CN105052647A - Orchard water-saving irrigation method - Google Patents

Abstract

An orchard water-saving irrigation method comprises a first step of adjusting fruit trees to be of tree shapes with small transpiration in a resting stage of an apple tree forest; a second step of maintaining a water volume to be adequate from March to June, a soil absolute water content being not lower than 13.25% all year round; and a third step of selecting different irrigation methods according to concrete situations of an orchard, and irrigating within 40-160 cm away from a trunk, maintaining depth of penetration of irrigation water to be within 30-50 cm away from the ground. With adoption of the irrigation method provided by the present invention, and timely, appropriate and proper-position irrigation and reduction in evaporation water consumption are realized, thereby achieving the aim of irrigation water conservation, and meeting the requirement of fruit trees for water content.

Description

A kind of orchard water-saving irrigation method

Technical field

The present invention relates to field of agricultural irrigation, particularly a kind of orchard water-saving irrigation method.

Background technology

China is the serious country of a drought and water shortage, and freshwater resources total amount is 28000 billion cubic meters, but only has 2200 cubic metres per capita, is only 1/4 of world average level, is one of 13 countries that water resource is the poorest per capita in the whole world.After deducting the flood stream being difficult to utilize and the groundwater resources being dispersed in remote districts, about being only 11000 billion cubic meters, available water resource is about 900 cubic metres per capita, and its distributed pole is unbalanced, southern water is many, and northern water is few, many along seawater, western water is few.To 20 end of the centurys, in more than 600 city, the whole nation, there is insufficient water problem in existing more than 400 city, wherein more serious lack of water city reaches 110.

North China belongs to resource-type water deficient regions, and water resource of per capita is only 298 cubic metres/year, is 1/4 of the whole nation.Surface water spatial and temporal distributions is uneven, and underground water has become the mainstay of the North China sustainable development of socio-economy.Owing to supporting the development of economy and society by its excessive exploitation of groundwater throughout the year, serious ecology, geology, environmental problem are caused.North China is China's fruit emphasis producing region, fruit area 1731.3 ten thousand mu, wherein apple area 609.0 ten thousand mu, accounts for 19.2% of the whole nation.Fruit tree is the crop that in agricultural production, water consumption is larger, though the slight irrigation such as drip irrigation, infiltrating irrigation water-saving technology has application in production, but by the impact of economic condition, application area is very little, broad irrigation is also quite general, each irrigation water capacity up to 80 ~ 100 cubic metres/mu, year water consumption reach 250 ~ 300 cubic metres/mu, make limited water resource waste serious.

Along with increasingly sharpening of global the contradiction of supply and demand for the water resource, countries in the world, particularly developed country are all using the important measures of Development of Water-Saving Irrigation as agricultural sustainable development.In production practices, all the time using improve irrigate the availability of (falling) water, crop water production efficiency, the regeneration rate of water resource and folk prescription water agriculture production benefit as research emphasis and main target, on the basis studying water-saving irrigation basic theory and application technology, new and high technology is combined with traditional water-saving irrigation technique, increase the high-tech content in water-saving irrigation technique, accelerate the transformation of traditional extensive farming method to modern efficient agriculture with saving water.The developed country of lack of water, based on the industrial technology of advanced person and cheap industrial products, be devoted to the research of water saving new equipment more, be characterized in high-tech, high investment and management modernization, as country-driven slight irrigation, sprinkler irrigation techniques etc. such as Israel, agricultural society's system that China is current and village economic state are obviously not suitable for this pattern.But China's water-saving irrigation research in new high-tech is relatively weak, new technology deposit is few, lack the strategic concerns of application foundation field and research and development cutting edge technology, in the discussion of water-saving irrigation mechanism and associated analog means, do not form complete, practical complete set technology and pattern, the quantity of declaring technical patent is very limited.

