,用于碳氢化合物生产***12和/或其它***84)一起使用的排气42、或另一种排气输出。再者,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52吸入、混合和化学计量燃烧排气66、氧化剂68和燃料70(例如,预混合火焰和/或扩散火焰),以产生用于分配到EG处理***54、碳氢化合物生产***12或其它***84的基本不含氧和不含燃料的排气60。
如上面参照图1所指出的,碳氢化合物生产***12可包含各种设备,以促进通过油/气井26从地下储层20回收或生产油/气48。例如,碳氢化合物生产***12可包含具有流体喷射***34的EOR***18。在所示出的实施例中,流体喷射***34包含排气喷射EOR***112和蒸汽喷射EOR***114。虽然流体喷射***34可从各种源接收流体,但是所示出的实施例可从基于涡轮机的服务***14接收排气42和蒸汽62。由基于涡轮机的服务***14产生的排气42和/或蒸汽62也可被传送到碳氢化合物生产***12以用于其它油/气***116。
排气42和/或蒸汽62的数量、质量和流量可通过控制***100来控制。控制***100可完全专用于基于涡轮机的服务***14,或控制***100也可以可选提供用于控制碳氢化合物生产***12和/或其它***84的控制装置(或促进控制的至少某些数据)。在所示出的实施例中,控制***100包含控制器118,其具有处理器120、存储器122、蒸汽涡轮机控制装置124、SEGR燃气轮机***控制装置126和机器控制装置128。处理器120可包含单一处理器或两个或更多个冗余处理器,诸如用于控制基于涡轮机的服务***14的三重冗余处理器。存储器122可包含易失性和/或非易失性存储器。例如,存储器122可包含一个或更多个硬盘驱动器、闪存、只读存储器、随机存取存储器或它们的任何组合。控制装置124、126和128可包含软件和/或硬件控制装置。例如,控制装置124、126和128可包含存储在存储器122中并可由处理器120执行的各种指令或代码。控制装置124被配置成控制蒸汽涡轮机104的运行,SEGR燃气涡轮机***控制装置126被配置成控制***52,以及机器控制装置128被配置成控制机器106。因此,控制器118(例如,控制装置124、126和128)可被配置成协调基于涡轮机的服务***14的各种子***,以向碳氢化合物生产***12提供合适的排气42的流。
在控制***100的某些实施例中,在附图中示出或在本文中描述的每个元件(例如,***、子***和部件)包含(例如,直接在这类元件内、在这类元件上游或下游)一个或更多个工业控制特征件,诸如传感器和控制装置,该工业控制特征件在工业控制网络上连同控制器118一起是彼此通信联接的。例如,与每个元件相关联的控制装置可包含专用装置控制器(例如,包含处理器、存储器和控制指令)、一个或更多个致动器、阀、开关和工业控制设备,其基于传感器反馈130、来自控制器118的控制信号、来自用户的控制信号或它们的任何组合进行控制。因此,本文描述的任何控制功能可用控制指令实现,该控制指令由控制器118、与每个元件关联的专用装置控制器或它们的组合存储和/或执行。
为了促进此类控制功能,控制***100包含在整个***10中分布的一个或更多个传感器,以获得用于执行各种控制装置,例如控制装置124、126和128的传感器反馈130。例如,传感器反馈130可从传感器获得,该传感器分布在整个SEGR燃气涡轮机***52、机器106、EG处理***54、蒸汽涡轮机104、碳氢化合物生产***12中,或分布在整个基于涡轮机的服务***14或碳氢化合物生产***12的任何其它部件中。例如,传感器反馈130可包含温度反馈、压力反馈、流率反馈、火焰温度反馈、燃烧动力学反馈、吸入氧化剂成分反馈、吸入燃料成分反馈、排气成分反馈、机械功率72的输出水平、电力74的输出水平、排气42、60的输出量、水64的输出量或质量或它们的任何组合。例如,传感器反馈130可包含排气42、60的组成,以促进在SEGR燃气涡轮机***52中的化学计量燃烧。例如,传感器反馈130可包含来自沿氧化剂68的氧化剂供应路径的一个或更多个吸入氧化剂传感器、沿燃料70的燃料供应路径的一个或更多个吸入燃料传感器和沿排气再循环路径110和/或在SEGR燃气涡轮机***52内布置的一个或更多个排气排放传感器的反馈。吸入氧化剂传感器、吸入燃料传感器和排气排放传感器可包含温度传感器、压力传感器、流率传感器和组成传感器。排放传感器可包含用于氮氧化物的传感器(例如,NOx传感器)、用于碳氧化物的传感器(例如,CO传感器和CO2传感器)、用于硫氧化物的传感器(例如,SOx传感器)、用于氢的传感器(例如,H2传感器)、用于氧的传感器(例如,O2传感器)、用于未燃烧碳氢化合物的传感器(例如,HC传感器)、或用于未完全燃烧的其它产物的传感器,或它们的任何组合。
通过使用这种反馈130,控制***100可调节(例如,增加、减少或保持)排气66、氧化剂68和/或燃料70至SEGR燃气涡轮机***52(除了其它运行参数以外)的进气流量,以将当量比保持在合适范围内,例如在约0.95到约1.05之间、在约0.95到约1.0之间、在约1.0到约1.05之间或大致在1.0。例如,控制***100可分析反馈130以监测排气排放(例如,氮氧化物、诸如CO和CO2的碳氧化物、硫氧化物、氢、氧、未燃烧碳氢化合物和未完全燃烧的其它产物的浓度水平)和/或确定当量比,并接着控制一个或更多个部件以调节排气排放(例如,排气42的浓度水平)和/或当量比。受控部件可包含参照附图示出和描述的任何部件,其包含但不限于,沿氧化剂68、燃料70和排气66的供应路径的阀;氧化剂压缩机、燃料泵或在EG处理***54中的任何部件;SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的任何部件;或它们的任何组合。受控部件可调节(例如,增加、减少或保持)在SEGR燃气涡轮机***52内燃烧的氧化剂68、燃料70和排气66的流率、温度、压力或百分比(例如,当量比)。受控部件也可包含一个或更多个气体处理***,诸如催化剂单元(例如,氧化催化剂单元)、催化剂单元供应装置(例如,氧化燃料、热量、电力等)、气体净化和/或分离单元(例如,溶剂型分离器、吸收器、闪蒸罐等)以及过滤单元。气体处理***可帮助减少沿排气再循环路径110、通风口路径(例如,排放到大气中)或到EG供应***78的抽取路径的各种排气排放。
