CN106888911B - Pear tree planting method - Google Patents
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- CN106888911B CN106888911B CN201710112225.XA CN201710112225A CN106888911B CN 106888911 B CN106888911 B CN 106888911B CN 201710112225 A CN201710112225 A CN 201710112225A CN 106888911 B CN106888911 B CN 106888911B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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Abstract
The invention relates to a planting method of a pear tree, in particular to a cultivation method and a shaping method of the pear tree, wherein the cultivation method comprises the steps of digging planting holes, and determining planting density and planting of the pear tree; the shaping method comprises the steps of fixing the central plant and the side plants of the pear tree at about 80 cm, enabling the central plant to grow vertically, enabling the side plants and the central plant to grow obliquely and directly at an included angle of 60-70 degrees, and culturing large branch groups; selecting and reserving main branches; and continuously culturing the central trunk and the main branches, keeping the included angle of 60-70 degrees between the side plants and the central plant, and maintaining the tree vigor to be stable. The invention saves the occupied land, reduces the garden building cost, promotes the formation of flower buds, and leads to early fruiting, thereby achieving high yield and improving the income. By the planting method, the average content of soluble solids of the pear fruits is improved by 0.8-1.5%, the commodity fruit rate is more than 90%, the yield is increased by 10-20%, and the method is suitable for pear varieties with medieval growth vigor.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a pear tree planting method, in particular to a pear tree cultivation and shaping method, and belongs to the technical field of fruit tree planting.
Background
In the prior art, the planting density of the pear trees can be divided into 3 types, the common close planting is carried out, the plant row spacing is × 5 meters, 500 plants are planted in each hectare, the medium close planting is carried out, the plant row spacing is 2.5-3 meters × 4 meters, 1000-one-seed 833 plants are planted in each hectare, the high close planting is carried out, the plant row spacing is 1-2 meters × 3 meters, and 3333-one-seed 1667 plants are planted in each hectare.
The shaping of the pear trees is to cultivate the pear trees into high-quality tree forms beneficial to high and stable yield by pruning, and the pruning is to selectively accept, cut and retain branches to enable the branches to reach and maintain high-yield and high-quality tree phase indexes, and the actions of the two are complementary. Currently, the main tree forms of pear trees include modified spindle-shaped, modified sparse layered or elongated spindle-shaped, cylindrical, and the like. More than 95% of pear gardens belong to thin-planted big-crown trees, the trees are tall and big, the branches are overlapped, the ventilation and light transmission are poor, the management is inconvenient, the labor force is high, the mechanical operation is inconvenient, and the like, so that the problems are ubiquitous, and the development of the pear industry is restricted.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a planting method of a pear tree, in particular to a cultivation method and a shaping method of the pear tree. The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a planting method of pear trees, in particular to a cultivation method and a shaping method of pear trees, which comprises the following steps:
the cultivation method comprises the following steps:
(1) digging fixed planting holes and determining planting density, namely digging fixed planting points at the row spacing of 2 × 3.5.5 m, digging fixed planting holes with the length, width and depth of 60cm respectively by taking the fixed planting points as centers, uniformly mixing fertilizer and surface soil, and backfilling;
(2) taking strong pear seedlings without diseases and pests for field planting according to 4 plants in each field planting hole, planting 1 plant in the center of the field planting hole, uniformly distributing the rest 3 side plants around the field planting hole, forming an included angle of 60-70 degrees with the center plant, and forming a cluster shape in the field planting shape; preferably, the 3 side plants and the central plant are all at an included angle of 65 degrees.