In current apple orchard production reality: (1) is due to the need to fruit tree, Law of Water Consumption is unclear, blindly irrigate: be foundation mainly with the phenophase on watering period, generally in the budding period of fruit tree, florescence, young sprout vegetative period, fruit expanding period and freeze-up before pour water, necessity nobody of these watering periods carries out scientific validation, irrigation quantity mostly also is estimated data, these result in the producer and blindly select watering period and irrigation quantity, in order to ensure that fruit is got bumper crops, increase frequency of irrigation, strengthen irrigation quantity, consequently add orchard to drop into, result in the serious waste of water resource simultaneously, (2) measure of existing apple tree water-saving technology is impracticable: it is expensive that the medicament as reduced leaf transpiration has, and some uses are inconvenient, the input of sprinkling irrigation, drip irrigation is high, and peasant is difficult to bear, and sprinkling irrigation surface evaporation water dropper that is serious, drip irrigation easily to block also be limit its factor promoted, (3) water-saving technology measure in orchard does not match: existing water-saving technology mostly is single measure, lacks the apple tree water saving supporting technology under different economy, water resources condition.

Summary of the invention

For solving above-mentioned prior art Problems existing, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of orchard water-saving irrigation method, can irrigate in good time, irrigate in right amount, right position irrigates and reduce the evaporation water consumption in orchard, reach water-efficient irrigation and meet the object of fruit tree to the demand of water simultaneously.

For achieving the above object, technical scheme of the present invention is:

A kind of orchard water-saving irrigation method: comprise the steps:

Step one, in apple tree resting stage, fruit tree is adjusted to less tree-like of transpiration rate;

Step 2, March to June keep the water yield sufficient, and soil absolute water content is not less than 13.25% the whole year;

Step 3, select Different Irrigation Methods according to orchard concrete condition, irrigate hour hands and adjust the distance within the scope of trunk 40-160cm and irrigate, keep irrigation water penetration depth to reach within the scope of the 30-50cm of earth's surface.

Further, said method is for loam soil property.

Further, in described step one, the high form of tree-like selection that transpiration rate is less or the sagging shape of major branch.

Further, in described step one, high dry type design parameter is: spacing in the rows 2 ~ 3m, line-spacing 3.5 ~ 5m, per hectare plantation 667 ~ 1429 strains, and kind and stock are Spur Type Varieties or dwarfing rootstock, and center is dry upright; Dry high 120 ~ 150cm, the height of tree 2.5 ~ 3.0m, crown diameter 2.0 ~ 3.0m, 7 ~ 9, major branch, major branch angle 80 ~ 90 °, major branch length 1 ~ 2m, extends to surrounding, without obvious level, homonymy major branch spacing 50 ~ 80cm; Major branch configures medium and small fruit-bearing shoot cluster; The rugosity ratio that major branch and central authorities leader do is 1: 2; Tree crown is compact.

Further, in described step one, the sagging shape design parameter of major branch is: spacing in the rows 3 ~ 4m, line-spacing 4 ~ 6m, per hectare plantation 417 ~ 833 strains; The sagging shape tree management of major branch is the height of tree 2.5 ~ 3.0m, dry high 120 ~ 150cm, and the dry upper spiral of central authorities raw 5 ~ 7 major branches, and major branch length 1.5 ~ 2.0m, major branch angle 100 ~ 120 °, is not less than 50cm with orientation major branch spacing.

Further, in described step 3, assist in orchard irrigation process and spray anti-steaming agent.

Further, in described step 2, between March to June, for the apple bud phase: late March; Blooming Date of Apple Trees: mid-April; The apple young fruit development phase: the first tenday period of a month in May; Apple flower bud physiological differentiation: mid-June;

Further, in described step 3, irrigation method comprises furrow irrigation covering, deficit irrigation, tubelet effluent irrigation.

Relative to prior art, beneficial effect of the present invention is:

The scope of application of the present invention is wide: the present invention is applicable to all kinds apple orchard under mountain area, hills, the different management in Plain, economy, water resources condition.Limited irrigation water utilization rate is high: under guarantee apple orchard output, quality prerequisite, by normal irrigation year use water 250 ~ 300m ³/ mu is reduced to 80-125 ³/ mu.Workable: in irrigation water efficient technique of rainwater utilization R&D process of the present invention, focus on orchard worker's educational level, the ability to accept of scientific and technical aspect, ability to bear etc. economically, made every effort to that orchard worker is readable, the meeting of learning, to have can use.