在某些实施例中,控制***100可分析反馈130并控制一个或更多个部件以保持或减少排放水平(例如,排气42、60、95的浓度水平)到目标范围,诸如小于每百万份体积约10、20、30、40、50、100、200、300、400、500、1000、2000、3000、4000、5000或10000份(ppmv)。对于排气排放中的每种,例如氮氧化物、一氧化碳、硫氧化物、氢、氧、未燃烧碳氢化合物和未完全燃烧的其它产物的浓度水平,这些目标范围可为相同或不同的。例如,根据当量比,控制***100可将氧化剂(例如,氧)的排气排放(例如,浓度水平)选择性控制在小于约10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100、250、500、750或1000ppmv的目标范围内;将一氧化碳(CO)选择性控制在小于约20、50、100、200、500、1000、2500或5000ppmv的目标范围内;以及将氮氧化物(NOX)选择性控制在小于约50、100、200、300、400或500ppmv的目标范围内。在以大致化学计量当量比运行的某些实施例中,控制***100可将氧化剂(例如,氧)的排气排放(例如,浓度水平)选择性控制在小于约10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90或100ppmv的目标范围内;以及将一氧化碳(CO)选择性控制在小于约500、1000、2000、3000、4000或5000ppmv的目标范围内。在以贫燃料当量比(例如,在大约0.95到1.0之间)运行的某些实施例中,控制***100可将氧化剂(例如,氧)的排气排放(例如,浓度水平)选择性控制在小于约500、600、700、800、900、1000、1100、1200、1300、1400或1500ppmv的目标范围内;将一氧化碳(CO)选择性控制在小于约10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100、150或200ppmv的目标范围内;以及将氮氧化物(例如,NOx)选择性控制在小于约50、100、150、200、250、300、350或400ppmv的目标范围内。前述目标范围仅仅是示例,并不旨在限制本公开实施例的范围。
控制***100还可被联接到本地接口132和远程接口134。例如,本地接口132可包含现场设置在基于涡轮机的服务***14和/或碳氢化合物生产***12处的计算机工作站。相反,远程接口134可包含不在基于涡轮机的服务***14和碳氢化合物生产***12现场设置的计算机工作站,诸如通过互联网连接的计算机工作站。这些接口132和134诸如通过传感器反馈130的一个或更多个图形显示、运行参数等等促进基于涡轮机的服务***14的监测和控制。
再者,如上所指出的,控制器118包含各种控制装置124、126和128,以促进控制基于涡轮机的服务***14。蒸汽涡轮机控制装置124可接收传感器反馈130并输出控制命令以促使蒸汽涡轮机104运行。例如,蒸汽涡轮机控制装置124可从HRSG 56、机器106、沿蒸汽62路径的温度和压力传感器、沿水108路径的温度和压力传感器以及指示机械功率72和电力74的各个传感器接收传感器反馈130。同样,SEGR燃气涡轮机***控制装置126可从沿SEGR燃气涡轮机***52、机器106、EG处理***54或它们的任何组合设置的一个或更多个传感器接收传感器反馈130。例如,传感器反馈130可从设置在SEGR燃气涡轮机***52内部或外部的温度传感器、压力传感器、间隙传感器、振动传感器、火焰传感器、燃料组成传感器、排气组成传感器或它们的任何组合获得。最终,机器控制装置128可以从与机械功率72和电力74关联的各个传感器以及布置在机器106内的传感器接收传感器反馈130。这些控制装置124、126和128中的每个控制装置使用传感器反馈130改善基于涡轮机的服务***14的运行。
在所示出的实施例中,SEGR燃气涡轮机***控制装置126可执行指令以控制在EG处理***54、EG供应***78、碳氢化合物生产***12和/或其它***84中的排气42、60、95的数量和质量。例如,SEGR燃气涡轮机***控制装置126可将排气60中的氧化剂(例如,氧)和/或未燃烧燃料的水平保持在低于适合于与排气喷射EOR***112一起使用的阈值。在某些实施例中,阈值水平可为小于排气42、60中的氧化剂(例如,氧)和/或未燃烧燃料的1、2、3、4或5体积百分比;或氧化剂(例如,氧)和/或未燃烧燃料(和其它排气排放)的阈值水平可小于排气42、60中的约每百万份体积的10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100、200、300、400、500、1000、2000、3000、4000或5000份(ppmv)。通过进一步示例,为了实现这些低水平的氧化剂(例如,氧)和/或未燃烧燃料,SEGR燃气涡轮机***控制装置126可将在SEGR燃气涡轮机***52中燃烧的当量比保持在约0.95和约1.05之间。SEGR燃气涡轮机***控制装置126还可控制EG抽取***80和EG处理***82,以将排气42、60、95的温度、压力、流率和气体组成保持在适合用于排气喷射EOR***112、管道86、储罐88和固碳***90的范围内。如上所述,EG处理***82可被控制将排气42净化和/或分离为一种或更多种气体流95,诸如富CO2贫N2流96,中间浓度CO2、N2流97,以及贫CO2富N2流98。除了用于排气42、60和95的控制装置以外,控制装置124、126和128可执行一个或更多个指令以将机械功率72保持在合适动力范围内,或将电力74保持在合适频率和电力范围内。
图3为***10的实施例的示意图,其进一步示出与碳氢化合物生产***12和/或其它***84一起使用的SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的细节。在所示出的实施例中,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52包含联接到EG处理***54的燃气涡轮发动机150。所示出的燃气涡轮发动机150包括压缩机部152、燃烧室器154以及膨胀器部或涡轮机部156。压缩机部152包含一个或更多个排气压缩机或压缩机级158,诸如以串联布置设置的1到20级旋转压缩机叶片。同样,燃烧器部154包含一个或更多个燃烧器160,诸如围绕SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的旋转轴线162周向分布的1到20个燃烧器160。而且,每个燃烧器160可包含一个或更多个燃料喷嘴164,其被配置成喷射排气66、氧化剂68和/或燃料70。例如,每个燃烧器160的盖端部166可容纳1、2、3、4、5、6个或更多个燃料喷嘴164,其可将排气66、氧化剂68和/或燃料70的流或混合物喷射到燃烧器160的燃烧部分168(例如,燃烧腔室)中。
