CN106171802A - A kind of breeding method of the wild seedling of Caulis Spatholobi - Google Patents
A kind of breeding method of the wild seedling of Caulis Spatholobi Download PDFInfo
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- CN106171802A CN106171802A CN201610787850.XA CN201610787850A CN106171802A CN 106171802 A CN106171802 A CN 106171802A CN 201610787850 A CN201610787850 A CN 201610787850A CN 106171802 A CN106171802 A CN 106171802A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
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Abstract
The present invention relates to field of plant growing technology, disclose the breeding method of the wild seedling of a kind of Caulis Spatholobi, heel in and four steps such as final-period management including the preparation in nursery, wild seedling collection, the pack of wild seedling.The Seedling bag made of plant flaxen fiber in this method cultivates seedling, need not special messenger look after, have only to water at a fixed time, apply fertilizer, hoe up weeds, Seedling bag is frivolous ventilative, the nest root of seedling, askew, dilute, the problem such as rotten root can be prevented effectively from, improve the various resistances during seed cultivation and the speed of growth, and Seedling bag can directly field planting；The seedling medium mixed by fertile soil, fertilizer, Sanguis Draxonis slag and loam can provide the nutrient of abundance for wild seedling, it is ensured that the supply of various organic matters in cultivating process；Rapid, the well developed root system with the method cultivation seedling early growth in the present invention, survival rate is high, and nursery about 4 months can carry out field planting, and survival rate, up to more than 95%, effectively solves endangered wild Caulis Spatholobi resource utilization issue.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to field of plant growing technology, concrete, relate to the breeding method of the wild seedling of a kind of Caulis Spatholobi.
Background technology
The evergreen woody climber of Caulis Spatholobi, without hair, shoot dirty-green, base portion has harbored several pieces of triangular shape perulas.Stem is dark violet green
Color, has canescence hole skin, main root yellowish-brown, cross section mulberry.Leaf papery, oval or ovum shape ellipse, long 6 ~ 13 centimetres,
Wide 3 ~ 6 centimetres, the rapid narrow short urgency of tip is sharp or tapering, and the wealthy wedge shape of base portion or circle are blunt, full edge or have the little tooth of estranged callose, lateral vein
Every 7 ~ 10, limit, dry rear two sides is the most homochromy, and lower mask is close by superfine white gland point.
Caulis Spatholobi is Dicotyledoneae pulse family Kadsura Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis kind, be distributed mainly on Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi,
The ground such as Yunnan, are grown in the woods of height above sea level less than 1800 meters.
The medicinal part of Caulis Spatholobi is to be dried root and rhizome, cures mainly rheumatism tibialgia, menoxenia, blood deficiency and yellow complexion, numbness
Paralysis, rheumatic arthralgia etc., for China's Chinese medicine material, be the raw material of a lot of clinical application, and market demand is huge, Caulis Spatholobi
Impoverishment tolerant, strong adaptability, sometimes up to tens of rice, is also urban afforestation and desertification, the preferable liana of desertification treatment
Kind.
In recent years adopt due to ecological impact and artificial unordered unrest, do not focus on the protection of resource so that wild Caulis Spatholobi
Quantity is fewer and feweri, and resource is the deficientest, and investigation finds, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan have not had extensive Caulis Spatholobi to provide
Source, only has fragmentary distribution, carries out cultivating of wild seedling and plants the wild feature that can keep Caulis Spatholobi to greatest extent, keeps excellent
Good inherited character, is worth promoting.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is for the deficiencies in the prior art, it is provided that the wild seedling of a kind of Caulis Spatholobi
Breeding method, keeps excellent inherited character, improves Caulis Spatholobi yield, meets medical industry raw materials requirement.
