CN107054091B - 用于选择性地使能源耦合于负载的***及其制造方法 - Google Patents

用于选择性地使能源耦合于负载的***及其制造方法 Download PDF

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CN107054091B
CN107054091B CN201710024810.4A CN201710024810A CN107054091B CN 107054091 B CN107054091 B CN 107054091B CN 201710024810 A CN201710024810 A CN 201710024810A CN 107054091 B CN107054091 B CN 107054091B
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CN107054091A (zh
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P.R.杰明
R.D.金
I.M.贝里
L.萨拉苏
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Abstract

本公开涉及用于选择性地使能源耦合于负载的***及其制造方法。多能量存储装置***包括耦合于负载的电驱动、耦合于该电驱动的DC链接以及具有耦合于该DC链接的输出通道以及输入通道的双向电压转换器。第一能量存储装置（ESD）耦合于该输入通道，并且开关耦合于该DC链接和第二ESD。***控制器促使开关使该第二ESD耦合于DC链接用于将存储在该第二ESD中的能量输送到电驱动。***控制器还促使电压转换器将第一ESD的电压转换成更高的电压并且将该更高的电压输送到DC链接，其中该更高的电压大于第二ESD的电压并且促使开关将第二ESD从DC链接去耦合。

Description

用于选择性地使能源耦合于负载的***及其制造方法
技术领域
本发明的实施例大体上涉及驱动***，并且更具体地，涉及在车辆或非车辆***中选择性地使能源耦合于负载以向其供应能量。
背景技术
电动车辆和混合电动车辆典型地由一个或多个能量存储装置单独地或结合内燃机来提供功率。在纯电动车辆中，这些一个或多个能量存储装置对整个驱动***提供功率，由此消除对内燃机的需要。另一方面，混合电动车辆包括能量存储装置，提供功率以用于补充由内燃机供应的功率，这极大地增加了内燃机和车辆的燃料效率。传统地，电动或混合电动推进***中的能量存储装置包括电池、超级电容器、飞轮或这些元件的组合，以便提供足够的能量来对电动马达提供功率。
当两个或以上的能源用于向驱动***提供功率时，这些能源典型地非常适合于提供不同类型的功率。例如，第一能源可以是高比能量源，其在提供长期功率方面更高效或经济，而第二能源可以是高比功率源，其在提供短期功率方面更高效。该高比功率源可用于帮助高比能量源在例如加速或脉冲负载事件期间向***提供功率。
通常，高比功率源直接耦合于直流(DC)链接，其向负载供应电压。然而，DC链接电压的控制取决于直接耦合的高功率源并且可以比期望的响应更低。另外，需要从高能源供应给DC链接的瞬态功率可以比期望的响应更高。
因此，提供允许能源选择性地耦合于负载来向其供应能量的***，这是可取的。
发明内容
根据本发明的一个方面，多能量存储装置***包括耦合于负载的电驱动、耦合于该电驱动的DC链接以及具有耦合于该DC链接的输出通道和输入通道的双向电压转换器。第一能量存储装置耦合于该电压转换器的输入通道，开关耦合于该DC链接，并且第二能量存储装置耦合于该开关。***控制器配置成促使开关使第二能量存储装置耦合于DC链接使得存储在第二能量存储装置中的能量被输送到电驱动并且使得第二能量存储装置的电压随着存储在其中的能量被输送到电驱动而减少。***控制器还促使双向电压转换器将第一能量存储装置的电压转换成更高的电压并且将该更高的电压输送到DC链接，其中该更高的电压大于第二能量存储装置的电压并且促使开关将第二能量存储装置从DC链接去耦合。