燃料喷嘴164可包含预混合燃料喷嘴164(例如,其被配置成预混合氧化剂68和燃料70以用于生成氧化剂/燃料预混火焰)和/或扩散燃料喷嘴164(例如,其被配置成喷射氧化剂68和燃料70的单独的流以用于生成氧化剂/燃料扩散火焰)的任何组合。预混合燃料喷嘴164的实施例可包含旋流叶片、混合腔室、或其它特征件,以在喷射到燃烧腔室168中和在燃烧腔室168中燃烧之前,使该氧化剂68和燃料70在喷嘴164内内部混合。预混合燃料喷嘴164还可接收至少一些部分混合的氧化剂68和燃料70。在某些实施例中,每个扩散燃料喷嘴164可隔离氧化剂68与燃料70的流直到喷射点,同时还隔离一种或更多种稀释剂(例如,排气66、蒸汽、氮或另一种惰性气体)的流直到喷射点。在另一些实施例中,每个扩散燃料喷嘴164可隔离氧化剂68与燃料70的流直到喷射点,同时在喷射点之前,部分地混合一种或更多种稀释剂(例如,排气66、蒸汽、氮或另一种惰性气体)与氧化剂68和/或燃料70。此外,一种或更多种稀释剂(例如,排气66、蒸汽、氮或另一种惰性气体)可被喷射到在燃烧区处或其下游的燃烧器中(例如,喷射到燃烧的热产物中),从而帮助减小燃烧的热产物的温度并减少NOx(例如,NO和NO2)的排放。不管燃料喷嘴164的类型,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52可被控制以提供氧化剂68和燃料70的大致化学计量燃烧。
在使用扩散燃料喷嘴164的扩散燃烧实施例中,燃料70和氧化剂68通常不在扩散火焰的上游混合,而是燃料70和氧化剂68在火焰表面处直接混合和反应,和/或火焰表面存在于燃料70与氧化剂68之间的混合的位置处。具体地,燃料70和氧化剂68单独接近火焰表面(或扩散边界/界面),并接着沿火焰表面(或扩散边界/界面)扩散(例如,经由分子和粘性扩散)以生成扩散火焰。值的注意的是,燃料70和氧化剂68沿该火焰表面(或扩散边界/界面)可以是大致化学计量比的,这可沿该火焰表面产生更大的火焰温度(例如,峰值火焰温度)。与贫燃料或富燃料的燃料/氧化剂比相比,该化学计量燃料/氧化剂比通常产生更大的火焰温度(例如,峰值火焰温度)。因此,扩散火焰可基本上比预混火焰更加稳定,因为燃料70和氧化剂68的扩散帮助保持沿火焰表面的化学计量比(和更大温度)。然而更大的火焰温度也能够导致更大的排气排放,诸如NOx排放,所公开的实施例使用一种或更多种稀释剂帮助控制温度和排放,同时还避免燃料70和氧化剂68的任何预混合。例如,所公开的实施例可引入一种或更多种稀释剂与燃料70和氧化剂68分隔开(例如,在燃烧点之后和/或扩散火焰的下游),从而帮助降低温度和减少由扩散火焰产生的排放(例如,NOx排放)。
如图所示,在运行时,压缩机部152接收并压缩来自EG处理***54的排气66,并将压缩后的排气170输出到燃烧器部154中的每个燃烧器160。在燃料60、氧化剂68和排气170在每个燃烧器160内燃烧时,附加排气或燃烧产物172(即,燃烧气体)被传送到涡轮机部156。类似于压缩机部152,涡轮机部156包含一个或更多个涡轮机或涡轮机级174,其可包含一系列转动涡轮机叶片。这些涡轮机叶片接着被在燃烧器部154中所生成的燃烧产物172驱动,从而驱动联接到机器106的轴176的转动。再者,机器106可包含联接到SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的任一端的各种设备,诸如联接到涡轮机部156的机器106、178和/或联接到压缩机部152的机器106、180。在某些实施例中,机器106、178、180可包含一个或更多个发电机、用于氧化剂68的氧化剂压缩机、用于燃料70的燃料泵、齿轮箱或联接到SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的附加驱动件(例如,蒸汽涡轮机104、电动马达等)。非限制性示例在下面参照表格1进一步详细论述。如图所示,涡轮机部156输出排气60以沿排气再循环路径110从涡轮机部156的排气出口182再循环到排气入口184进入压缩机部152。如上面所详细论述的,沿着排气再循环路径110,排气60经过EG处理***54(例如,HRSG 56和/或EGR***58)。
再者,在燃烧器部154中的每个燃烧器160接收、混合并化学计量燃烧压缩的排气170、氧化剂68和燃料70,以产生附加排气或燃烧产物172以驱动涡轮机部156。在某些实施例中,氧化剂68被氧化剂压缩***186(诸如,具有一个或更多个氧化剂压缩机(MOC)的主氧化剂压缩(MOC)***(例如,主空气压缩(MAC)***))压缩。氧化剂压缩***186包含联接到驱动件190的氧化剂压缩机188。例如,驱动件190可包含电动马达、燃烧发动机或它们的任何组合。在某些实施例中,驱动件190可为涡轮发动机,诸如燃气涡轮发动机150。因此,氧化剂压缩***186可为机器106的一体部分。换句话说,压缩机188可由被燃气涡轮发动机150的轴176供应的机械功率72直接或间接驱动。在此实施例中,驱动件190可被排除,因为压缩机188依赖涡轮发动机150的功率输出。不过,在采用不止一个氧化剂压缩机的某些实施例中,第一氧化剂压缩机(例如,低压(LP)氧化剂压缩机)可被驱动件190驱动,而轴176驱动第二氧化剂压缩机(例如,高压(HP)氧化剂压缩机),或反之亦然。例如,在另一实施例中,HPMOC被驱动件190驱动,以及LP氧化剂压缩机被轴176驱动。在所示出的实施例中,氧化剂压缩***186与机器106分隔开。在这些实施例中的每个实施例中,压缩***186压缩氧化剂68并将该氧化剂供应给燃料喷嘴164和燃烧器160。因此,机器106、178、180中的一些或全部可被配置成增加压缩***186(例如,压缩机188和/或附加压缩机)的运行效率。
由元件编号106A、106B、106C、106D、106E和106F所指示的机器106的各个部件可在一个或更多个串联布置、并联布置或串联与并联布置的任何组合中沿轴176的线和/或平行于轴176的线设置。例如,机器106、178、180(例如,106A到106F)可包含下列设备以任何次序的任何串联和/或并联布置,该设备包括:一个或更多个齿轮箱(例如,平行轴、行星齿轮箱)、一个或更多个压缩机(例如,氧化剂压缩机、增压压缩机,诸如EG增压压缩机的增压压缩机)、一个或更多个发电单元(例如,发电机)、一个或更多个驱动件(例如,蒸汽涡轮发动机、电动马达)、热交换单元(例如,直接或间接热交换器)、离合器或它们的任何组合。压缩机可包含轴向压缩机、径向或离心压缩机或它们的任何组合,每种压缩机具有一个或更多个压缩级。关于热交换器,直接热交换器可包含喷淋(spray)冷却器(例如,喷淋中间冷却器),其将液体喷淋喷射到气体流中(例如,氧化剂流)以用于直接冷却气体流。间接热交换器可包含将第一流和第二流分隔开的至少一个壁(例如,管壳式热交换器),诸如与冷却剂流(例如,水、空气、制冷剂或任何其它液态或气态冷却剂)分隔开的流体流(例如,氧化剂流),其中,冷却剂流与流体流没有任何直接接触地传递流体流的热。间接热交换器的示例包含中间冷却器、热交换器和热回收单元,诸如热回收蒸汽发生器。热交换器也可包含加热器。如下面进一步详细论述的,这些机器部件中的每个可被用在如在表格1中列出的非限制性示例所指示的各种组合中。
通常,机器106、178、180可被配置成通过例如调节在***186中的一个或更多个氧化剂压缩机的运行速度、通过冷却和/或抽取过剩电力促进氧化剂68的压缩来增加压缩***186的效率。本公开的实施例旨在包含在机器106、178、180中以串联和并联布置的前述部件的任何和全部排列,其中,所述部件中的一个、不止一个、全部部件或没有任何部件从轴176获得动力。如下面所示,表格1示出靠近压缩机和涡轮机部152、156设置和/或联接到该压缩机和该涡轮机部的机器106、178、180的布置的一些非限制性示例。