The breeding method of the wild seedling of a kind of Caulis Spatholobi is provided, comprises the following steps:
S1. the preparation in nursery: choose vacant lot, the sandy loam that Land leveling is laid after good a layer 1～3cm does seedbed, with 5%
Potassium permanganate solution carries out spray disinfectant, and ground surrounding digs ditch draining；Building cool canopy on selected vacant lot, frame is flat-top shape
Or semicircle, ceiling and the shading screen that surrounding light transmittance is 60%～70% are built and fix；
The wildest seedling collection: in 2～March the wild Caulis Spatholobi of height above sea level more than 1000 meters take vegetatively without pest and disease damage,
The normal wild seedling of rattan lignifying, color and luster, yellow mud root when being unearthed, keep root to moisten；
The pack of the wildest seedling is heeled in: prepares Seedling bag, can select the non-woven fabrics degradable nourishing bag of 6 × 16cm specification, tool
Body ground, described Seedling bag material is plant flaxen fiber, in case follow-up directly by Seedling bag field planting, improve survival rate；Choose by corruption
Grow soil that soil, fertilizer, Sanguis Draxonis slag and loam mix as seedling medium；Wild seedling is put into Seedling bag center
Substrate is filled up, it is ensured that the root embedded depth of wild seedling is 6～8cm, and Seedling bag is the most neatly placed on seedbed behind position,
Water in time and determine root；
S4. final-period management: heel in rear every day and sooner or later water 1～2 time, concrete according to depending on weather condition, it is ensured that seedbed moisture fills
Foot；The most periodically carry out 2 manual weedings；After heeling in 1 month, wild seedling adapts to seedbed environment the most substantially, now removes shade
Canopy, it is ensured that illumination condition sufficient on seedbed；When wild species height of seedling degree grows to 30～40cm, by Seedling bag and wild seedling one
Rise and carry out field planting.
Further, the fertilizer in described seedling medium is that human and animal excreta mixes with straw, carries for wild seedling
For full nutrition, the organic matter increasing and updating in substrate.
Further, Caulis Spatholobi is grown on well in the sandy loam that the soil is porous, and the loam in described seedling medium is particle diameter
The sand soil of 0.02～2mm.
The part by weight of fertile soil, fertilizer, Sanguis Draxonis slag and loam described in step S3 does not do considered critical, but is preferably
1:1:1:1, provides good growth substrate environment for wild seedling, ensures higher survival rate.
Preferably, the loam in described seedling medium is the sand soil of particle diameter 0.02～2mm.
Preferably, the method for described field planting comprises the following steps:
S01. field planting ground addressing and process: select 500～1500 meters of height above sea levels, primordial plant garden or LAOJI Caulis seu Radix Schisandrae Henryi ground or Lignum pterocarpi indici
Forest vegetation forest land, as field planting ground, prepares field planting hole, and field planting hole specification about grows 40 centimeters × wide 50 centimeters × deep 30 centimeters, field planting
Hole puts into 5 kilograms of farm manures or 0.5 kilogram of compound fertilizer's bottoming make base manure after earthing mix thoroughly；
S02. transplant: selection rainy day or cloudy day transplant, moisten with thickness yellow mud root, holding root when Caulis Spatholobi Seedling goes out garden, shifting
During cultivation, being sufficiently spread out seedling root hair being placed in field planting hole, earthing waters after treading determines root water；The density of described transplanting is every mu
20～25 strains；
S03. final-period management.