Specify the law of needing the water of apple tree, formulated complete apple orchard joint irrigation technology system, the watering period in specification orchard, irrigation quantity, the position and reduce the technology of orchard water consumption of pouring water, significantly reduce the irrigation water in orchard; Improve fruit quality, reduce the excessive redundancy growth caused of pouring water, thus pruning, reduction orchard recruitment can be simplified, improve orchard rich water utilization ratio; Make full use of, play the water efficiency of limited water resources, decrease the exploitation of underground deep layer fresh water, alleviate light hydropenic problem; This technology can be other seeds and used for reference.

The present invention, through great many of experiments, catches the critical period to apple development, is the Key Irrigation period of apple after apple fallen flowers with fruit Growth spurt; Foundation is provided: late March stemflow amount is higher, and this phase is the apple budding period, needs higher moisture for apple orchard realizes " in good time " irrigation; Mid-April, stemflow amount was lower, and this phase is Blooming Date of Apple Trees, also confirmed that the impact of pouring water of this phase is beared fruit in production; The first tenday period of a month in May, stemflow amount increased sharply, and this phase is the apple young fruit development phase, and tree body metabolism is vigorous, and young fruit cell division, needs sufficient moisture to supply, if water shortage affects cell division and hinder fruit development, illustrated that this phase is that the key of apple needs water period thus; Mid-June is ebb period of stemflow amount, and this phase, the long tip stopped growing, and entered the apple flower bud physiological differentiation stage, and the excessive meeting of moisture causes young sprout diauxic growth, and affects flower bud differentiation, and this phase wants limiting moisture supply; Early July starts to set body stemflow amount and increases sharply, after mid-September, stemflow amount starts again slow decline, and this period is Fruits of Red Fuji Apple Growth spurt, and water deficient affects fruit size, but this phase supplies water, the excessive apple autumn growth that causes grows, and fights for nutrition with fruit; Mid-September, tree body stemflow amount slowly declined, and the management in this period plays an important role to apple quality, and moisture is excessive then painted bad, and local flavor declines to late October fruit harvesting; Still maintain higher stemflow amount November, before fallen leaves, ensure that moisture supply can improve tree body stored nutrient; After fallen leaves, stemflow amount declines, and pours water and can not be absorbed by tree body.

Accompanying drawing explanation

Fig. 1 is Apple stem flow ten days variation diagram.

Fig. 2 Apple, young sprout Growth trends and stemflow amount ten days variation tendency.

The 18 years green apple Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry horizontal distribution situations in Fig. 3 Xinji City Dong Caocun (sandy loam).

The 18 years green apple Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry vertical distributions in Fig. 4 Xinji City Dong Caocun (sandy loam).

0 ~ 90cm soil layer average soil moisture time variations under Fig. 5 Different Irrigation amount.

Different soil soil moisture content distribution (fruit Growth spurt) under Fig. 6 Different Irrigation amount.

The Stemflow Rate diurnal variation of the different tree management of Fig. 7.

Red fuji apple improving activity of root system under Fig. 8 Different Irrigation Methods.

Red fuji apple young sprout upgrowth situation under Fig. 9 Different Irrigation Methods.

Red fuji apple root system membrane permeability under Figure 10 Different Irrigation Methods.

Red fuji apple root system proline content under Figure 11 Different Irrigation Methods.

Apple fine day sap flow velocity diurnal variation under Figure 12 Different Irrigation Methods (7 ~ August 9 August).

Apple cloudy day sap flow velocity diurnal variation (11 ~ August 12 August) under Figure 13 Different Irrigation Methods.

Embodiment

Below in conjunction with embodiment, technical solution of the present invention is described in further detail:

The present invention realizes apple orchard upgrading synergy consumption reduction by implementing " three suitable one falls " irrigation technique, and described " three suitable one fall " irrigation technique refers to: irrigate in good time, to irrigate in right amount, right position irrigates and reduce " three suitable one fall " the technical combinations pattern under evaporation water consumption four part in orchard and three kinds of suitable Different Irrigation Methods.

Below in conjunction with embodiment, technical solution of the present invention is described in further detail:

Test example:

Described " irrigating " is in good time:

1, North China's natural precipitation and Penman-Monteith formula Changing Pattern

To North China nineteen eighty-two ~ 30a monthly mean rainfalls in 2012 and potential evapotranspiration component analysis, result shows: North China's natural precipitation and the change of Penman-Monteith formula year all reduce trend afterwards in first increasing, and natural precipitation mainly concentrates on July and August; Penman-Monteith formula is maximum with June; The difference of Penman-Monteith formula and precipitation is higher in March ~ June, each moon, difference was respectively 58.81mm, 77.35mm, 92.20mm, 86.67mm, therefore, suitable pouring water, to meet the larger evapotranspiration demand of fruit tree in this stage need be carried out in March ~ June in orchard, North China.