The shaping method comprises the following steps:
(1) in the first year: the central plant and the side plants of the pear tree are fixed to be dry at about 80 cm, the central plant grows vertically, and the side plants and the central plant grow obliquely and vertically at an included angle of 60-70 degrees; positioning carved buds before sprouting, promoting branching, and erasing young shoots below 40 cm after sprouting; in summer, keeping the central trunk growing vertically, softening the young shoots by picking branches, and controlling the growth vigor; when the growth of young shoots stops in autumn, branches with the length of more than 80 centimeters are pulled to form included angles of 70-80 degrees, the branches with the length of more than 80 centimeters are cultured into large branch groups, and the rest branches are released slowly; keeping an included angle of 60-70 degrees between the edge plant and the central plant; in winter, the middle trunk extension branches are cut by 50-60 cm, and the vigorous branches and the upright branches are removed; preferably, when the growth of the young sprout stops in autumn, branches with the length of more than 80 centimeters are pulled, and the included angle is 75 degrees; culturing branches with the length of more than 80 centimeters into a large branch group, and slowly releasing the rest branches; keeping a 65-degree included angle between the edge plant and the central plant; in winter, the middle trunk extension branches are cut by 55 cm.
(2) In the second year: in summer, large branch groups are cultured by a method of the first year, back branches on the main branches are removed, and back dense main branches on the central trunk of the side plant are removed; the young shoots on the central trunk are subjected to angle opening by using toothpicks or an angle opener, and dense branches are thinned; in autumn, flattening branches with the length of more than 80 cm; in winter, the extended branches of the middle trunk are cut and remained by about 50 cm, the main branches are selected and remained according to the method of the first year, the main branches are not shortened after being extended, overlong branches on the main branches are removed, and the single-axis extension is kept;
(3) third year to fifth year: continuously culturing the central trunk and the main branches according to the method of the second year, and when the main branches are enough, falling heads and being open; changing the head of the central trunk by using weak branches, keeping the tree height of 2.5-3 meters, retracting overlong and oversize main branches and branch groups, removing competitive branches, inner chamber overgrowing branches and overlapped branches, and leveling upright strong branches; removing excessive main branches on the upper back of the central trunk of the side plant, and keeping an included angle of 60-70 degrees between the side plant and the central plant; the drooping weak branches are renewed, the rejuvenation is carried out, the tree vigor is maintained to be stable, and ventilation and light transmission are guaranteed; preferably, the side plants are maintained at an angle of 65 degrees to the central plant.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
the invention saves the occupied land, reduces the garden building cost, promotes the formation of flower buds, and leads to early fruiting, thereby achieving high yield and improving the income. The single plant adopts a spindle tree shape, so that pruning is reduced, the pear tree is balanced in overall growth vigor and has more branches by a series of matching technical means such as branch pulling, back branch control (thinning) and bud picking, the base part to the upper part of the crown can bear fruits, and the yield is obviously improved. Through the cultivation mode, the ventilation and light transmission are increased, the occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests is reduced, the fruit quality is improved, compared with the traditional cultivation mode, the average content of soluble solids of the pear fruits is improved by 0.8-1.5%, the commodity rate is over 90%, the yield is increased by 10-20%, and the cultivation mode is suitable for pear varieties with moderate growth vigor.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to specific embodiments, and the advantages and features of the invention will become apparent as the description proceeds. The examples are illustrative only and do not limit the scope of the present invention in any way. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, and that such changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
The invention is used for planting Cuiguan pears in examples 1 and 2, planting Huangguan pears in examples 3 and 4, and planting Yulu bergamot pears in examples 5 and 6.
Example 1 planting method of Cuiguan pears
The cultivation method in the planting method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) digging fixed planting holes and determining planting density, namely digging fixed planting points at the row spacing of 2 × 3.5.5 m, digging fixed planting holes with the length, width and depth of 60cm respectively by taking the fixed planting points as centers, uniformly mixing fertilizer and surface soil, and backfilling;
(2) taking strong pear seedlings without diseases and pests for field planting according to 4 plants in each field planting hole, planting 1 plant in the center of the field planting hole, uniformly distributing the rest 3 side plants around the field planting hole, forming an included angle of 65 degrees with the center plant, and forming a cluster shape in the field planting shape.