Preferably, described final-period management includes following operation:
(1) water: supplement underground water depending on weather condition in good time and divide, in time the seedling not survived is filled the gaps with seedlings, until surviving also
Grow twig；
(2) loosen the soil and hoe up weeds: removing the miscellaneous tree weeds of woodland in time, transplant and once loosen the soil, after loosening the soil about rear 1 first quarter moon
Cover earth's surface with deadwood blade of grass, it is to avoid table soil is exposed, reduce water loss；
(3) fertilising: topdress once in after field planting about 3 months, digging dressing furrow from Caulis Spatholobi root about 30 centimeters, putting in ditch
Enter earthing after 5 kilograms of farm manures or 0.5 kilogram of compound fertilizer, it is to avoid fertilizer is exposed to be entered into water body by rain drop erosion and pollute；
Pruning unnecessary tendril, every strain retains 2～3 main rattans simultaneously, draws main rattan in time and climbs the tree, it is ensured that the normal life of Caulis Spatholobi
Long, in order to avoid unnecessary tendril waste nutrient, cause main rattan the most sturdy；
Specifically, the specification of described dressing furrow is wide 15cm, deep 20cm, and dressing furrow was avoided being wider than the waste taking an advanced study into fertilizer,
Fertilizer in dressing furrow is that Caulis Spatholobi carries nutrient endlessly；
(4) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: Caulis Spatholobi as medicinal plants, its planting process should be paid attention to active constituent content accumulation and
Overall productivity, also to use chemical fertilizer less, it is ensured that medical material safe and effective, therefore selects public nuisance-free agricultural chemicals preventing and treating caterpillar
Deng Leaf-feeding Insects, based on Biological control, it is to avoid spray on a large scale and excess applying pesticides.For the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control, this
Invention sprays for every 20 days after field planting with 1000 times of liquid of 50% carbendazim, can effectively prevention and elimination of disease and pests.At Caulis Spatholobi Seedling trophophase very
There is insect pest phenomenon less.Black cutworm or chafer larva is occasionally had to sting food root, every mu of available 2～3 kilogram of 50% phoxim
Grain or spray 40% Le Siben cream 1000～2000 times of nights, 75% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate 1000 times liquid；Black cutworm to sugar, vinegar,
Honey, wine etc. are sweet, Studies of The Aromatic Substances has hobby especially, it is possible to arrange sweet-and-sour liquid trapping: sugar 6 parts, vinegar 3 parts, Chinese liquor 1 part, 10 parts of water add suitable
Amount dichlorvos, is contained in basin, is put in nursery lot in the evening, effectively and avoid spraying on a large scale and use agriculture with excess
Medicine.The safe and effective of medical material is ensured while being conducive to the accumulation of active constituent content and overall productivity.
The method have the advantages that
The present invention uses wild seedling to cultivate, and can solve wild resource problem less and less, thus by wild Caulis Spatholobi
Excellent heritability preserve；This method cultivates seedling with degradable Seedling bag, it is not necessary to special messenger looks after, it is only necessary to solid
The fixed time waters, applies fertilizer, hoes up weeds, and Seedling bag is frivolous ventilative, can be prevented effectively from the nest root of seedling, askew, dilute, rotten
The problems such as root, improve the various resistances during seed cultivation and the speed of growth, and Seedling bag can directly field planting；Spy in step 2
The seedling medium of system can provide the nutrient of abundance for wild seedling, it is ensured that the supply of various organic matters in cultivating process；With this
Method cultivation seedling early growth in bright is rapid, well developed root system, and survival rate is high, and nursery about 4 months can carry out field planting, survival rate
Up to more than 95%.
Detailed description of the invention
Below by way of specific embodiment, the invention will be further described, the invention is not limited in following being embodied as
Mode.
Embodiment 1:
The breeding method of the wild seedling of a kind of Caulis Spatholobi is provided, comprises the following steps:
S1. the preparation in nursery: choose vacant lot at In Xishuangbanna of Yunnan, the sandy loam that Land leveling is laid after good one layer of 2cm does
Seedbed, the potassium permanganate solution with 5% carries out spray disinfectant, and ground surrounding digs ditch draining；Cool canopy is built in selected vacant lot,
Frame is flat-top shape, and ceiling and the shading screen that surrounding light transmittance is 65% are built and fix；
The wildest seedling collection: take without pest and disease damage, rattan lignifying, color on the Nan Gong mountain, Menla of height above sea level 1375 meters March
Pool normal wild seedling 1000 strain, yellow mud root when being unearthed, keep root to moisten；
The wild seedling that this step provides does not does source place and limits, the wild species that those skilled in the art find elsewhere
Seedling can use the present embodiment method to cultivate equally.