根据本发明的另一个方面，组装推进能量***的方法包括使双向电压转换器组件的输出通道耦合于直流（DC）链接并且使第一能量存储装置耦合于该双向电压转换器组件的第一输入通道。该双向电压转换器组件包括第一双向电压转换器。该方法还包括使开关耦合于DC链接、使第二能量存储装置耦合于该开关以及使负载耦合于DC链接。该负载配置成经由DC链接从第一能量存储装置和第二能量存储装置中的一个接收能量。该方法进一步包括使控制器耦合于双向电压转换器组件和开关并且将该控制器配置成促使开关使第二能量存储装置耦合于DC链接使得存储在第二能量存储装置中的能量被输送到负载并且使得第二能量存储装置的电压随着存储在其中的能量被输送到负载而减少。该控制器还配置成促使双向电压转换器将第一能量存储装置的电压转换成更高的电压并且将该更高的电压输送到DC链接，其中该更高的电压大于第二能量存储装置的电压并且促使开关将第二能量存储装置从DC链接去耦合。
根据本发明的另一个方面，非暂时性计算机可读存储介质具有存储在其上的计算机程序并且代表这样的指令集，当其由计算机执行时促使该计算机激活第一开关来将存储在第二能量存储装置中的电压转移到耦合于负载的直流（DC）链接使得存储在该第二能量存储装置中的电压随着第二能量存储装置的电压减小而被输送到负载。这些指令还促使计算机控制双向电压转换器来将第一能量存储装置的第一电压转换成第二电压并且将该第二电压输送到DC链接，其中该第二电压大于第二能量存储装置的电压并且促使第一开关去激活。
各种其他特征和优势将从下列详细说明和图变得明显。
附图说明
图图示目前预想用于实行本发明的优选实施例。
在附图中：
图1示意地图示根据本发明的实施例的推进***的实施例。
图2示意地图示根据本发明的实施例的推进***的另一个实施例。
图3示意地图示根据本发明的实施例的推进***的另一个实施例。
具体实施方式
本发明的实施例涉及车辆和非车辆应用。车辆应用可包括纯电动或混合电动车辆应用，例如，公路用车和越野车辆、高尔夫车、短距离电动车辆、叉车和公用载重汽车作为示例。非车辆应用可包括非车辆类型的负载，其包括泵、扇、绞车、吊车或其他马达驱动的负载。尽管关于车辆应用描述，本发明的实施例不意在局限于此。
图1图示根据本发明的实施例的推进***100。推进***100可在电动或混合车辆应用中使用。车辆推进***100包括能量***102和***控制器104。能量***102包括第一能量存储装置106、第二能量存储装置108和双向DC-DC电压转换器110，其具有耦合于第一能量装置106的输入通道112并且具有耦合于DC链接116的输出通道114。第一能量存储装置106可用于提供更持久的能量而第二能量存储装置108可用于提供更高功率的能量用于例如加速。尽管第一能量存储装置106图示为电池，还预想例如超级电容器、燃料电池、飞轮或类似物等另一个类型的能量存储装置。尽管第二能量存储装置108图示为超级电容器，还预想例如电池、燃料电池、飞轮或类似物等另一个类型的能量存储装置。
第一能量存储装置106经由DC链接116耦合于负载118，其根据本发明的实施例是包括DC-AC逆变器120和马达或电动机械装置122的电驱动。马达122优选地是AC马达，但不如此受到限制。尽管未示出，要理解多个马达122中的每个可耦合于相应的车轮或其他负载，或要理解每个马达122可耦合于差速器（differential）用于使旋转功率分布到车轮或其他负载。
一般，在马达驱动操作模式中，电压转换器110还起到使由能量***102的低电压侧124提供的电压提升到能量***102的高电压侧126。即，来自第一能量存储装置106的电压经由总线128（其耦合于电压转换器110的输入通道112）在能量***102的低电压侧124上提供给电压转换器110。提供的电压通过电压转换器110提升使得在能量***102的高电压侧126上提供给DC链接116的电压增加到电驱动118的操作水平。电驱动118使DC链接116上的电压逆变并且将逆变的电压提供给电动机械装置122。