2, apple year Law of Water Consumption

Stemflow system is utilized uninterruptedly to monitor alternaria mali roberts stemflow amount, synchronous recording meteorological factor (carrying out 5 years), and investigate Apple Shoots Cultured, Fruit developing dynamics, analyze apple year water consumption situation, ten days stemflow amount, the stemflow amount in each phenophase and the relation etc. of Apple stem flow and meteorological factor; Carry out the test of potted apple tree Law of Water Consumption, analyze the water consumption of apple different developmental phases dynamically, the change of the dynamic and typical daily consumption of water of potted apple tree ten days water consumption under different soils moisture condition, and affect the meteorological factor etc. of apple tree water consumption.

2008 and ten days apple development season in 2009 stemflow amount substantially first increase rear reduction trend in fluctuation.Wherein stem changes in flow rate is relatively steady ten days in 2008, and late August to mid-September, stemflow amount peaked, and mid-September, stemflow amount was maximum, was 50.8kg; Ten days in 2009, stemflow amount comparatively obviously increased for 2008, and from late May to mid-September, maintain higher level, its stemflow amount in the middle ten days peak appears at late June, is 86.1kg always.

Carry out stemflow quantitative determination to the apple of result initial stage and high yield period, result is as Fig. 1: apple initial stage, stem ten days changes in flow rate is relatively steady, and late August to mid-September, stemflow amount peaked, and mid-September, stemflow amount was maximum, was 50.8kg; The obvious increase at apple high yield period, stemflow ten days amount comparatively result initial stage, from late May to mid-September, maintain higher level, its stemflow amount in the middle ten days peak appears at late June, is 86.1kg always.

The correlation coefficient of table 1 apple development phase stemflow amount and the environment weather factor

Note: * and * * represents that correlation reaches significantly (0.05) and pole significance level (0.01) respectively.Lower same.

As can be seen from Table 1,2008 and Apple stem flows in 2009 and temperature, ground temperature, total radiation and photosynthetic active radiation amount all in extremely significantly positive correlation, with soil moisture content in significantly and extremely significantly positive correlation, with relative humidity of atomsphere in extremely remarkable negative correlation.Show that the environment weather factor larger to Apple stem flow effect is temperature, ground temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity of atomsphere.

3, apple orchard watering period research

As shown in Figure 2, changed in conjunction with the phenophase from apple Law of Water Consumption, late March apple budding period stemflow amount higher (being substantially consistent level with mid or late May), then decline gradually, before blooming to mid-April, stemflow amount reaches the minimum of whole Growing season.Now that root system relies on root pressure active absorption moisture to the critical point of dependence transpiration pull passive uptake water. the apple budding period is mid-March, flowering stage is mid-April, bears fruit as mid or late April, moisture needed for this period mainly relies on the active of fruit tree to absorb water, it can thus be appreciated that apple rudiment is significant for growing of reply apple to the moisture content of blooming.The first tenday period of a month in May, stemflow amount increased sharply, and this phase is the apple young fruit development phase, and the metabolism of tree body is vigorous, young fruit cell division, need sufficient moisture to supply, if water shortage affects cell division and hinder fruit development, illustrate that this phase is also that the key of apple needs water period thus; Mid-June is ebb period of stemflow amount, and this phase, the long tip stopped growing, and entered the apple flower bud physiological differentiation stage, and the excessive meeting of moisture causes young sprout diauxic growth, and affects flower bud differentiation, and this phase wants limiting moisture supply; Early July starts to set body stemflow amount and increases sharply, after mid-September, stemflow amount starts again slow decline, and this period is Fruits of Red Fuji Apple Growth spurt, and water deficient affects fruit size, but this phase supplies water, the excessive apple autumn growth that causes grows, and fights for nutrition with fruit; Mid-September, tree body stemflow amount slowly declined, and the management in this period plays an important role to apple quality, and moisture is excessive then painted bad, and local flavor declines to late October fruit harvesting; Still maintain higher stemflow amount November, before fallen leaves, ensure that moisture supply can improve tree body stored nutrient; After fallen leaves, stemflow amount declines, and pours water and can not be absorbed by tree body.