Example 2 planting method of Cuiguan pears
On the basis of the embodiment 1, the shaping method after planting comprises the following specific steps:
(1) in the first year: the central plant and the side plants of the pear tree are fixed to be dry at about 80 cm, the central plant grows vertically, and the side plants and the central plant grow obliquely and directly at an included angle of 65 degrees; positioning carved buds before sprouting, promoting branching, and erasing young shoots below 40 cm after sprouting; in summer, keeping the central trunk growing vertically, softening the young shoots by picking branches, and controlling the growth vigor; when the growth of the young shoots stops in autumn, branches with the length of more than 80 centimeters are pulled to form an included angle of 75 degrees, the branches with the length of more than 80 centimeters are cultured into a large branch group, and the rest branches are released slowly; keeping a 65-degree included angle between the edge plant and the central plant; in winter, the middle trunk extension branches are cut by 55 cm, and the vigorous branches and the upright branches are removed;
(2) in the second year: in summer, large branch groups are cultured by a method of the first year, back branches on the main branches are removed, and back dense main branches on the central trunk of the side plant are removed; the young shoots on the central trunk are subjected to angle opening by using toothpicks or an angle opener, and dense branches are thinned; in autumn, flattening branches with the length of more than 80 cm; in winter, the extended branches of the middle trunk are cut and remained by about 50 cm, the main branches are selected and remained according to the method of the first year, the main branches are not shortened after being extended, overlong branches on the main branches are removed, and the single-axis extension is kept;
(3) third year to fifth year: continuously culturing the central trunk and the main branches according to the method of the second year, and when the main branches are enough, falling heads and being open; changing the head of the central trunk by using weak branches, keeping the tree height of 2.5-3 meters, retracting overlong and oversize main branches and branch groups, removing competitive branches, inner chamber overgrowing branches and overlapped branches, and leveling upright strong branches; removing excessive main branches on the upper back of the central trunk of the side plant, and keeping an included angle of 65 degrees between the side plant and the central plant; and (4) updating drooping weak branches, updating and rejuvenating, maintaining stable tree vigor and ensuring ventilation and light transmission.
Example 3 planting method of Huangguan pears
The cultivation method in the planting method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) digging fixed planting holes and determining planting density, namely digging fixed planting points at the row spacing of 2 × 3.5.5 m, digging fixed planting holes with the length, width and depth of 60cm respectively by taking the fixed planting points as centers, uniformly mixing fertilizer and surface soil, and backfilling;
(2) taking strong pear seedlings without diseases and pests for field planting according to 4 plants in each field planting hole, planting 1 plant in the center of the field planting hole, uniformly distributing the rest 3 side plants around the field planting hole, forming an included angle of 70 degrees with the center plant, and forming a cluster shape in the field planting shape.
Example 4 planting method of Huangguan pears
On the basis of the embodiment 3, the shaping method after planting comprises the following specific steps:
(1) in the first year: the central plant and the side plants of the pear tree are fixed to be dry at about 80 cm, the central plant grows vertically, and the side plants and the central plant grow obliquely and directly at an included angle of 70 degrees; positioning carved buds before sprouting, promoting branching, and erasing young shoots below 40 cm after sprouting; in summer, keeping the central trunk growing vertically, softening the young shoots by picking branches, and controlling the growth vigor; when the growth of the young shoots stops in autumn, branches with the length of more than 80 centimeters are pulled to form an included angle of 70 degrees, the branches with the length of more than 80 centimeters are cultured into a large branch group, and the rest branches are released slowly; keeping a 70-degree included angle between the edge plant and the central plant; in winter, the middle trunk extension branches are cut for 58 cm, and the vigorous branches and the upright branches are removed;
(2) in the second year: in summer, large branch groups are cultured by a method of the first year, back branches on the main branches are removed, and back dense main branches on the central trunk of the side plant are removed; the young shoots on the central trunk are subjected to angle opening by using toothpicks or an angle opener, and dense branches are thinned; in autumn, flattening branches with the length of more than 80 cm; in winter, the extended branches of the middle trunk are cut and remained by about 50 cm, the main branches are selected and remained according to the method of the first year, the main branches are not shortened after being extended, overlong branches on the main branches are removed, and the single-axis extension is kept;
(3) third year to fifth year: continuously culturing the central trunk and the main branches according to the method of the second year, and when the main branches are enough, falling heads and being open; changing the head of the central trunk by using weak branches, keeping the tree height of 2.5-3 meters, retracting overlong and oversize main branches and branch groups, removing competitive branches, inner chamber overgrowing branches and overlapped branches, and leveling upright strong branches; removing excessive main branches on the upper back of the central trunk of the side plant, and keeping an included angle of 70 degrees between the side plant and the central plant; and (4) updating drooping weak branches, updating and rejuvenating, maintaining stable tree vigor and ensuring ventilation and light transmission.