在加速操作模式中，代替由第一能量存储装置106经由电压转换器110提供的电压或除了由第一能量存储装置106经由电压转换器110提供的电压之外，一般期望使用来自高功率的第二能量存储装置108的能量。因此，推进***100包括开关130，其配置成选择性地使第二能量存储装置108耦合于DC链接116/从DC链接116去耦合。使第二能量存储装置108耦合于DC链接116允许第二能量存储装置108释放其存储的能量以在加速期间利用从其处可用的更高的功率。在一个实施例中，第二能量存储装置108是超级电容器，其中它的电荷受其电压的影响。在该实施例中，第二能量存储装置108优选地包括多个串联和并联的电容器单元，其中每个电容器单元具有大于每单元100法拉的电容。因为第二能量存储装置108的电荷受其电压的影响，当第二能量存储装置108中的电压供应给DC链接116时，第二能量存储装置108的电荷减少，从而使其的电压减小。当第二能量存储装置108的电压减小时，对应的DC链接116上的电压也因此减小。尽管第二能量存储装置108经由开关130耦合于DC链接116，电压转换器110无法自由地在DC链接116上建立电压而同时不对第二能量存储装置108充电。然而，通过使第二能量存储装置108从DC链接116去耦合，电压转换器110自由地在DC链接116上建立电压而不对第二能量存储装置108充电，这允许更快地控制DC链接116上的电压并且使由第一能量存储装置106供应的瞬态功率降低。
因此，在加速模式操作期间，对***控制器104编程来闭合开关130以使第二能量存储装置108耦合于DC链接116。在一个实施例中，对***控制器104编程来促使DC链接116上的电压例如通过提升来自第一能量存储装置106的电压而大致上匹配闭合开关130之前的第二能量存储装置108的电荷或电压状态。在图示的实施例中，开关130包括一对耦合在一起并且采用反并行设置而设置的硅控整流器（SCR）132、134。尽管示出一对SCR，预想可使用本领域内已知的其他开关装置。从而对***控制器104编程来激活SCR 132（例如通过向其施加栅极电压）使得来自第二能量存储装置108的电压可经由DC链接116供应给负载118。一旦被激活，SCR 132在流过其的电流保持在其维持电流之上时趋于保持在“接通”或闭合状态。
当完成加速或当第二能量存储装置108的电荷或电压状态落到例如阈值或阈值之下，对***控制器104编程来促使开关130改变到“断开”或去激活态以使第二能量存储装置108从DC链接116去耦合。为了关断SCR 132，流过其的电流应该降低到其维持电流之下。为了实现此，对***控制器104编程来促使电压转换器110将第一能量存储装置106的电压提升到高于第二能量存储装置108的电压的电压。采用这样的方式使DC链接116上的电压增加到高于第二能量存储装置108的电压的电压，从而促使流过SCR 132的电流落到其维持电流之下。如此，促使SCR 132关断，从而使第二能量存储装置108从DC链接116去耦合。
在马达122的旋转速度减小到零或从其当前速度减小到更低的速度的减速操作模式中，对***控制器104编程以采用再生模式操作电驱动118（例如通过采用发生器模式操作电动机械装置122），其中电功率或能量在再生制动事件期间通过DC-AC逆变器120回到DC链接116。根据本发明的实施例，***控制器104促使再生制动能量经由开关130输送到第二能量存储装置108来增加其电荷或电压状态。即，对***控制器104编程来激活SCR 134（例如通过向其施加栅极电压）使得来自负载118的电压可经由DC链接116供应给第二能量存储装置108。与SCR 132类似，一旦被激活，SCR 134在流过其的电流保持在其维持电流之上时趋于保持在“接通”或闭合状态。
当完成减速时或当第二能量存储装置108的电荷或电压状态上升至例如阈值或阈值之上，对***控制器104编程来促使开关130改变到“断开”或去激活态以使第二能量存储装置108从DC链接116去耦合。为了关断SCR 134，流过其的电流应该降低到其维持电流之下。为了实现此，在一个实施例中，推进***100包括动态延迟器136，其耦合于具有低电阻电阻器138和开关140的DC链接116。对***控制器104编程来闭合或调整开关140使得流过SCR 134的电流落到其维持电流之下。如此，SCR 134关断，从而使第二能量存储装置108从DC链接116去耦合。***控制器104然后可断开开关140以防止电流持续流过动态延迟器136。
在另一个实施例中，***控制器104可促使电压转换器110从DC链接116抽取电流使得流过SCR 134的电流落到其维持电流之下。如此，促使SCR 134关断，从而使第二能量存储装置108从DC链接116去耦合。