Conclusion: according to climatic characteristic, suitable pouring water need be carried out in March ~ June in orchard, North China; According to apple development phase law of needing the water, before rudiment, after fallen flowers and fruit Growth spurt be that the key of apple needs water period.

Described right position is irrigated:

1, root system of the apple Morbidity investigation

Utilize root frame observation, investigated the Root Distribution situation of sandy loam, aleuritic texture loam, loam, clayey soil and layering complex structure soil apple tree in the full bearing period, summed up its regularity of distribution.

Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 is Xinji City Dong Caocun (sandy loam) 18 years green apple Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry levels and vertical distribution situation.

As can be seen from Fig. 3, Fig. 4: Xinji City Dong Caocun (sandy loam) high yield period apple is maximum with Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry within the scope of distance trunk 100cm in the horizontal direction, negligible amounts beyond 100cm, and is evenly distributed, and still has partially absorb root existence to 280cm; In vertical direction, with maximum apart from Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry within the scope of the 30 ~ 50cm of ground, having a low ebb within the scope of 60 ~ 70cm, there is again a little peak in 80 ~ 90cm, and below 100cm Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry quantity obviously reduces.

2, the position of pouring water that apple orchard is suitable

Apple is suitable for pouring water the determination principle of position: one is the region of 60% Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry minimum level distribution; Two is be convenient to water-saving irrigation project construction and orchard field management.

First fruit phase apple tree (life in 6 years): gather to the investigation result in Xinji City, Shenzhou City, different soils quality orchard, Suning County in table 2, the vertical distribution of Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry is mainly distributed in the soil layer of 0 ~ 40cm around trunk; The Minimum Area that Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry horizontal distribution reaches 60% has two, and one is apart from trunk 20 ~ 110cm place, and another is the position apart from trunk 50 ~ 140cm, considers the construction of furrow irrigation engineering, determines to be the Optimum Irrigation position of first really phase apple apart from trunk 50 ~ 140cm place.

Table 2 is fruit phase apple tree zones of different Root Distribution ratio (%) just

Note: Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry relative quantity cell is wide: high=3: 1;

High yield period apple tree: gather to the investigation result in Xinji City, Shenzhou City, different soils quality orchard, Suning County in table 3, the vertical distribution situation of Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry is, far away apart from trunk, the areal concentration of Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry is darker; The Minimum Area that Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry horizontal distribution reaches 60% has two, and one is apart from trunk 10 ~ 130cm place, and another is the position apart from trunk 40 ~ 160cm, considers the construction of furrow irrigation engineering, determines that distance trunk 40 ~ 160cm place is the Optimum Irrigation position of high yield period apple.

Table 3 high yield period apple tree apple tree zones of different Root Distribution ratio (%)

Conclusion: according to apple tree Root Distribution rule, to ensure that when irrigating the Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry of 60% absorbs moisture, determining in horizontal direction: the Optimum Irrigation position apart from trunk 50 ~ 140cm place being just fruit phase apple, is the Optimum Irrigation position of high yield period apple apart from trunk 40 ~ 160cm place; In vertical direction: within the scope of the 30 ~ 50cm of ground, Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry is maximum, ensures that appropriate irrigation water concentrates on Root Distribution region, play maximum effect by technical measures such as furrow irrigation.

Described appropriate irrigation is:

1, Different Irrigation amount in sandy soil apple orchard is on the impact of orchard soil water content

Carry out the irrigation volume test of sandy soil apple orchard, watering period is: before rudiment, bear fruit after, fruit Growth spurt, gather after, full tree dish is adopted to irrigate, if 40mm, 25mm, 12.5mm tri-irrigation quantity process, the change of the change of investigation and analysis 0 ~ 90cm soil layer average soil moisture, the soil moisture content of the different soil degree of depth and Apple yield and quality.