表1
如上面表格1所示,冷却单元被表示为CLR,离合器被表示为CLU,驱动件被表示为DRV,齿轮箱被表示为GBX,发电机被表示为GEN,加热单元被表示为HTR,主氧化剂压缩机单元被表示为MOC,其中,低压和高压变量被分别表示为LP MOC和HP MOC,以及蒸汽发生器单元被表示为STGN。虽然表格1示出机器106、178、180依次朝着压缩机部152或涡轮机部156,但是表格1也旨在覆盖机器106、178、180的相反次序。在表格1中,包含两个或更多个部件的任何单元旨在覆盖所述部件的并联布置。表格1并不旨在排除机器106、178、180的任何未示出的排列。机器106、178、180的这些部件可使能发送到燃气涡轮发动机150的氧化剂68的温度、压力和流率的反馈控制可行。如下面所进一步详细论述的,氧化剂68和燃料70可被供应给处于被具体选择以促进压缩排气170隔离和抽取而氧化剂68或燃料70未将排气170的质量降低的位置处的燃气涡轮机150。
如图3所示,EG供应***78被设置在燃气涡轮发动机150与目标***(例如,碳氢化合物生产***12和其它***84)之间。具体地,EG供应***78(例如EG抽取***(EGES)80)可被联接到在沿压缩机部152、燃烧器部154和/或涡轮机部156的一个或更多个抽取点76处的燃气涡轮发动机150。例如,抽取点76可被定位在毗邻的压缩机级之间,诸如在压缩机级之间的2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10个级间抽取点76。这些级间抽取点76中的每个提供被抽取排气42的不同温度和压力。类似地,抽取点76可被定位在毗邻的涡轮机级之间,诸如在涡轮机级之间的2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10个级间抽取点76。这些级间抽取点76中的每个提供被抽取排气42的不同温度和压力。通过进一步示例,抽取点76可被定位在整个燃烧器部154的多个位置,其可提供不同温度、压力、流率和气体组成。这些抽取点76中的每个可包含EG抽取导管、一个或更多个阀、传感器以及控制装置,其可被用于选择性控制被抽取排气42到EG供应***78的流。
通过EG供应***78分配的被抽取排气42具有适合于目标***(例如,碳氢化合物生产***12和其它***84)的受控组分。例如,在这些抽取点76中的每个处,排气170可与氧化剂68和燃料70的喷射点(或流)基本隔离。换句话说,EG供应***78可被具体设计成从燃气涡轮发动机150抽取排气170而没有任何添加的氧化剂68或燃料70。而且,鉴于在每个燃烧器160的化学计量燃烧,被抽取排气42可以是基本上不含氧和燃料。EG供应***78可将被抽取排气42直接或间接传送到碳氢化合物生产***12和/或其它***84以用于各种处理,诸如提高原油采收率、固碳、存储或运输到非现场位置。不过,在某些实施例中,EG供应***78包含在与目标***一起使用之前,用于进一步处理排气42的EG处理***(EGTS)82。例如,EG处理***82可将排气42净化和/或分离为一种或更多种流95,例如富CO2贫N2流96,中间浓度CO2、N2流97,以及贫CO2富N2流98。这些处理后的排气流95可被单独使用,或与碳氢化合物生产***12和其它***84(例如,管道86、储罐88以及固碳***90)的任何组合一起使用。
类似于在EG供应***78中执行的排气处理,EG处理***54可包含多个排气(EG)处理部件192,例如通过元件编号194、196、198、200、202、204、206、208和210所指示的。这些EG处理部件192(例如,194到210)可以以一个或更多个串联布置、并联布置或串联和平行布置的任何组合沿排气再循环路径110设置。例如,EG处理部件192(例如,194到210)可包含下列设备以任何次序的任何串联和/或平行布置,所述设备包括:一个或更多个热交换器(例如,热回收单元,诸如热回收蒸汽发生器、冷凝器、冷却器或加热器)、催化剂***(例如,氧化催化剂***)、微粒和/或水去除***(例如,惯性分离器、聚结过滤器、不透水过滤器以及其它过滤器)、化学品喷射***、溶剂型处理***(例如,吸收剂、闪蒸罐等)、碳捕集***、气体分离***、气体净化***和/或溶剂型处理***,或它们的任何组合。在某些实施例中,催化剂***可包含氧化催化剂、一氧化碳还原催化剂、氮氧化物还原催化剂、氧化铝、氧化锆、硅氧化物、钛氧化物、氧化铂、氧化钯、氧化钴或混合金属氧化物,或它们的组合。所公开实施例旨在包含在串联和并联布置中的前述部件192的任何和全部排列。如下面所述,表格2示出沿排气再循环路径110的部件192的布置的一些非限制性示例。
表2
如上面表格2所示,催化剂单元被表示为CU,氧化催化剂单元被表示为OCU,增压鼓风机被表示为BB,热交换器被表示为HX,热回收单元被表示为HRU,热回收蒸汽发生器被表示为HRSG,冷凝器被表示为COND,蒸汽涡轮机被表示为ST,微粒去除单元被表示为PRU,水分去除单元被表示为MRU,过滤器被表示为FIL,凝聚过滤器被表示为CFIL,不透水过滤器被表示为WFIL,惯性分离器被表示为INER,以及稀释剂供应***(例如,蒸汽、氮或另一惰性气体)被表示为DIL。虽然表格2示出按顺序从涡轮机部156的排气出口182朝压缩机部152的排气入口184的部件192,但是表格2也旨在覆盖所示出部件192的相反顺序。在表格2中,包含两个或更多个部件的任何单元旨在覆盖带有所述部件、所述部件并联布置或它们的任何组合的集成单元。而且,在表格2的背景下,HRU、HRSG和COND为HE的示例;HRSG为HRU的示例;COND、WFIL和CFIL为WRU的示例;INER、FIL、WFIL和CFIL为PRU的示例;以及WFIL和CFIL为FIL的示例。再者,表格2并不旨在排除部件192的任何未示出的排列。在某些实施例中,所示出的部件192(例如,194到210)可以被部分或完全集成在HRSG 56、EGR***58或它们的任何组合内。这些EG处理部件192可实现温度、压力、流率和气体成分的反馈控制,同时也从排气60去除水分和微粒。而且,被处理排气60可在一个或更多个抽取点76处被抽取以用于EG供应***78和/或被再循环到压缩机部152的排气入口184。
