CN105210112B - 带有用于对眼睛安全的操作的非衍射光扩大的衍射光学元件 - Google Patents

带有用于对眼睛安全的操作的非衍射光扩大的衍射光学元件 Download PDF

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CN105210112B
CN105210112B CN201480021528.5A CN201480021528A CN105210112B CN 105210112 B CN105210112 B CN 105210112B CN 201480021528 A CN201480021528 A CN 201480021528A CN 105210112 B CN105210112 B CN 105210112B
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diffraction
optical element
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light
diffracted light
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CN105210112A (zh
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A·乔治欧
J·S·科林
S·B·康
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Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC
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Abstract

本主题的各方面涉及诸如在基于红外激光的投影/照明***中安全地投射衍射光图案。一旦将非衍射光(零阶)扩散(散焦)到眼睛安全级别，非衍射光就被折射。衍射的(非零阶)光被变异两次，例如，一次作为通过利用菲涅耳透镜(其不变异非衍射光)编码的衍射光学元件进行衍射的一部分，另一次是抵销另一次变异；两次变异可以在任一阶发生。各种替代方案包括将衍射光学元件定位在相对于折射光学元件的上游和下游，和/或通过正的和负的透镜来进行折射。

Description

带有用于对眼睛安全的操作的非衍射光扩大的衍射光学元件
背景技术
用于主动立体相机感测的已知技术和能够检测IR(红外)的一个或多个相机一起使用红外(IR)投射的图案。随着设计出更高分辨率的三维(3D)传感器以在越来越大的视野和距离操作，并且带有越来越高的分辨率，总的IR照明功率需要增大。
和一个或多个衍射光学元件(DOE)一起的IR激光器被用作产生这样的图案的电源。然而，在这样的功率级别，DOE的非衍射光(或零阶光，通常是总能量的固定的一小部分)的强度对眼睛安全是危险的。
降低非衍射光的强度的一种常见的方式是将两个生成光点的DOE串联。第一DOE创建复杂小点图案，第二个DOE通过很小的数量NxN，例如，3x3，复制它。由于非衍射光是总功率的固定比率，(例如，通过α来表示)，因此，非衍射光的最终功率是α/N2。如此，第二DOE有效地将强度能量缩小因子N2。这种所产生的功率的降低和增大的IR照明功率的需要相反。
发明内容
提供本发明内容是为了以简化的形式介绍将在以下详细描述中进一步描述的一些代表性的概念。本发明内容并不旨在标识出所要求保护的主题的关键因素或必要特征，也不旨在以将限定所要求保护的主题的范围的任何方式被使用。
