CN1067949C - 电动车辆 - Google Patents

电动车辆 Download PDF

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CN1067949C
CN1067949C CN98119157A CN98119157A CN1067949C CN 1067949 C CN1067949 C CN 1067949C CN 98119157 A CN98119157 A CN 98119157A CN 98119157 A CN98119157 A CN 98119157A CN 1067949 C CN1067949 C CN 1067949C
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battery
vehicle
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battery unit
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CN1223208A (zh
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中西利明
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Panasonic Holdings Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H02J7/0031—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits using battery or load disconnect circuits
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/80—Exchanging energy storage elements, e.g. removable batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/12—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries responding to state of charge [SoC]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/10—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries
    • B60L58/24—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries
    • B60L58/26—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling batteries for controlling the temperature of batteries by cooling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/00032—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by data exchange
    • H02J7/00036—Charger exchanging data with battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/00047—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with provisions for charging different types of batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0063—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with circuits adapted for supplying loads from the battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/007188—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters
    • H02J7/007192—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature
    • H02J7/007194—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the charge cycle being controlled or terminated in response to non-electric parameters in response to temperature of the battery
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2250/00—Driver interactions
    • B60L2250/10—Driver interactions by alarm
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/12—Electric charging stations
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Tests Of Electric Status Of Batteries (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供一种电池互换性优良且可靠性和经济性良好的电动车辆。本发明的电动车辆包括由电力驱动的驱动部，控制驱动部的车辆控制器，向驱动部提供电力的电池单元，对电池单元进行充电的充电部；电池单元备有多个二次电池及监测手段，该监测手段监测二次电池状态，根据得到的信息，向车辆控制器发送信号。