在被处理时,再循环排气66经过压缩机部152,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52可沿一个或更多个管道212(例如,放气导管或旁通导管)排出被压缩排气的一部分。每个管道212可将排气传送到一个或更多个热交换器214(例如,冷却单元)中,从而冷却再循环回到SEGR燃气涡轮机***52中的排气。例如,在经过热交换器214后,被冷却排气的一部分可沿管道212被传送到涡轮机部156,以用于冷却和/或密封涡轮机套管、涡轮机外罩、轴承和其它部件。在此实施例中,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52不传送任何氧化剂68(或其它潜在污染物)通过涡轮机部156以用于冷却和/或密封目的,并因此,被冷却排气的任何泄漏将不污染流过涡轮机部156的涡轮机级并驱动该涡轮机级的热燃烧产物(例如,工作排气)。通过进一步示例,在经过热交换器214之后,被冷却排气的一部分可沿管道216(例如,返回导管)被传送到压缩机部152的上游压缩机级,从而提高通过压缩机部152压缩的效率。在此实施例中,热交换器214可被配置为压缩机部152的级间冷却单元。以此方式,被冷却排气帮助增加SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的运行效率,同时帮助保持排气的纯度(例如,基本不含氧化剂和燃料)。
图4为在图1至图3中示出的***10的操作过程220的实施例的流程图。在某些实施例中,过程220可为计算机实施的过程,该过程存取存储在存储器122上的一个或更多个指令,并执行在图2中示出的控制器118的处理器120上的指令。例如,在过程220中的每个步骤可包含参照图2所述的控制***100的控制器118可执行的指令。
过程220可通过初始化图1至图3的SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的启动模式开始,如块222所指示的。例如,该启动模式可包括SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的逐步倾斜上升,以保持在可接受阈值内的热梯度、振动和间隙(例如,在旋转与静止部件之间)。例如,在启动模式222期间,过程220可开始向燃烧器部154的燃烧器160和燃料喷嘴164供应压缩后的氧化剂68,如块224所指示的。在某些实施例中,压缩后的氧化剂可包含压缩空气、氧、富氧空气、氧减少的空气、氧氮混合物或它们的任何组合。例如,氧化剂68可被在图3中示出的氧化剂压缩***186压缩。在启动模式222期间,过程220也可开始向燃烧器160和燃料喷嘴164供应燃料,如块226所指示的。在启动模式222期间,过程220也可开始向燃烧器160和燃料喷嘴164供应(可用时)排气,如块228所指示的。例如,燃料喷嘴164可产生一种或更多种扩散火焰、预混合火焰或扩散火焰与预混合火焰的组合。在启动模式222期间,通过燃气涡轮发动机156生成的排气60在数量和/或质量上可能是不足或不稳定的。因此,在启动模式期间,过程220可从一个或更多个存储单元(例如,储罐88)、管道86、其它SEGR燃气涡轮机***52或其它排气源供应排气66。
接着,过程220可在燃烧器160中燃烧压缩后的氧化剂、燃料和排气的混合物以产生热燃烧气体172,如块230所指示的。具体地,过程220可通过图2的控制***100进行控制,以促进在燃烧器部154的燃烧器160中的混合物的化学计量燃烧(例如,化学计量扩散燃烧、预混合燃烧或两者)。不过,在启动模式222期间,保持混合物的化学计量燃烧可能是特别困难的(并因此,热燃烧气体172中可能存在低水平的氧化剂和未燃烧燃料)。因此,在启动模式222中,热燃烧气体172可能比在稳定状态模式期间具有更大量的残留氧化剂68和/或燃料70,如在下面所进一步详细论述的。为此,过程220可在启动模式期间,执行一个或更多个控制指令以减少或消除在热燃烧气体172中的残留氧化剂68和/或燃料70。
接着,过程220用热燃烧气体172驱动涡轮机部156,如块232所指示的。例如,热燃烧气体172可驱动被设置在涡轮机部156内的一个或更多个涡轮机级174。在涡轮机部156的下游,过程220可处理来自最后涡轮机级174的排气60,如块234所指示的。例如,排气处理234可包含对任何残留氧化剂68和/或燃料70的过滤、催化反应、利用HRSG 56的化学处理、热回收等等。过程220也可将排气60的至少一些再循环回到SEGR燃气涡轮机***52的压缩机部152,如块236所指示的。例如,排气再循环236可包括经过具有EG处理***54的排气再循环路径110的通道,如图1至图3所示。
再循环排气66可继而在压缩机部152中被压缩,如块238所指示的。例如,SEGR燃气涡轮机***52可在压缩机部152的一个或更多个压缩机级158中相继压缩再循环排气66。压缩后的排气170随后可被供应给燃烧器160和燃料喷嘴164,如块228所指示的。接着可重复步骤230、232、234、236和238,直到过程220最终转变到稳态模式,如块240所指示的。在转变240之后,过程220可继续执行步骤224到238,但是也可开始经由EG供应***78抽取排气42,如块242所指示的。例如,排气42可从沿压缩机部152、燃烧器部154和涡轮机部156的一个或更多个抽取点76抽取,如图3所示。过程220可继而从EG供应***78向碳氢化合物生产***12供应被抽取排气42,如块244所指示的。碳氢化合物生产***12接着可将排气42喷射到地球32中以用于提高原油采收率,如块246所指示的。例如,被抽取排气42可被如图1至图3所示的EOR***18的排气喷射EOR***112使用。
在某些实施例中,如图5中所示,EG再循环回路可经由EG处理***54提供,EG处理***54适于从涡轮机部156接收排气、增加EGR回路压力并调节允许进入压缩机部152的排气。在所示实施例中,EG处理***54可包括HRSG 56、鼓风机580(及适当的驱动***)和EGR冷却器582。注意,其他部件(如图3中所示的部件194、196、198、200、202、204、206、和/或210)可包括在EG处理***54的所示实施例中。另外,所示实施例可包括中间冷却器***584,其耦合至增压空气压缩机188,增压空气压缩机188可用来进一步增压从机器106、180递送的氧化剂。由于图5包括如上面在图1-3中描述的类似部件,所以类似部件用类似标号表示。鼓风机580可包括适于动态重新配置例如鼓风机叶片的俯仰角的***586。因此,由鼓风机580影响的EG再循环回路内的压力可通过改变叶片俯仰角586来调节。同样,包括在机器106、180中的某些压缩机和压缩机部152可包括类似可调节叶片(如,入口导向叶片)588、590,其分别用于动态调节压缩性能。
多个传感器600(S)可通信地耦合至控制***100,且传感器反馈130可由控制***100使用来提供致动信号602。致动信号602然后可由控制***100使用来致动多个致动器604(A)。传感器600可包括例如压力和温度传感器,其适于测量从路径110进入的排气的压力和温度。可在EG处理***54中的各个位置处测量附加压力和温度,如在再循环路径592中的HRSG 56、鼓风机580、再循环路径594、EGR冷却器582。除了测量排气温度和压力外,传感器600还可测量所示的各种部件的性质,包括在EG处理***54中的各个位置处的排气组分、叶片位置586,588,590(如,叶片角度)、鼓风机580压力、鼓风机580转速、鼓风机580温度、鼓风机580流率、EGR冷却器温度和压力等。