简要地，此处所描述的主题的各方面涉及一般基于通过引入散焦或其他变异(aberration)来降低非衍射光的能量的对眼睛安全的衍射***。一方面，包括一个或多个DOE的DOE集不受影响地透射非衍射光(即，零阶)，而衍射光(即，非零阶光)被衍射到所希望的光图案。DOE集也被配置成变异(例如，聚焦、散焦、添加查涅克波阵面或任何其他任意变异)衍射光。折射光学元件(ROE)在光学上耦合到DOE集，折射地变异(例如，聚焦、散焦、添加查涅克波阵面或任何其他任意变异)来自DOE集的非衍射光和衍射光。由DOE集和ROE引入的变异使得它们对衍射光的整体效果被抵销或基本上抵销，而非衍射光只受ROE的影响。
一方面，投影机构被配置成输出衍射光点的图案，并散焦从其中输出的非衍射光。投影机构包括在光学上耦合的组件，包括激光光源、准直透镜、折射透镜，以及衍射光学元件集，该衍射光学元件集包括能够对光束引入变异(例如，通过编码衍射透镜元件(诸如DOE中的衍射菲涅耳透镜或菲涅耳带片)的方式来进行散焦)的至少一个衍射元件。折射透镜被配置成变异非衍射光，并抵销或基本上抵销由衍射元件对衍射光点的变异。
一方面，衍射光学元件集在光学上与折射透镜耦合。折射透镜散焦，并由此扩大没有被衍射光学元件集衍射的非衍射光，并抵销或基本上抵销被引入到由衍射光学元件集产生的衍射光的聚焦。
通过下面的结合附附图对本发明进行的详细说明，其他方面和优点可以变得显而易见。
附图简述
本发明是作为示例说明的，而不仅限于附图，在附图中，类似的参考编号表示类似的元件，其中：
图1是表示根据一个示例实现的以衍射图案投射衍射光而漫射非衍射(零阶)光的设备的示例组件的框图。
图2是根据一个示例实现的光学相关的组件的布局的表示，包括衍射光学元件和下游负透镜，其中，该布局输出衍射光图案，而基于聚焦扩大非衍射光。
图3是根据一个示例实现的光学相关的组件的布局的表示，包括相对于衍射光学元件的上游负透镜，其中，该布局输出衍射光图案，而基于聚焦扩大非衍射光。
图4是根据一个示例实现的光学相关的组件的布局的表示，包括衍射光学元件和下游正透镜，其中，该布局输出衍射光图案，而基于聚焦扩大非衍射光。
图5是根据一个示例实现的光学相关的组件的布局的表示，包括相对于衍射光学元件的上游正透镜，其中，该布局输出衍射光图案，而基于聚焦扩大非衍射光。
图6是根据一个示例实现的光学相关的组件的布局的表示，包括多个串联的衍射光学元件和一下游负透镜，其中，该布局输出衍射光图案，而基于聚焦扩大非衍射光。
具体实施方式
此处所描述的技术的各方面一般涉及对眼睛安全的光图案投影***。如在激光照明中已知的，零阶光是没有被衍射为光图案的光，此处被称为非衍射光。如此，如果保留原样，则非衍射光对眼睛是有危险的。此处所描述的技术通过扩大(例如，散焦)或阻止非衍射光，同时使投射的衍射光图案基本上保持不变，使它对眼睛安全。
为此，衍射光在一个阶段被衍射地变异并且被折射地变异，而非衍射光则不。注意，如此处所使用的，“变异”等等在光学意义上，例如用作与由DOE引入的高频率相比，波阵面中的较低频率变化，该变化可以在衍射元件(DOE)和/或折射元件(ROE)两者上被编码(而不是暗示对***的任何不希望有的/不受控制的/负面影响)。在另一(前一或后一)阶段，衍射光和非衍射光两者都被变异。在此另一阶段，衍射光基本上被变异，以抵销以前的或随后的变异，使得在两个阶段之后衍射光总体而言不被变异。由于非衍射光只在此另一阶段变异，因此，非衍射光被变异并由此被散焦到对眼睛安全的级别。
应该理解，此处的任何一个示例都是非限制性的。例如，使用透镜的各种布局作为示例，然而，此处所描述的技术不限于这些布局。如此，本发明不仅限于此处所描述的任何特定实施例、方面、概念、结构、功能或示例。相反，此处所描述的任何一个实施例、方面、概念、结构、功能或示例都是非限制性的，可以以一般而言在光学装置、激光技术和光图案投影方面提供好处和优点的各种方式来使用本发明。
图1示出了一般化的框图，其中，诸如被嵌入到家庭娱乐设备或作为家庭娱乐设备的一部分的设备102被配置有投影机构，该投影机构包括以光照图案投射光(例如，IR)的激光器104。光照图案不必是均匀分布的，实际上，可能随着时间而变化。立体相机106A和106B捕捉来自被照射的人108(和/或其他对象)的反射，并根据需要使用捕捉到的图像；注意，在给定实现中，可以使用单一相机。