Under Different Irrigation amount, 0 ~ 90cm soil layer average soil moisture time dynamic as shown in Figure 5, shown by Fig. 5, the time dynamic that 40mm, 25mm, 12.5mm tri-processes soil moisture content is basically identical with local rainfall variation tendency then, in first raising rear downward trend, all reach peak value in early August, its soil absolute water content is respectively 16.70%, and 15.98%, 12.75%; Decline all to some extent subsequently, and all sharply raise again in October and reach peak.In each period except mid-October, soil moisture content is all along with the minimizing of irrigation volume significantly reduces.The soil moisture content of watering 25mm water treatment waters water treatment a little less than 40mm, and its annual soil moisture content lower limit is 11.88% (soil relative water content is 55%).

Under the process of fruit Growth spurt Different Irrigation amount, the change of different soil deep soil water content as shown in Figure 6.The soil moisture content of three process along with the increase of soil depth be all the trend of reduction.The soil moisture content of 40mm, 25mm irrigation quantity process slowly increases at 0 ~ 40cm, and below 40cm reduces rapidly and tends towards stability at below 70cm.Because rainfall in July is larger, the soil layer average moisture content of each process is all higher than other periods, its absolute water content is respectively 15.44%, 13.64%, 10.58%, but too for 40mm pours water water yield process higher than the process of 25mm irrigation quantity higher than the process of 12.5mm irrigation quantity.

Apple output and interior quality situation under Different Irrigation amount.The single fruit weight of each process, titratable acid content, content of starch, hardness are all without significant difference; Individual plant fruit number, output and the soluble solid content of the process of 25mm irrigation quantity are all the highest, are respectively 220.67,53.42kg, 12.13%, with the process of 40mm irrigation quantity without significant difference, with 12.5mm irrigation quantity process significant difference (table 4).Think thus, 25mm irrigation quantity can make soil moisture content reach 13.25%, meets the water demand of Apple growth, ensures fruit yield and quality.And the soil moisture content of 13.25% is the soil moisture content lowest limit of red fuji apple high grade producing.

Apple output and interior quality situation under table 4 Different Irrigation amount

Conclusion: different soils quality orchard is each suitable irrigation volume under tree dish irrigation method entirely, that is: sandy soil apple orchard, irrigation quantity 25mm irrigation water can reach the main area of root system, and soil moisture content reaches the water demand that 13.25% can meet Apple growth; Clayey soil orchard, when soil relative water content 50% (fruit tree soil moisture content critical value), irrigation quantity 75mm ~ 100mm irrigation water can be seeped into down the areal concentration of Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry.

Described reduction orchard evaporation water consumption is:

To conventional tree-like in production--free spindle, high form, the sagging shape of major branch, coronule dredge that layer shape etc. is tree-like has carried out canopy characteristic and the analysis of tree body stemflow, have investigated and analysed each tree-like branch amount, branch class and spatial distribution, leaf area index, radiation transmission coefficient and extinction coefficient, stem flow diurnal variation, fruit quality and water use efficiency etc.; Carry out the impact of orchard soil cropping system on soil moisture and physicochemical property to test, investigate and analyse the impact etc. of different soils cropping system on soil moisture content, the bulk density of soil, soil structure, soil temperature, soil microbe quantity and soil enzyme activities; Carry out the application test of Multifunctional fruit tree evaporation-reducing agent.

1, the tree management research of water production efficiency is improved

(1) different tree form is on the impact of apple crown diameter and tree crown coverage rate: as seen from Table 5, the tree crown coverage rate of the sagging shape of major branch is slightly larger than free spindle, but difference is not remarkable, crown mapping area and the coverage rate of free spindle and the sagging shape of major branch are all significantly higher than high form, the coverage rate that high form and coronule dredge layer shape is on the low side, is less than 70%; The crown diameter of free spindle and the sagging shape of major branch is greater than high form and coronule dredges layer shape; The major branch spreading angle of the sagging shape of major branch is large, reduces the apical dominance of peripheral elongated shoot, and peripheral new-tip length is significantly less than that other are tree-like, can reduce tree body to the span of surrounding, slow down orchard closing.

The each tree-like crown diameter of table 5 and coverage rate

(2) different tree form is on the impact of apple branch amount, branch class and spatial distribution: the free spindle of individual plant branch amount is greater than the sagging shape of major branch and high form, and it is minimum that coronule dredges layer shape branch amount, and this is directly related with the number of major branch quantity, and major branch number is many, and individual plant branch amount is large; The amount ventilation and penetrating light of tree crown being affected to larger long shoot is maximum with free spindle, secondly for the sagging shape of major branch, coronule dredge layer shape, high form (table 6).