传感器600可另外地或可替代地包括直接或间接用于得到燃烧当量比phi和/或燃烧产物的传感器。例如,可使用lambda仪表和/或氧传感器,其适于测量在燃气涡轮机52(如,燃料喷嘴164、燃烧部分168)中燃烧燃料70和氧化剂68之前、期间以及之后的氧气的比例。lambda传感器可确定例如实时氧化剂/燃料比(如,氧气燃料比或空燃比),其用于实时得到phi。传感器600可另外地或可替代地包括光谱学传感器(如,光学光谱传感器、基于激光的传感器、波导光栅传感器)、色层分析传感器等,其用于确定燃料70、氧化剂68和/或燃烧产物(如,氮氧化物,未燃烧的烃,二氧化碳,碳产物,水等)的化学组成。传感器600可另外地包括燃料传感器、流传感器、压力传感器、间隙传感器(如,旋转部件和固定部件之间的距离)、湿度传感器、和/或温度传感器。
致动器604可包括用于调节叶片586、588、590的致动器(如,叶片俯仰致动器)。致动器也可包括阀、线性运动致动器、非线性运动致动器、***、开关等,其适于控制各种所示部件。因此,燃料70和氧化剂68可通过燃料喷嘴164被供应,且如上所述,氧化剂68可另外地由被驱动件190驱动的压缩机188压缩并且被燃烧,从而提供功率和其他产物(如,气体),其可由EG供应***78用于例如进一步处理并提供至HC生产***12用于碳氢化合物的产物。
控制***100可使用由传感器600提供的信号来例如经由致动器604控制各种所示***。关于EG处理***54,且更具体地,鼓风机580,控制***100可使离开EG处理***54并进入压缩机部152的排气能够在期望压力。确实,离开EG处理***54的流体压力(如,排气压力)可通过使用例如负载信号而被控制,该负载信号诸如由控制***100基于涡轮机部156、EG供应***78、HC生产***12或其他所示***得到的负载信号(如,涡轮机部156的兆瓦级信号、来自EG供应***78的产品气产物的体积、来自HC生产***12的碳氢化合物的体积,等)。在一个实施例中,控制***100可例如通过改变叶片586的角度来调节离开EG处理***54的流体压力。增加叶片角度可增加压力,而减小叶片角度可减小压力。
燃料70和/或氧化剂68的流率可由控制***100(如,通过控制器118)调节以提供某些期望的燃料/氧化剂比或当量比、(如,大致化学计量燃烧的0.95至1.05)、燃烧动态测量、温度、压力、流量等。例如,控制器118可控制致动器604来化学计量燃烧燃料70和氧化剂68连同再循环的排气(在抽取点76处抽取的)中的至少一些,并捕集排气供应***78中的排气用于各种目标***中,如,碳氢化合物生产***12。燃烧发生在燃烧器168中,导致由涡轮机部156产生轴扭矩。涡轮机部156可机械地由一个或更多个轴176耦合至压缩机部152,从而驱动轴176转动。另外,轴176可机械地耦合至机器106、180并驱动机器106、180。由涡轮机部156提供的排气110然后可被提供至EG处理***54。HRSG 56可使用排气中的能量来产生可用于进一步驱动其他负载(如,蒸汽涡轮机)的蒸汽。排气然后可通过路径592进行到鼓风机586。如下面关于图7更详细描述的,鼓风机586可调节排气压力至期望压力,其用于更优化地操作涡轮机***52。排气然后可通过路径594行进以被EGR冷却器冷却,因此在重新允许进入压缩机152之前降低排气温度。
在某些实施例中,如图6中所示,控制器118可执行基于模型的控制(MBC)***606,其可包括与非MBC控制技术结合的MBC控制技术(如,比例、积分、微分控制技术)。控制器118还可包括具有三个处理核心(如,R、S、T核心)的三重模块冗余(TMR)控制器,可用于提高控制***100的可靠性。在一些实施例中,此类TMR***可使用冗余控制器之间的状态表决算法来确定被监控和控制的***52、54的适当状态或动作。控制器118可保持R、S、T核心之间的“表决”以确定下一动作(如,步骤)从而基于每个核心的状态信息进入控制逻辑。多数表决确定所选动作。例如,在使用状态表决算法时,具有相同状态的核心中的两个(如,R、T)可“胜过”具有不同状态的第三核心(如,S)。以此方式,控制***100可依靠控制器118来提供被监控和控制的***52、54的更可靠的状态(和动作)。MBC***606可设置为存储在非易失性介质(如,存储器122)中并可由处理器120执行的计算机指令或代码。
如上所提到的,***606可包括使用非MBC技术(如,比例(P)控制、积分(I)控制、微分(D)控制或其组合)的部。因此,当示出PID控制器610时,可使用其他控制器技术(如,PI、P、I、D等)。在使用中,传感器600可提供数据,该数据诸如表示涡轮机部156的兆瓦级信号、来自EG供应***78的产品气的产物体积、HC生产***12的碳氢化合物的产生的体积等的负载数据612。计划(schedule)***614可存储一个或更多个计划616,其可用于基于负载数据612得到叶片参考618。例如,计划616可为基于图表的计划,如图所示,其依循图表或曲线将负载数据612映射到叶片参考618。例如,计划616可为二维曲线或函数,其中,第一轴线具有负载值,且第二轴线具有叶片参考值618。因此,给定负载值612,曲线或函数可提供相应的叶片参考值618。
叶片参考值618可提供可调节叶片586的期望俯仰。即,参考618包括可调节叶片586的期望俯仰值。比较器620可比较叶片参考618与叶片反馈622,以得到差值624。差值624然后作为输入提供至PID控制器610。如上所述,在其他实施例中,P控制器、I控制器、D控制器或其组合可另外或可替代地用于PID控制器610。PID控制器610然后可得到信号或叶片命令626,其适于将可调节叶片586定位在例如期望的俯仰角。
MBC***606包括用于提高基于涡轮机的服务***14的寿命并优化其操作的技术。因此,不是使用叶片命令626直接控制可调节叶片586,而是叶片命令626可由最小值选择器***628进一步处理,如图所示。最小值选择器***628可接收其他值630、632、634和636作为输入,如在下面更详细描述的,并选择全部输入的值626、630、632、634和636中的最小的。这些值中选定的最小值638(如,基于限制的值)然后可传递至叶片定位***640,叶片定位***640然后可将所选值638转换为适于致动可调节叶片586以将可调节叶片586定位在期望角度644的信号642。
如上所提到的,最小值选择***628接收多个输入626、630、632、634和636,并从这些输入中选择最小值。在所示实施例中,选择输入626、630、632、634和636以遵循机器的某些限制,如,基于涡轮机的服务***14的及其部件的限制。例如,当PID控制器610可命令626高叶片角度时,最小值选择***可选择更小的值638,其适于提高基于涡轮机的服务***14的寿命。在所示实施例中,值630和632可为分别由控制器646和648得到的直接限制。直接限制可为基于材料的熔点、材料的膨胀限制(如,期望膨胀多少)、摩擦限制等的限制。即,基于涡轮机的服务***14可包括某些限制,如,排气温度限制650(如,离开涡轮机52的排气、进入HRSG 56的排气)和压缩机排出(compressor discharge)(CD)温度限制652(如,压缩机152排出温度),其可直接从例如由基于涡轮机的服务***14的各种部件容忍的温度得出。因此,排气温度测量值654和压缩机排出温度测量值656可经由传感器600捕集并提供至控制器646和648。控制器646和648然后可比较测量值654、656与限制650、652,并得到值630、632以遵循限制650、652。例如,如果值654、656超过限制650、652,则值630、632可得出为等于限制650、652。