例如，结构化的照明深度映射***可以使用光图案来引入几何视差，然后，由若干个相机记录该几何视差。照射场景的最有效率的方式之一是通过与衍射光学元件(DOE)一起使用激光二极管。激光二极管是创建光的最有效率的方式之一，而DOE可以在场景中创建任意的光点阵列。然而，随着这样的***的距离、分辨率和视野(FOV)增大，需要更多光，如此，需要更高能量的激光器来照射场景。
如此处所描述的，衍射光学元件机构110以所希望的图案将激光分散到大量的点(不管任何形状或大小，也称为小点)，诸如大约100,000个小点。在图1中，图案的一些(例如，通常数千中的四个小点)通过来自机构110中的实线和图像平面112上的小点来表示。注意，图1、其组件、此处所示出的图或它们的组件中的任何一个都不旨在按比例或表达任何特定距离或相对大小；然而，在一种实现中，从图像平面到光源的典型的距离大约为0.5到4.0米(图2)。
然而，主要由于衍射光学元件中的制造不准确性，被称为非衍射光的某些光不受***的衍射光学元件的影响。虽然小心的制造能够将非衍射光的能量降低到低于激光能量的1％，但是，非衍射光仍可能高于眼睛安全限制/级别。假定零阶是激光能量的固定比率，迄今为止，这是对所允许的照明能量设置的上限。
如此处所描述的，使非衍射光对眼睛安全。更具体而言，非衍射光是不受衍射光学元件影响的光，但是，它受正常的折射光学元件(ROE)(例如，透镜)的影响。如此，此处描述了将衍射光学元件中的编码的衍射(例如，正)透镜与抵销衍射透镜的ROE(例如，负透镜)相组合，藉此照射场景的点保持不受影响，非衍射光除外。因为非衍射光不受衍射透镜的影响，所以非衍射光只受ROE的影响；负透镜散焦非衍射光，以使它对眼睛安全。注意，如此处所使用的，术语“抵销”是指抵销前一“下游”变异的影响，或主动地抵销随后的“上游”变异的影响。
为此，除提供小点图案之外，如此处所描述的，带有机构110的衍射光学元件被配置成散开非衍射光。在三维空间中，非衍射光基本上被散开到较宽的锥形中，以便如果非衍射光进入人108的眼睛，非衍射光的能量被分散到大得多的区域，以便只有能量的一部分能够进入眼睛，如此，提供安全性。
非衍射光的分散是距离的函数，如此，进行了某种考虑，以防止在非衍射光能够被充分分散之前有人离光输出太近。例如，如图1所示，可以使用任何类型的物理障碍来提供从光输出到人的眼睛可以被定位的最近的点的距离D，以便人不能与光输出靠得太近，以至于损坏眼睛。可以通过在设备中使光学装置凹陷和/或通过物理地增大到光输出的最近的距离的管状物等等来提供物理障碍。还可以使用内部镜来增大距离。
图2是示出了带有非衍射光扩大机构210的示例衍射光学元件的组件的实现的侧视的、二维表示。此示例实施例中的光学布局包括激光器204、正准直透镜222、衍射光学元件224(编码在衍射透镜内)和ROE 226。注意，这样的带有衍射透镜的衍射光学元件224可以被称为全息图，并可以基于诸如Gerchberg Saxton算法之类的已知算法来设计，并且使用诸如蚀刻玻璃、浮雕/模压塑料等等之类的已知技术来制造。
激光器204和准直透镜222使接收到的光线并行；焦距通过f来表示。来自准直透镜222的光照射在其上编码了衍射透镜(诸如菲涅尔带片)的衍射光学元件224。衍射光学元件224执行两个功能。一个功能将光束拆分为许多较弱的光束，而另一功能(通过编码的衍射透镜)引入(例如，相对轻微的)聚焦能力。
负的ROE 226抵销衍射透镜的聚焦效应，以便对照明点的大部分的净效果被抵销。如此，例如，对应于点228的点基本上被定位在图2中的图像平面212上，好像衍射光学元件224不包括聚焦能力并且没有负的ROE。