在另一个实施例中，DC-AC逆变器120控制将DC-AC逆变器的DC输出电压减少至能量存储装置108的电压之下，从而促使SCR 134关断并且从而使能量存储装置108从DC链接116去耦合。
闭环功率控制可用于确定能源106、108和动态延迟器136（如果存在的话）之间的功率分流（power split）。
图2图示根据本发明的另一个实施例的推进***142。牵引***100和142共有的元件和部件将视情况关于相同的标号而论述。
除与推进***100共有的部件102-140外，推进***142包括充电电路144，其耦合于DC链接116并且耦合于第二能量存储装置108。如果第二能量存储装置108从DC链接116去耦合，对***控制器104编程来促使充电电路144自DC链接116上的电压对第二能量存储装置108充电使得可达到第二能量存储装置108的电荷或电压满状态。***控制器104可使第二能量存储装置108的充电优化使得对第一能量存储装置106的影响最小化。另外，充电电路144可在再生制动事情期间使用以使用比只促使SCR 134传导更多的受控操作来对第二能量存储装置108充电并且这时存在维持比目前的电容器电压更高的DC链接电压的期望。充电电路144的优选实施例将是降压/升压转换器，其允许控制使第二能量存储装置108从DC链接电压之下的电压充电至DC链接之上的电压。
图3图示根据本发明的另一个实施例的推进***146。牵引***100、142和146共有的元件和部件将视情况关于相同的标号论述。
图3示出充电电路144可直接耦合于第一能量存储装置106而不是DC链接116（如在图2中示出的）。在该实施例中，升压转换器的损失可在对存储装置108充电期间被避免。优选实施例利用升压或降升压充电器来允许存储装置108的电压从存储装置106的电压之上或之下的电压充电至存储装置106的电压之上的电压。
本领域内技术人员将意识到***控制器104可经由例如一个或多个电子部件、硬件部件和/或计算机软件部件等多个部件实现。这些部件可包括一个或多个有形的计算机可读存储介质，其一般存储例如软件、固件和/或汇编语言等指令用于进行一个或多个实现或实施例的一个或多个部分。有形的计算机可读存储介质的示例包括可记录数据存储介质和/或大容量存储装置。这样的有形的计算机可读存储介质可采用，例如，磁、电、光、生物和/或原子数据存储介质中的一个或多个。此外，这样的介质可采取例如软盘、磁带、CD-ROM、DVD-ROM、硬盘驱动和/或电子存储器的形式。未列出的有形的计算机可读存储介质的其他形式可与本发明的实施例一起采用。
许多这样的部件可以在本文描述的***的实现中组合或划分。此外，如将由本领域内技术人员意识到的，这样的部件可包括用许多编程语言中的任何编程语言编写或实现的计算机指令集和/或系列。
所公开的方法和设备的技术贡献提供能够在车辆或非车辆***中选择性地使能源耦合于负载来向其供应能量的计算机实现的装置。
因此，根据本发明的实施例，多能量存储装置***包括耦合于负载的电驱动、耦合于该电驱动的DC链接以及具有耦合于该DC链接的输出通道和输入通道的双向电压转换器。第一能量存储装置耦合于该电压转换器的输入通道，开关耦合于该DC链接，并且第二能量存储装置耦合于该开关。***控制器配置成促使开关使第二能量存储装置耦合于DC链接使得存储在第二能量存储装置中的能量被输送到电驱动并且使得第二能量存储装置的电压随着存储在其中的能量被输送到电驱动而减少。***控制器还促使双向电压转换器将第一能量存储装置的电压转换成更高的电压并且将该更高的电压输送到DC链接，其中该更高的电压大于第二能量存储装置的电压并且促使开关将第二能量存储装置从DC链接去耦合。
根据本发明的另一个实施例，组装推进能量***的方法包括使双向电压转换器组件的输出通道耦合于直流（DC）链接并且使第一能量存储装置耦合于该双向电压转换器组件的第一输入通道。该双向电压转换器组件包括第一双向电压转换器。该方法还包括使开关耦合于DC链接、使第二能量存储装置耦合于该开关以及使负载耦合于DC链接。该负载配置成经由DC链接从第一能量存储装置和第二能量存储装置中的一个接收能量。该方法进一步包括使控制器耦合于双向电压转换器组件和开关并且将该控制器配置成促使开关使第二能量存储装置耦合于DC链接使得存储在第二能量存储装置中的能量被输送到负载并且使得第二能量存储装置的电压随着存储在其中的能量被输送到负载而减少。该控制器还配置成促使双向电压转换器将第一能量存储装置的电压转换成更高的电压并且将该更高的电压输送到DC链接，其中该更高的电压大于第二能量存储装置的电压并且促使开关将第二能量存储装置从DC链接去耦合。