值634和636可为间接限制(如,基于模型的限制),其例如通过使用再循环燃气涡轮机模型控制器658(如,燃气涡轮机***的基于物理的模型,包括燃气涡轮机***的热力学模型)计算得出。模型控制器658可使用一个或更多个模型660,包括第一原理模型(如,化学模型、热力学模型、和/或基于物理的模型),其适于对基于涡轮机的服务***14建模,包括但不限于化学计量燃烧。模型660可另外包括基于物理的模型,如,热力学模型、计算流体动力学(CFD)模型、有限元分析(FEA)模型、固体模型(如,参数和非参数建模)、和/或3维至2维FEA映射模型,其可用于预测燃烧产物、化学计量比和/或进入/离开EG处理***54的排气的类型和特征。
模型660还可包括人工智能(AI)模型,如,专家***(如,正向链接专家***、反向链接专家***)、神经网络、模糊逻辑***、状态向量机(SVM)、归纳推理***、贝叶斯推理***、或其组合。模型660还可另外包括统计模型,如,回归分析模型、数据挖掘技术模型(如,聚类模型、分类模型、关联模型)等,其用于更精确地得到燃烧产物(如,CO、CO2、NOx、SOx、未燃烧燃料、残余O2等)和/或化学计量比。本领域技术人员可通过分析基于涡轮机的服务***14及其部件的设计和/或构成创建适于接收某些测量值作为输入的可执行模型、基于该测量值得到基于涡轮机的服务***14的物理行为以及提供建模的物理行为的某些属性(如,马赫数、扭矩值)作为输出来创建模型660。
在所示实施例中,基于模型的控制器658可接收排气温度测量值654、压缩机排放温度测量值656、压缩机排放压力662、和涡轮机转速664(如,轴176的转速)作为输入。基于模型的控制器658然后可执行模型660中的一个或更多个以得到基于涡轮机的服务***14及其部件(如,压缩机部152、燃烧器168、涡轮机部156)的物理行为。因此,马赫数666和扭矩668(如,可经由轴176施加的扭矩)可由基于模型的控制器658基于输入654、656、662、664得到。注意,除了或替代输入654、656、662、664,其他输入也可用于模型660。例如,质量流率、间隙测量值(如,旋转和固定部件之间的距离)、其他温度测量值(基于涡轮机的服务***14及其部件的其他位置的测量值)、其他压力测量值(基于涡轮机的服务***14及其部件的其他位置的测量值)、燃料化学组分、火焰类型、火焰组分等。
马赫数666和扭矩668然后可由例如马赫限制控制器670且由扭矩限制控制器672分别进一步处理。如果马赫限制控制器670发现马赫数666超过马赫限制674,则马赫限制控制器670将产生间接限制控制信号634以便确保实际的基于涡轮机的服务***14的马赫数不超过马赫限制674。同样,如果扭矩限制控制器672发现扭矩668超过扭矩限制676,则扭矩限制控制器672将产生间接限制控制信号636以便确保实际的基于涡轮机的服务***14的扭矩不超过扭矩限制676。如先前所提到的,最小值选择***628然后可选择信号626、630、632、634和636中的最小值以得到可调节叶片586的期望叶片角度644。通过将直接限制和间接(如,基于模型的)限制应用到信号626,***606可延长基于涡轮机的服务***14及其部件的寿命,并还可另外得到更优化的化学计量操作。应当注意,在此特定实施例中,适宜使用最小值选择***628选择来自作为叶片角度位置参考638的候选值630、632、634、635和626中的最小叶片角度命令作为至叶片角度定位***640的输入。包含其他控制目标的可替代实施例有可能采用布置在各种组合中的最小值选择***和/或最大值选择***的其他组合,以便从若干候选值中选择叶片角度位置参考638作为至叶片角度定位***640的输入。
图7例示过程700的实施例,其可由例如控制***100使用以控制可调节叶片586。过程700可实施为存储在存储器122中并由处理器120执行的可执行代码或计算机指令。在所示实施例中,过程700可接收(框702)期望负载612。如上所述,负载数据612可表示涡轮机部156的兆瓦级信号、来自EG供应***78的产品气的产物体积、HC生产***12的碳氢化合物的产生的体积等。过程700然后可感测(框704)各种***14的测量值。例如,这些测量值可包括排气温度654、压缩机排放温度656、压缩机排放压力662、速度664、叶片位置反馈622等。
例如,通过使用非MBC技术(如,P、I、D控制),过程700然后可得到(框706)叶片位置命令626。为了更好地提供化学计量控制和/或增加部件寿命,过程700然后可得到(框708)用于可调节叶片586定位的直接限制和间接限制(框710)。直接限制可包括如上在图6中关于排气温度限制控制器646和压缩机排放温度限制控制器648描述的限制630和632。间接限制可包括如上所述关于基于模型的控制器658、马赫数限制控制器670和扭矩限制控制器672得到的限制634和636。
例如,通过将最小值选择器***638应用至输入626、630、632、634和636,过程700然后可定位(框712)可调节叶片586。因此,从路径110进入至压缩机部152的排气的期望的再循环压力可被递送以提供更优化的化学计量燃烧并增加机器寿命。
技术效果包括使用基于模型的控制和基于非模型的控制根据某些限制定位叶片。例如,基于非模型的控制可用于得到鼓风机叶片的参考值,且至该参考值的限制(包括直接限制、间接限制或其组合)然后可被施加,包括经由基于模型的控制得到的限制。限制值然后可用于定位鼓风机叶片,且鼓风机可因此被控制以更适当地提供再循环排气涡轮机***中的压力。
本书面描述使用示例来公开本发明,包含最佳模式,并且也使得本领域技术人员能够实践本发明,包含制作和使用任何装置或***并执行任何结合的方法。本发明的可取得专利的范围由权利要求限定,并且可包含本领域技术人员可以想到的其它示例。如果其它示例具有并无不同于本权利要求文字语言的结构要素,或如果它们包括与权利要求文字语言非实质不同的等同结构要素,则这样的示例旨在权利要求的范围内。
Claims (25)
1.一种***,其包括:
至少一个传感器,其被配置为通信表示鼓风机叶片位置的信号,其中,所述鼓风机叶片设置在排气再循环***的鼓风机中,所述排气再循环***从燃气涡轮机***接收排气流并将所述排气再循环回到所述燃气涡轮机***;
可通信地耦合至所述至少一个传感器的控制器,
其中,所述控制器被配置为执行控制逻辑以得出用于所述鼓风机叶片位置的参考值,并且其中,所述控制器被配置为应用直接限制、基于模型的限制或其组合至所述参考值以得到基于限制的值,且其中,所述控制器被配置为基于所述基于限制的值定位所述鼓风机叶片。