Example 5 planting method of Yulu bergamot pears
The cultivation method in the planting method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) digging fixed planting holes and determining planting density, namely digging fixed planting points at the row spacing of 2 × 3.5.5 m, digging fixed planting holes with the length, width and depth of 60cm respectively by taking the fixed planting points as centers, uniformly mixing fertilizer and surface soil, and backfilling;
(2) taking strong pear seedlings without diseases and pests for field planting according to 4 plants in each field planting hole, planting 1 plant in the center of the field planting hole, uniformly distributing the rest 3 side plants around the field planting hole, forming an included angle of 60 degrees with the center plant, and forming a cluster shape in the field planting shape.
Example 6 planting method of Yulu bergamot pears
On the basis of the embodiment 5, the shaping method after planting comprises the following specific steps:
(1) in the first year: the central plant and the side plants of the pear tree are fixed to be dry at about 80 cm, the central plant grows vertically, and the side plants and the central plant grow obliquely and directly at an included angle of 60 degrees; positioning carved buds before sprouting, promoting branching, and erasing young shoots below 40 cm after sprouting; in summer, keeping the central trunk growing vertically, softening the young shoots by picking branches, and controlling the growth vigor; when the growth of the young shoots stops in autumn, branches with the length of more than 80 centimeters are pulled to form an included angle of 80 degrees, the branches with the length of more than 80 centimeters are cultured into a large branch group, and the rest branches are released slowly; keeping the included angle of 60 degrees between the edge plant and the central plant; in winter, the middle trunk extension branches are cut by 50 cm, and the vigorous branches and the upright branches are removed;
(2) in the second year: in summer, large branch groups are cultured by a method of the first year, back branches on the main branches are removed, and back dense main branches on the central trunk of the side plant are removed; the young shoots on the central trunk are subjected to angle opening by using toothpicks or an angle opener, and dense branches are thinned; in autumn, flattening branches with the length of more than 80 cm; in winter, the extended branches of the middle trunk are cut and remained by about 50 cm, the main branches are selected and remained according to the method of the first year, the main branches are not shortened after being extended, overlong branches on the main branches are removed, and the single-axis extension is kept;
(3) third year to fifth year: continuously culturing the central trunk and the main branches according to the method of the second year, and when the main branches are enough, falling heads and being open; changing the head of the central trunk by using weak branches, keeping the tree height of 2.5-3 meters, retracting overlong and oversize main branches and branch groups, removing competitive branches, inner chamber overgrowing branches and overlapped branches, and leveling upright strong branches; removing excessive main branches on the upper back of the central trunk of the side plant, and keeping an included angle of 60 degrees between the side plant and the central plant; and (4) updating drooping weak branches, updating and rejuvenating, maintaining stable tree vigor and ensuring ventilation and light transmission.
Test example 1
When the green-crown pears are planted, the common close planting cultivation density is 1m × 3m, a common shaping method is adopted, the yield of each pear in 4 th year is about 20kg, about 222 pear in 667 square meters, the yield is about 4500kg, the average soluble solid content is 11.7%, and the commodity rate is 80%.
When Huangguan pears are planted, the common close planting cultivation density is 1m × 3m, a common shaping method is adopted, the yield of each Huangguan pear is about 27kg in 4 th year, about 222 Huangguan pears per 667 square meters, the yield is about 6000kg, the average soluble solid content is 12.0%, and the commodity rate is 80%.
When Yulu bergamot pears are planted, the common close planting cultivation density is 1m × 3m, a common shaping method is adopted, the yield of each Yulu bergamot pear is about 32kg in 4 th year, about 222 Yulu bergamot pears per 667 square meters, the yield is about 7000kg, the average soluble solid content is 12.7%, and the commodity fruit rate is 80%.