The pack of the wildest seedling is heeled in: Seedling bag selects the degradable nourishing that the plant flaxen fiber of 6 × 16cm specification makes
Bag；Choose the soil mixed by the part by weight of 1:1:1:1 by fertile soil, fertilizer, Sanguis Draxonis slag and loam as educating
Seedling substrate, wherein fertilizer is that human and animal excreta mixes with straw, provides full nutrition for wild seedling, increases and update base
Organic matter in matter, loam is the sand soil of particle diameter 0.02～2mm；Base is filled up after wild seedling is put into Seedling bag center
Matter, it is ensured that the root embedded depth of wild seedling is 7cm, is the most neatly placed on seedbed by Seedling bag, waters in time and determines root；
S4. final-period management: heel in rear every day and sooner or later water, concrete according to depending on weather condition, it is ensured that seedbed moisture is sufficient；
The most periodically carry out 2 manual weedings；After heeling in 1 month, wild seedling adapts to seedbed environment the most substantially, now removes cool canopy,
Ensure illumination condition sufficient on seedbed；When wild species height of seedling degree grows to 35cm, Seedling bag and wild seedling are carried out together
Field planting.
Through statistics, 1000 strain wild Caulis Spatholobi seedling survival rate when field planting is 96%, and during field planting, the footpath, ground of Caulis Spatholobi
Averagely reach more than 0.8.
Embodiment 2:
The breeding method of the wild seedling of a kind of Caulis Spatholobi is provided, comprises the following steps:
S1. the preparation in nursery: choose vacant lot at In Xishuangbanna of Yunnan, the sandy loam that Land leveling is laid after good one layer of 2cm does
Seedbed, the potassium permanganate solution with 5% carries out spray disinfectant, and ground surrounding digs ditch draining；Cool canopy is built in selected vacant lot,
Frame is flat-top shape, and ceiling and the shading screen that surrounding light transmittance is 65% are built and fix；
The wildest seedling collection: take without pest and disease damage, rattan lignifying, color in the big Black Hills of Meng Lian of height above sea level 1375 meters March
Pool normal wild seedling 1000 strain, yellow mud root when being unearthed, keep root to moisten；
The wild seedling that this step provides does not does source place and limits, the wild species that those skilled in the art find elsewhere
Seedling can use the present embodiment method to cultivate equally.
The pack of the wildest seedling is heeled in: Seedling bag selects the degradable nourishing that the plant flaxen fiber of 6 × 16cm specification makes
Bag；Choose the soil mixed by the part by weight of 1:1:1:1 by fertile soil, fertilizer, Sanguis Draxonis slag and loam as educating
Seedling substrate, wherein fertilizer is that human and animal excreta mixes with straw, provides full nutrition for wild seedling, increases and update base
Organic matter in matter, loam is the sand soil of particle diameter 0.02～2mm；Base is filled up after wild seedling is put into Seedling bag center
Matter, it is ensured that the root embedded depth of wild seedling is 7cm, is the most neatly placed on seedbed by Seedling bag, waters in time and determines root；
S4. final-period management: heel in rear every day and sooner or later water, concrete according to depending on weather condition, it is ensured that seedbed moisture is sufficient；
The most periodically carry out 2 manual weedings；After heeling in 1 month, wild seedling adapts to seedbed environment the most substantially, now removes cool canopy,
Ensure illumination condition sufficient on seedbed；When wild species height of seedling degree grows to 35cm, Seedling bag and wild seedling are carried out together
Field planting.
Through statistics, 1000 strain wild Caulis Spatholobi seedling survival rate when field planting is 96%, and during field planting, the footpath, ground of Caulis Spatholobi
Averagely reach more than 0.8.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment provides the field planting method of a kind of Caulis Spatholobi Seedling, comprises the following steps:
S1. the wild Caulis Spatholobi seedling of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2 gained is used to carry out field planting；
S2. addressing and process: select field planting ground to carry out survival after transplant, after sylvan life vacant lot miscellaneous tree weeds are removed in transplanting front ten days with
After, dig field planting hole by the distance of 2 meters × 2 meters, field planting hole specification is about grown 40 centimeters × wide 50 centimeters × deep 30 centimeters, is put in hole
5 kilograms of farm manures or great Si Te compound fertilizer (every strain fertilising 0.25kg) after base manure is made in bottoming earthing mix thoroughly；
S3. transplant: selecting the cloudy day to transplant in April, now weather warms up, and with heavy rainfall, beneficially seedling survives, when seedling goes out garden
With thickness yellow mud root, keep root to moisten, cut the leaf of about 2/3, reduce moisture evaporation；During transplanting, seedling root hair is filled
Dividing expansion to be placed in field planting hole, earthing waters after treading determines root water.