Description

电动车辆
本发明涉及以二次电池为动力源的电动车辆，尤其涉及其二次电池的充放电控制方法。
随着酸铅蓄电池、镍氢蓄电池、锂二次电池等二次电池的性能和可靠性提高，开发了许多利用这些二次电池的机器设备。尤其，近年来，随着绿色能源意愿的扩大，以二次电池为动力源，用电动机驱动的汽车，小型摩托车、叉车等电动车辆倍受关注。
在这种电动车辆中，由装载在车辆主体上的车辆控制器进行电动机输出控制和电池的监测控制。该车辆控制器监测装载在车辆上的电池的残存容量、输出电压、冷却状态等，掌握劣化状况等电池状态，根据得到的电池的信息，控制对电动机的输出和电池充电。而且，车辆控制器根据需要，向乘车者发生警告。
在以往的电动车辆中，电池视作单一动力源。因而做成，车辆控制器固定在车辆主体，当因电池性能劣化或故障而更换电池时，仅更换电池这种结构。但是，在更换规格不同的电池时，每次必须相应于要用的电池规格变更车辆控制器的设定。在美国专利USP5627438中公开了一种用于电动车辆的常规电源***。
本发明为解决上述问题，其目的在于廉价提供电池互换性优良、可靠性高的电动车辆。
本发明的电动车辆具备：用电力驱动电动车辆的驱动部，控制驱动部的车辆控制器，向驱动部提供电力的电池单元及对电池单元进行充电的充电部。电池单元具有多个二次电池及监测二次电池状态，并根据得到的信息，向车辆控制器发送信号的监测手段。车辆控制器根据来自电池单元的信号，控制驱动部及充电部。
在以往的电动车辆中，固定在车辆上的车辆控制器监测电池的信息。与此相反，在本发明的电动车辆中，电池及监测电池的手段构成成一个单元。即，在与电池同一单元中，取得电池信息，向单元外部的车辆控制器发出控制指令。车辆控制器根据来自电池单元的指令信号，控制驱动部和充电部。
大体上，与电动车辆的机架相比电池的耐久性要短。因而，在多数情况下，即使机器仍在使用，而电池由于使用寿命必须更换。因此，若电动车辆的行驶距离达到预定值或电池的使用时间达到预定值，要更换电池。又，为了提高车辆的动力性能，也有必要更换成性能较高的电池。在每个单元中进行这种电池更换。
若使电池单元发送至车辆控制器的指令信号标准化，且在监测手段进行与单元内电池规格相适应的设定，则在使用规格不同的电池时，也不必进行麻烦的车辆控制设定值的变更。又，由于能有效地控制电池输出，可充分发挥电池性能，确保高可靠性。
在车辆中，预留了装载电池所用的空间。若新电池是比原来所用电池小型的电池，电池单元可收容于该空间中，则可使用比原来数量更多的电池。因而，从空间有效利用的观点来看也是有效果的。且，易于适应电池性能的提高。
在本发明的电动车辆的较佳实施方式中，电池单元构成一个可从车辆拆卸的单元，例如若构成电池单元的全部部件均收容于筐形箱中作为一个单元，该箱可从车辆上脱卸，则电池更换时的操作性能大大提高。
在本发明电动车辆的较佳实施方式中，监测手段检测二次电池的电压或温度。
最好，在电池单元中设置用于冷却二次电池的冷却手段。独立于车辆(却车辆控制器)地在单元中设置冷却风扇与通风结构、水泵及通水结构组合等冷却手段。更理想的是，冷却手段相应于监测手段检测的二次电池的温度而动作，从而可比照因长时间运转引起的温度升高，对每个单元内部的电池，施加适合其特性的冷却。
图1是本发明一个实施例的电动汽车的构成示意图。
图2是用于图1电动汽车的电池单元外观的立体图。
图3是上述电池单元的监测手段的构成略图。
下文，参照附图，详细说明本发明的实施例。
本实施例的电动车辆构成示于图1。在该电动车辆中，电池单元10的输出电流使电动机15旋转，从而驱动车辆16。其中，电池单元10输出的直流电流，由变换器13变换成交流电流后，提供给电动机15。又，制动时的动能，通过电动机15及变换器13作为发电器从而把该动能变换成电能。此后，产生的直流电流提供给电池单元10。
电池单元10构成一个可从电动车辆折卸的单元。电池单元10，如图2所示，收容于筐形箱子30中。筐形箱30中的电池单元10用固定带(未图示)固定安装构件31，从而安装在电动车辆上。用于电力输入输出的电气配线33，使电池单元10中的电池部1与充电装置12及变换器13相连。监测手段信号用的电气配线34，连接电池单元10中的监测手段3及车辆控制器11。冷却用空气口32吸入冷却用空气至筐形箱30内，即吸至电池单元10内。
作为电池单元10的输出电源的电池部1，由串联的多个二次电池构成。例如镍氢蓄电池可用作二次电池。
风扇4冷却电池部1，以防止其温度升高。电池电流传感器5检测电池部1的输出电流，向监测手段3传送与检测的电流量有关的信号。温度传感器6，检测电池部1的温度，向监测手段3传送对应的信号。设置在冷却用空气口32附近的吸气温度传感器8，检测吸入电池单元10内的空气温度，向监测手段3传送对应的信号。其中，例如分别采用热敏电阻和热电偶作为温度传感器6及吸气温度传感器8。
电池单元10的输出，经变换器13，向电动机15提供。又，充电时，外部电源(未图示)连接连接器19，来自外电源的电流，经充电部12，向电池单元10提供。
监测手段3，如图3所示，具有各自检测输入信号的电流检测部21、温度检测部22及电压检测部23。电流检测部21根据来自电池电流传感器5的信号，检测电池部1的输出电流。温度检测部22，根据来自温度传感器6的信号，检测电池部1的温度，且根据来自吸气温度传感器8的信号，检测吸入空气的温度。电压检测部23，通过连接电池部1的电气配线7，检测电池部1的总电压，或由多个二次电池构成的电池组的电压。
这些涉及电池单元10的信息输出至运算部24。运算部24根据预先存储的程序分析这些信息，  向车辆控制器11发送指令信号。定时器25每隔一定时间，使运算手段24的运算结果输出到车辆控制器11。
又，运算部24控制风扇4的旋转。例如在长时间运行而导致电池部1的温度升高，从而比预定温度高，或电池部1的温度与吸气温度的差变得比设定值大时，运算部24使电扇4较早旋转，从而提高电池部1的冷却效率。
上述监测手段3采用已有技术，能方便地用一个装置构成。
车辆控制器11根据来自监测手段3的指令信号，控制充电部12及变换器13。
充电部12，根据来自车辆控制器11的控制信号，控制电池部1充电。
变换部13根据来自车辆控制器11的控制信号，调整由电池单元10传送至电动机15的电流量。一旦监测手段3检测出电池部1急剧发热等异常情况，则向车辆控制器11发出指令，强制使变换器13减少对电动机15的电力供给，或经一定时间后，停止电力供应。例如，监测手段3分析电池单元10有无故障、电池劣化程度及内部电阻值等信息，由此，监测手段3向车辆控制器发出指令，使电动机15输出降低，抑制电池劣化发展，以延长车辆的行驶距离。
又，车辆控制器11，在显示手段14上显示由电池单元得到的电池信息。
在显示手段14上例如显示：电池单元10的各构成部件的故障信息，电池单元10的更换必要性及适当的更换时间，最佳充电时间，电池部1的剩余容量、内部电阻、劣化程度等与电池部1状态相关的信息。又，还可告知，对电池单元10的异常的处理方法、电池单元10的预测寿命和适当的更换时期。最好显示敦促使用者注意的消息等确保电池部1安全性及可靠性所需的全部信息。显示手段14例如可采用LED或液晶面板。
如上所述，根据本发明，可提供可靠性高的电动车辆。而且，本发明的电动车辆，能脱离车辆主体开发电源，因而与按包含电池规格的整个车辆进行开发相比，可缩短开发时间，从而可减少总的开发成本。

Claims (7)

1．一种电动车辆，它包括：由电力驱动的驱动部；控制所述驱动部的车辆控制器；向所述驱动部提供电力的电池单元；对所述电池单元进行充电的充电部；其特征在于，
所述电池单元具备多个二次电池及监测手段，所述监测手段监测所述二次电池的状态并根据得到的信息向所述车辆控制器发送信号；
所述车辆控制器，根据来自所述电池单元的信号控制所述驱动部及所述充电部。
2．如权利要求1所述的电动车辆，其特征在于，所述电池单元构成为一个可自车辆拆卸的单元。
3．如权利要求1所述的电动车辆，其特征在于，所述监测手段检测所述二次电池的电压。
4．如权利要求1所述的电动车辆，其特征在于，所述监测手段检测所述二次电池的温度。
5．如权利要求1所述的电动车辆，其特征在于，所述电池单元包括用于冷却所述二次电池的冷却手段。
6．如权利要求5所述的电动车辆，其特征在于，所述冷却手段相应于所述监测手段检测的二次电池的温度而动作。
7．如权利要求1所述的电动车辆，其特征在于，所述电池单元包括显示得到的信息的显示部。
CN98119157A 1997-09-09 1998-09-08 电动车辆 Expired - Lifetime CN1067949C (zh)

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