然而，负透镜226确实影响没有受衍射光学元件224的影响的非衍射光，即，负透镜226散焦非衍射光，如在图2中通过虚线发散线表示的。换言之，非衍射光(未受衍射光学元件224影响)也未受衍射透镜的影响，从而，在它离开光学布局之后，净效果将保持未被聚焦。
对非衍射光的散焦(如此，其宽度)可以通过眼睛安全性限制被保持在最低可允许的直径，以最小化衍射透镜和负的折射透镜的强度。尽管如此，衍射透镜和负的折射透镜的强度可以根据需要而改变，以控制非衍射光多快地(就距离而言)散开，使得例如强度可以被用来补偿不同的实现情况。类似地，透镜的大小(直径)可以为了安全性而变化，例如，较大的透镜在较大的区域(例如诸如大于眼瞳孔)上分散光能。
可以看出，图2的透镜布局克服了设计DOE＝激光器投影仪中的主要挑战之一，即，确保场景中的点对眼睛是安全的。由于衍射使得大部分点对眼睛安全，而通过散焦/漫射使得非衍射光点安全，如此处所描述的。
图3示出了类似于图2的替换实施例，只是在此布局310中，负透镜336被置于衍射光学元件334的前面。负透镜336分散包括非衍射光在内的所有光，然而，衍射光学元件334重新聚焦光(例如，点338被重新聚焦在图像平面312上)继续分散的非衍射光除外(通过发散虚线来表示)。
图4示出了另一替换实施例，其中，并非通过负透镜来散焦非衍射光，布局410包括正透镜447将非衍射光聚焦到一点449上，从该点，非衍射光再次开始发散/散焦。注意，为抵销正透镜447对衍射的小点的影响，衍射光学元件445包括(例如，被编码有)对于除非衍射光以外的所有光抵销正透镜447的负透镜。如此，小点被重新聚焦在图像平面412上，如在图4中通过聚合的实线/小点448来表示的。可以将一阻止(stop)定位在点449上，以物理地阻止非衍射光被进一步投射。例如，在否则透明的表面上可以相对于点449定位一个不透明小点，以阻止聚焦的非衍射光。
图5示出了另一替换实施例，包括布局510，其中，上游正透镜557聚焦光使得衍射光的聚焦被下游衍射光学元件555抵销，但是，非衍射光的聚焦不会被抵销。类似于图4，在点559，零阶光能够被阻止。通过抵销，衍射光点中的每一个都聚合在图像平面512，如通过小点558来表示的。
此处所描述的技术与现有的衍射光学元件技术兼容。例如，如在图6中表示的，可以串联地排列两个(或更多，最多到任何实际的数量)衍射光学元件664和665。与现有的技术不同，串联中的最后一个(相对于激光器604)可以编码有衍射的透镜以散焦衍射光，用于利用ROE重新聚焦，即，用于抵销对衍射光点的影响。如前所述，在穿过ROE之后，衍射光未受影响，从而非衍射光被散焦。注意，串联中的最后一个DOE包含衍射透镜，以便在到达串联中的最后一个衍射光学元件之前不聚焦光。
注意，图6示出了类似于图2的布局610，除了两个衍射光学元件666和666串联。如此，准直透镜662向第一衍射光学元件664提供平行光线，第一衍射光学元件664利用其图案将衍射光衍射到下一衍射光学元件666，衍射光学元件666进一步衍射并聚合衍射光以用于由下游负透镜666发散。尽管如此，应该理解，两个或更多衍射光学元件可以以给定配置排列，各种衍射光学元件和ROE可以以其他方式定位。例如，一布局可以具有类似于图3(中的单个元件)排列的两个或更多衍射光学元件，带有上游负透镜，或类似于图4和5(中的单个元件)，带有相应的下游和上游正透镜。一布局可以具有定位在两个衍射光学元件之间的ROE，等等；如此处所使用的“串联”的衍射光学元件包括在光学上耦合的元件，无论是直接串联还是在之间有一个或多个中间组件的间接地串联。
进一步，应该注意的是，此处所示出的衍射光学元件/ROE中的任何一个都可以进一步被分成比所示出的那些更多的衍射光学元件/ROE，和/或被合并成较少的数量。例如，可以以给定布局使用两个或更多ROE。可以使用带有抵消衍射光的正的和负的聚焦的单一衍射光学元件(例如，整体结构/组合件)，其中只有非衍射光的负的或正的聚焦(但不是相互抵销的两者)。如此，如此处所使用的，“在光学上耦合的”是指使光在分开的光学组件之间，和/或在单一组件的不同的光学子组件之间穿过，而不管任何组件或任何中间元件的顺序如何。