The density transplanted is 22 plants/acre, it is thus achieved that preferably field planting effect, Caulis Spatholobi is come along fine.
S4. final-period management:
(1) water: supplement underground water depending on weather condition in good time and divide, in time the seedling not survived is filled the gaps with seedlings, until surviving also
Grow twig；
(2) loosen the soil and hoe up weeds: removing the miscellaneous tree weeds of woodland in time, transplant rear 1 first quarter moon and once loosen the soil, with withered after loosening the soil
Branch blade of grass covers earth's surface, it is to avoid table soil is exposed, reduces water loss；
(3) fertilising: topdress once in after field planting 3 months, is wide 10cm digging specification from Caulis Spatholobi root 30 centimeters, deep 20cm's
Dressing furrow, puts into earthing after 0.5 kilogram of compound fertilizer in ditch, it is to avoid fertilizer is exposed to be entered into water body by rain drop erosion and cause dirt
Dye；Pruning unnecessary tendril, every strain retains 2 main rattans simultaneously, draws main rattan in time and climbs the tree, it is ensured that the normal life of Caulis Spatholobi
Long, in order to avoid unnecessary tendril waste nutrient, cause main rattan the most sturdy；
(4) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: select the Leaf-feeding Insects such as public nuisance-free agricultural chemicals preventing and treating caterpillar, based on Biological control, it is to avoid big model
The sprinkling enclosed and excess applying pesticides.
The present embodiment determine in different bases respectively field planting ground, including brave foster cyanines ditch woods, brave foster scondary forest, as bright Jing Gou
Woods, as bright scondary forest, Ficus racemosa woods, LAOJI Caulis seu Radix Schisandrae Henryi ground, Burma padauk woods and scondary forest.
Claims (10)
1. the breeding method of the wild seedling of Caulis Spatholobi, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
S1. the preparation in nursery: choose vacant lot, the sandy loam that Land leveling is laid after good a layer 1～3cm does seedbed, with 5%
Potassium permanganate solution carries out spray disinfectant, and ground surrounding digs ditch draining；Building cool canopy on selected vacant lot, frame is flat-top shape
Or semicircle, ceiling and the shading screen that surrounding light transmittance is 60%～70% are built and fix；
The wildest seedling collection: in 2～March the wild Caulis Spatholobi of height above sea level more than 1000 meters take vegetatively without pest and disease damage,
The normal wild seedling of rattan lignifying, color and luster, yellow mud root when being unearthed, keep root to moisten；
The pack of the wildest seedling is heeled in: prepare Seedling bag, soil fertile soil, fertilizer, Sanguis Draxonis slag and loam mixed
Earth is as seedling medium；Substrate is filled up, it is ensured that the root of wild seedling buries after wild seedling is put into Seedling bag center
The degree of depth is 6～8cm, and Seedling bag is the most neatly placed on seedbed, waters in time and determines root；
S4. final-period management: heel in rear every day and sooner or later water 1～2 time；The most periodically carry out 2 manual weedings；After heeling in 1 month,
Remove cool canopy；When wild species height of seedling degree grows to 30～40cm, Seedling bag and wild seedling are carried out field planting together.
The breeding method of the wild seedling of Caulis Spatholobi the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that described Seedling bag material is
Degradable plant flaxen fiber.
The breeding method of the wild seedling of Caulis Spatholobi the most according to claim 1 and 2, it is characterised in that Seedling bag is specification
It it is the non-woven fabrics nutrient bag of 6 × 16cm.
The breeding method of the wild seedling of Caulis Spatholobi the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that in described seedling medium
Fertilizer is that human and animal excreta mixes with straw.
The breeding method of the wild seedling of Caulis Spatholobi the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that humic described in step S3
The part by weight of soil, fertilizer, Sanguis Draxonis slag and loam is 1:1:1:1.
6. according to the breeding method of the wild seedling of the Caulis Spatholobi described in claim 1 or 4, it is characterised in that described seedling medium
In the sand soil that loam is particle diameter 0.02～2mm.