Compared with the common close planting method, the common close planting method has the same factors except different cultivation and shaping methods.
Claims (7)
1. The pear tree planting method is characterized in that the cultivation method in the planting method comprises the following specific steps:
(1) digging fixed planting holes and determining planting density, namely digging fixed planting points at the row spacing of 2 × 3.5.5 m, digging fixed planting holes with the length, width and depth of 60cm respectively by taking the fixed planting points as centers, uniformly mixing fertilizer and surface soil, and backfilling;
(2) taking strong pear seedlings without diseases and pests for field planting according to 4 plants in each field planting hole, planting 1 plant in the center of the field planting hole, uniformly distributing the rest 3 side plants around the field planting hole, forming an included angle of 60-70 degrees with the center plant, and forming a cluster shape in the field planting shape;
the planting method also comprises a shaping method, and the specific steps are as follows:
(1) in the first year: the central plant and the side plants of the pear tree are fixed to be dry at about 80 cm, the central plant grows vertically, and the side plants and the central plant grow obliquely and vertically at an included angle of 60-70 degrees; positioning carved buds before sprouting, promoting branching, and erasing young shoots below 40 cm after sprouting; in summer, keeping the central trunk growing vertically, softening the young shoots by picking branches, and controlling the growth vigor; when the growth of young shoots stops in autumn, branches with the length of more than 80 centimeters are pulled to form included angles of 70-80 degrees, the branches with the length of more than 80 centimeters are cultured into large branch groups, and the rest branches are released slowly; keeping an included angle of 60-70 degrees between the edge plant and the central plant; in winter, the middle trunk extension branches are cut by 50-60 cm, and the vigorous branches and the upright branches are removed;
(2) in the second year: in summer, large branch groups are cultured by a method of the first year, back branches on the main branches are removed, and back dense main branches on the central trunk of the side plant are removed; the young shoots on the central trunk are subjected to angle opening by using toothpicks or an angle opener, and dense branches are thinned; in autumn, flattening branches with the length of more than 80 cm; in winter, the extended branches of the middle trunk are cut and remained by about 50 cm, the main branches are selected and remained according to the method of the first year, the main branches are not shortened after being extended, overlong branches on the main branches are removed, and the single-axis extension is kept;
(3) third year to fifth year: continuously culturing the central trunk and the main branches according to the method of the second year, and when the main branches are enough, falling heads and being open; changing the head of the central trunk by using weak branches, keeping the tree height of 2.5-3 meters, retracting overlong and oversize main branches and branch groups, removing competitive branches, inner chamber overgrowing branches and overlapped branches, and leveling upright strong branches; removing excessive main branches on the upper back of the central trunk of the side plant, and keeping an included angle of 60-70 degrees between the side plant and the central plant; and (4) updating drooping weak branches, updating and rejuvenating, maintaining stable tree vigor and ensuring ventilation and light transmission.
2. The planting method of claim 1, wherein the 3 side plants and the central plant in step (2) of the cultivation method are all at an included angle of 65 degrees.
3. The planting method according to claim 1, wherein branches with a length of 80 cm or more are subjected to branch pulling when the young shoots stop growing in the autumn in the step (1) of the shaping method, and the included angle is 75 degrees.
4. The planting method according to claim 1, wherein in the shaping method, in the step (1), more than 80 cm of branches are cultured into a large branch group, and the rest branches are slowly released.
5. The growing method according to claim 1, wherein the 65 degree angle between the border and central plants is maintained in step (1) of the reshaping method.
6. The planting method according to claim 1, wherein in the step (1) of the shaping method, the middle-trunk extended branches are cut for 55 cm in winter.
7. The growing method according to claim 1, wherein the side plants are maintained at an angle of 65 degrees to the central plant in step (3) of the reshaping method.
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| CN109380050A (en) * | 2018-10-31 | 2019-02-26 | 辽宁省果树科学研究所 | A kind of highly dense method for planting of pears |
| CN110915522A (en) * | 2019-12-10 | 2020-03-27 | 江苏省农业技术推广总站 | Cultivation management and shaping method for pear trees |
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