进一步，应该注意的是，补充或代替折射光学元件，可以以上文所描述的方式使用反射光学元件，以便引入抵销或基本上抵销由衍射光学元件故意产生的变异的变异。
结论
尽管本发明易于作出各种修改和替换构造，但其某些说明性实施例在附图中示出并在上面被详细地描述。然而应当了解，这不旨在将本发明限于所公开的具体形式，而是相反地，旨在覆盖落入本发明的精神和范围之内的所有修改、替换构造和等效方案。
除本文中所述的各实施例以外，要理解，可使用其他类似实施例，或者可对所述(诸)实施例作出修改和添加以便执行对应的(诸)实施例的相同或等效功能而不背离这些实施例。更进一步，多个组件可以共享此处所描述的一个或多个功能的执行，类似地，可以跨多个设备执行这样的功能。因此，本发明不限于任何单个实施例，而是要根据所附权利要求书的广度、精神和范围来解释。

Claims (9)

1.一种***，包括：
衍射光学元件集，包括通过没有被衍射的非衍射光的一个或多个光学元件，所述衍射光学元件集被配置成将来自光源的穿过所述衍射光学元件集的光衍射为衍射光的图案，所述衍射光学元件集进一步被配置成变异所述衍射光；以及
在光学上耦合到所述衍射光学元件集的折射光学元件ROE，所述ROE被配置成变异所述非衍射光以及所述衍射光，包括变异所述衍射光以抵销或基本上抵销由所述衍射光学元件集所产生的所述衍射光的变异；
其中所述ROE包括被配置成发散所述非衍射光的负的ROE，或者
其中所述ROE包括被配置成将所述非衍射光聚焦到一点上的正的ROE或被配置成将所述非衍射光聚焦到一阻止上的正透镜。
2.如权利要求1所述的***，其特征在于，所述ROE相对于光源在所述衍射光学元件集的下游，或其特征在于，所述ROE相对于光源在所述衍射光学元件集的上游。
3.如权利要求1所述的***，其特征在于，所述衍射光学元件集包括串联地排列的多个单独的衍射光学元件。
4.如权利要求1所述的***，其特征在于，所述非衍射光在到达物理障碍之前被折射以散焦到眼睛安全级，或其特征在于，在从设备输出所述非衍射光之前，通过在一距离内反射所述非衍射光，所述非衍射光被折射以散焦到眼睛安全级。
5.如权利要求1所述的***，其特征在于，a)所述ROE的大小，或所述集的至少一个衍射光学元件的大小，或两者基于眼睛安全极限，或其特征在于，b)所述ROE的强度以及所述集的至少一个衍射光学元件的强度基于眼睛安全极限，或a)以及b)两者。
6.如权利要求1所述的***，其特征在于，所述衍射光学元件集包括利用衍射透镜编码的衍射光学元件。
7.如权利要求1所述的***，其特征在于，所述光源包括激光器，所述激光器在光学上耦合到准直透镜，所述准直透镜在光学上耦合到所述衍射光学元件。
8.一种投影机构，所述投影机构被配置成输出衍射光点的图案，并从其中散焦非衍射光输出，所述投影机构包括在光学上耦合的组件，包括激光源、准直透镜、折射光学元件ROE以及包括带有编码的衍射透镜的至少一个衍射元件的衍射光学元件集，所述ROE被配置成散焦所述非衍射光以及抵销或基本上抵销由所述衍射透镜产生的所述衍射光点的散焦；
其中所述ROE包括被配置成发散所述非衍射光的负的ROE，或者
其中所述ROE包括被配置成将所述非衍射光聚焦到一点上的正的ROE或被配置成将所述非衍射光聚焦到一阻止上的正透镜。
9.一种设备，包括，在光学上与折射光学元件ROE耦合的衍射光学元件集，所述ROE被配置成散焦没有被所述衍射光学元件集衍射的非衍射光，并抵销或基本上抵销由所述衍射光学元件集产生的衍射光的变异；
其中所述ROE包括被配置成发散所述非衍射光的负的ROE，或者
其中所述ROE包括被配置成将所述非衍射光聚焦到一点上的正的ROE或被配置成将所述非衍射光聚焦到一阻止上的正透镜。
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