2.根据权利要求1所述的***,其中,所述控制器被配置为在操作期间基于所述鼓风机叶片的所述位置增加至所述燃气涡轮机的入口压力。
3.根据权利要求1所述的***,其中,所述控制器被配置为执行基于非模型的控制逻辑,所述基于非模型的控制逻辑包括比例控制逻辑、以及积分控制逻辑、微分控制逻辑、或其组合以得到用于所述鼓风机叶片位置的所述参考值。
4.根据权利要求1所述的***,其中,所述直接限制包括排气温度限制、压缩机排放温度限制或其组合。
5.根据权利要求1所述的***,其中,所述基于模型的限制由所述控制器通过执行包括基于物理的模型的基于模型的控制逻辑而得出。
6.根据权利要求5所述的***,其中,所述基于物理的模型包括所述燃气涡轮机***的热力学操作。
7.根据权利要求6所述的***,其中,所述基于模型的限制包括马赫数、扭矩或其组合。
8.根据权利要求1所述的***,其中,所述控制器被配置为选择所述基于模型的限制、所述直接限制和所述参考值中的最小值以得到所述基于限制的值。
9.根据权利要求1所述的***,包括所述排气再循环***,其中,所述排气再循环***包括热回收蒸汽发生***即HRSG***,其流体耦合至所述鼓风机以及排气再循环冷却器,其中,所述HRSG在所述鼓风机上游,且所述鼓风机在所述排气再循环冷却器上游。
10.根据权利要求1所述的***,其中,所述控制器被配置为得到所述致动信号以实现所述燃气涡轮机***的燃烧的当量比近似在0.95至1.05之间。
11.一种方法,其包括:
感测燃气涡轮机***的操作;
接收用于所述燃气涡轮机***的期望负载;
经由基于非模型的控制逻辑基于所述燃气涡轮机***的所述操作得到参考鼓风机叶片位置;
基于所述燃气涡轮机***的所述期望负载得到基于模型的限制;
通过应用所述参考鼓风机叶片位置和所述基于模型的限制得到基于限制的值;
应用所述基于限制的值以得到期望的叶片位置;以及
将致动信号传递至鼓风机叶片致动器以将所述叶片定位在所述期望的叶片位置处。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述得到基于模型的限制包括执行基于模型的控制逻辑。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其中,所述基于模型的控制逻辑包括所述燃气涡轮机***的基于物理的模型。
14.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述基于模型的限制包括马赫数、扭矩或其组合。
15.根据权利要求11所述的方法,包括通过执行基于非模型的控制逻辑得到用于所述燃气涡轮机***的直接限制,并且其中,所述得到所述基于限制的值包括应用所述参考鼓风机叶片位置、所述基于模型的限制和所述直接限制。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,所述基于非模型的控制逻辑包括比例控制逻辑、以及积分控制逻辑、微分控制逻辑、或其组合。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中,所述直接限制包括排气温度限制、压缩机排放温度限制或其组合。
18.根据权利要求11所述的方法,其中,所述燃气涡轮机***包括化学计量排气再循环燃气涡轮发动机即SEGR燃气涡轮发动机,其被配置为向提高原油采收率***即EOR***供应二氧化碳。
19.一种控制***,其包括:
处理器,其被配置为:
感测燃气涡轮机***的操作;
接收用于所述燃气涡轮机***的期望负载;
经由基于非模型的控制逻辑基于所述燃气涡轮机***的所述操作得到参考鼓风机叶片位置;
基于用于所述燃气涡轮机***的所述期望负载得到基于模型的限制;
通过应用所述参考鼓风机叶片位置和所述基于模型的限制得到基于限制的值;
应用所述基于限制的值以得到期望的叶片位置;以及
将致动信号传递至鼓风机叶片致动器以将所述叶片定位在所述期望的叶片位置处。
20.根据权利要求19所述的***,其中,所述得到基于模型的限制包括执行基于模型的控制逻辑。
21.根据权利要求20所述的***,其中,所述基于模型的控制逻辑包括所述燃气涡轮机***的基于物理的模型。
22.根据权利要求19所述的***,其中,所述基于模型的限制包括马赫数、扭矩或其组合。
23.根据权利要求19所述的***,其中,所述处理器被配置为通过执行基于非模型的控制逻辑得到用于所述燃气涡轮机***的直接限制,并且其中,所述得到所述基于限制的值包括应用所述参考鼓风机叶片位置、所述基于模型的限制和所述直接限制。
24.根据权利要求19所述的***,其中,所述控制器被配置为控制所述燃气涡轮机***的燃烧化学计量比近似在0.95至1.05之间。
25.根据权利要求19所述的***,其中,所述燃气涡轮发动机包括化学计量排气再循环燃气涡轮发动机即SEGR燃气涡轮发动机,并且其中所述控制***包括具有三个处理核心的三重模块冗余控制器即TMR控制器。
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- 2015-06-29 PL PL15734809T patent/PL3158178T3/pl unknown
- 2015-06-29 EP EP15734809.5A patent/EP3158178B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2015-06-29 JP JP2016576054A patent/JP6641307B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2015-06-29 WO PCT/US2015/038368 patent/WO2016003932A1/en active Application Filing
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Also Published As
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EP3158178B1 (en) | 2019-03-06 |
US20150377148A1 (en) | 2015-12-31 |
JP6641307B2 (ja) | 2020-02-05 |
US10060359B2 (en) | 2018-08-28 |
PL3158178T3 (pl) | 2019-10-31 |
WO2016003932A1 (en) | 2016-01-07 |
JP2017524858A (ja) | 2017-08-31 |
EP3158178A1 (en) | 2017-04-26 |
CN107076024B (zh) | 2019-07-30 |
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