根据本发明的再另一个方面，非暂时性计算机可读存储介质具有存储在其上的计算机程序并且代表这样的指令集，当其由计算机执行时促使该计算机激活第一开关来将存储在第二能量存储装置中的电压转移到耦合于负载的直流（DC）链接使得存储在该第二能量存储装置中的电压随着第二能量存储装置的电压减小而被输送到负载。这些指令还促使计算机控制双向电压转换器来将第一能量存储装置的第一电压转换成第二电压并且将该第二电压输送到DC链接，其中该第二电压大于第二能量存储装置的电压并且促使第一开关去激活。
尽管本发明仅连同有限数量的实施例详细描述，应该容易理解本发明不限于这样公开的实施例。相反，可以修改本发明以包含此前未描述的许多变化、改动、替代或等同设置，但其与本发明的精神和范围相当。另外，尽管描述了本发明的各种实施例，要理解本发明的方面可仅包括描述的实施例中的一些。因此，本发明不视为由前面的描述限制，而仅由附上的权利要求的范围限制。

Claims (16)

1.一种用于车辆的***，包括：
用于电动机械装置的电驱动；
耦合到所述电驱动的直流DC链接；
包括耦合到所述DC链接的输出通道并且包括低电压侧和高电压侧的双向电压转换器；
耦合到所述双向电压转换器的所述低电压侧的第一能量存储装置；
第二能量存储装置，所述第二能量存储装置经由开关装置选择性地在所述双向电压转换器的所述高电压侧上耦合到所述DC链接；以及
控制器，所述控制器配置成操作所述开关装置使得所述开关装置在加速操作模式期间关闭以将所述第二能量存储装置耦合到所述DC链接，其中所述控制器还配置成在所述加速操作模式完成时，促使所述开关装置将所述第二能量存储装置从所述DC链接去耦合。
2.如权利要求1所述的***，其中，所述电动机械装置是马达。
3.如权利要求2所述的***，其中：
所述马达是AC马达；并且
所述电驱动包括DC/AC转换器。
4.如权利要求1所述的***，其中，所述第一能量存储装置是电池。
5.如权利要求4所述的***，其中，所述第二能量存储装置是超级电容器。
6.如权利要求1所述的***，其中，所述第一能量存储装置是超级电容器。
7.如权利要求6所述的***，其中，所述第二能量存储装置是电池。
8.如权利要求1所述的***，其中：
所述电动机械装置是AC马达；
所述电驱动包括DC/AC转换器；
所述第一能量存储装置是超级电容器；并且
所述第二能量存储装置是电池。
9.一种组装用于车辆的***的方法，所述方法包括：
将用于电动机械装置的电驱动耦合到直流DC链接；
将所述DC链接耦合到包括低电压侧和高电压侧的双向电压转换器；
将第一能量存储装置耦合到所述双向电压转换器的所述低电压侧；
将第二能量存储装置配置成经由开关装置在所述双向电压转换器的所述高电压侧上选择性地耦合到所述DC链接，所述开关装置不是所述双向电压转换器的组件；以及
将控制器配置成操作所述开关装置使得所述开关装置在加速操作模式期间关闭以将所述第二能量存储装置耦合到所述DC链接，其中所述控制器还配置成在所述加速操作模式完成时，促使所述开关装置将所述第二能量存储装置从所述DC链接去耦合。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法，其中，所述电动机械装置是马达。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法，其中：
所述马达是AC马达；并且
所述电驱动包括DC/AC转换器。
12.如权利要求9所述的方法，其中，所述第一能量存储装置是电池。
13.如权利要求12所述的方法，其中，所述第二能量存储装置是超级电容器。
14.如权利要求9所述的方法，其中，所述第一能量存储装置是超级电容器。
15.如权利要求14所述的方法，其中，所述第二能量存储装置是电池。
16.如权利要求9所述的方法，其中：
所述电动机械装置是AC马达；
所述电驱动包括DC/AC转换器；
所述第一能量存储装置是超级电容器；并且
所述第二能量存储装置是电池。
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