The breeding method of the wild seedling of Caulis Spatholobi the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the method bag of described field planting
Include following steps:
S1. field planting ground addressing and process: select 500～1500 meters of height above sea levels, primordial plant garden or LAOJI Caulis seu Radix Schisandrae Henryi ground or Lignum pterocarpi indici
Forest vegetation forest land, as field planting ground, prepares field planting hole, and field planting hole specification about grows 40 centimeters × wide 50 centimeters × deep 30 centimeters, field planting
Hole puts into 5 kilograms of farm manures or 0.5 kilogram of compound fertilizer's bottoming make base manure after earthing mix thoroughly；
S2. transplant: selection rainy day or cloudy day transplant, moisten with thickness yellow mud root, holding root when Caulis Spatholobi Seedling goes out garden, transplanting
Time, it being sufficiently spread out seedling root hair being placed in field planting hole, earthing waters after treading determines root water；The density of described transplanting is every mu 20
～25 strains；
S3. final-period management.
The breeding method of the wild seedling of Caulis Spatholobi the most according to claim 7, it is characterised in that described final-period management includes
Below operation:
(1) water；
(2) loosen the soil and hoe up weeds: removing the miscellaneous tree weeds of woodland in time, transplant rear 1 first quarter moon and once loosen the soil, with withered after loosening the soil
Branch blade of grass covers earth's surface；
(3) fertilising；
(4) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control.
The breeding method of the wild seedling of Caulis Spatholobi the most according to claim 8, it is characterised in that described fertilising is field planting
Within latter 3 months, topdress once, digging dressing furrow from Caulis Spatholobi root about 30 centimeters, in ditch, put into 5 kilograms of farm manures or 0.5 public affairs
Earthing after jin compound fertilizer.
The breeding method of the wild seedling of Caulis Spatholobi the most according to claim 8, it is characterised in that the described prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control
It is to use with 1000 times of liquid sprays of 50% carbendazim and sweet-and-sour liquid trapping was set in every 20 days；Sweet-and-sour liquid consist of sugar 6 parts, vinegar 3
Part, Chinese liquor 1 part, 10 parts of water add appropriate dichlorvos mixing gained.
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Cited By (5)
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| CN106900316A (en) * | 2017-02-06 | 2017-06-30 | 云南农业大学 | A kind of method of wild bigflower centranthera root seed natural propagation |
| CN110506551A (en) * | 2019-08-12 | 2019-11-29 | 河池市农业生态与资源保护站 | A kind of expanding propagation method of Guangxi Hechi Fengshan wild tea |
| CN112021089A (en) * | 2020-09-03 | 2020-12-04 | 临沧道地中药材种植科技有限公司 | Seedling growing method of caulis Spatholobi Yunnanensis |
| CN112021090A (en) * | 2020-09-03 | 2020-12-04 | 临沧道地中药材种植科技有限公司 | Under-forest planting method of Yunnan caulis spatholobi |
| CN117480988A (en) * | 2023-12-29 | 2024-02-02 | 中铁六局集团呼和浩特铁路建设有限公司 | Method for planting trees and controlling sand by utilizing refrigerated seedlings |
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106900316A (en) * | 2017-02-06 | 2017-06-30 | 云南农业大学 | A kind of method of wild bigflower centranthera root seed natural propagation |
| CN110506551A (en) * | 2019-08-12 | 2019-11-29 | 河池市农业生态与资源保护站 | A kind of expanding propagation method of Guangxi Hechi Fengshan wild tea |
| CN112021089A (en) * | 2020-09-03 | 2020-12-04 | 临沧道地中药材种植科技有限公司 | Seedling growing method of caulis Spatholobi Yunnanensis |
| CN112021090A (en) * | 2020-09-03 | 2020-12-04 | 临沧道地中药材种植科技有限公司 | Under-forest planting method of Yunnan caulis spatholobi |
| CN117480988A (en) * | 2023-12-29 | 2024-02-02 | 中铁六局集团呼和浩特铁路建设有限公司 | Method for planting trees and controlling sand by utilizing refrigerated seedlings |
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Application publication date: 20161207 |