The each tree-like branch amount of table 6, branch class composition (individual)

(3) the spatial distribution of each tree-like branch: the branch amount of free spindle, high form and the sagging shape of major branch reduces gradually along with the rising apart from ground level, there is no obvious layering, freely fusiform amount is mainly distributed in apart from ground 60 ~ 200cm, accounts for 67% of total branch amount; The branch amount of the sagging shape of major branch is mainly distributed between the 90 ~ 200cm of ground, accounts for 76% of total branch amount; The branch amount of high form mainly distributes apart from ground 100 ~ 200cm, accounts for 78% of total branch amount; And coronule is dredged layer shape and punished as obvious two layers apart from ground 150cm, upper and lower layer branch amount accounts for 38% and 62% of total branch amount respectively

(4) different tree form is on the impact of apple leaf area index: leaf area index (LAI) refers to the leaf area on unit projection area, is an important indicator of reflection canopy structure.At specified conditions, leaf area index have one just when, when leaf area index be less than just when time, catching and utilizing insufficient solar energy; Leaf area index be greater than just when time, canopy, leaf layer is too much, and inner and lower blade is subject to auroral poles weak, may lower than compensation point, and photosynthetic invalid leaf increases.As can be seen from Table 7, carrying out analyzing the leaf area index of gained by CI--110 software, to dredge layer shape with coronule larger.Carrying out analysis gained leaf area index with WinSCANOPYReg2003e software, to dredge layer shape with coronule equally larger.

The each tree-like leaf area index of table 7

(5) different tree form is on the impact of apple radiation transmission coefficient and extinction coefficient: the scattering radiation transmission coefficient that coronule dredges layer shape is less than that other are tree-like, the sagging shape of major branch be greater than that other are tree-like, show that the sagging shape of ventilation and penetrating light situation of tree crown is better, coronule dredges layer shape poor (table 8).Radiation transparent coefficient and extinction coefficient are a pair contrary coefficients, and radiation transparent coefficient is little, then extinction coefficient is large.Radiation transparent coefficient is large, then the sunshine of tree crown intercepting and capturing is few.Radiation transparent coefficient is too small, then show canopy, and ventilation and penetrating light is bad.As can be seen from table 9 and table 10, along with the increase (tree crown increases apart from ground level) of zenith angle, direct solar radiation transmission coefficient reduces.At zenith 1 ~ 3 subregion, the direct solar radiation transmission coefficient of sagging shape is greater than that other are tree-like, show that sagging shape top branches and leaves amount is less than that other are tree-like, at zenith 4,5 subregion, the direct solar radiation transmission coefficient of high form is greater than that other are tree-like, show that high form improves due to trunk, the light transmission capacity of tree crown bottom increases.And the extinction coefficient change of tree crown is contrary with direct solar radiation transmission coefficient.

The each tree-like radiation transmission coefficient of table 8

The each tree-like direct solar radiation transmission coefficient (TR) labeling zenith subregion of table 9

The each tree-like extinction coefficient (K) labeling zenith subregion of table 10

(6) different tree form is on the impact of alternaria mali roberts stemflow daily change: as can be seen from table 11, Fig. 7, and freely fusiform day stemflow amount is maximum, be significantly higher than other three kinds tree-like, secondly for coronule dredges layer shape, the day stemflow amount of high form is minimum.And day stemflow amount depend primarily on the stemflow amount on daytime (7:00 ~ 20:00), the stemflow amount on daytime (7:00 ~ 20:00) accounts for more than 96% of whole day stemflow amount.Four kinds of tree-like stemflow amounts night difference little.

The each tree-like day stemflow amount of table 11

(7) different tree form is on the impact of Apple Fruit Quality: between each tree-like process, the indices difference of fruit quality is not all significantly (table 12).

The each tree-like fruit quality of table 12

Different tree form is on the impact of apple single plant yield and water use efficiency: output and day stemflow amount ratio reflect each tree-like water use efficiency height.The single plant yield of different tree form is the highest with the sagging shape of major branch, output and day stemflow amount ratio minimum with free spindle, secondly for coronule dredges layer shape and high form, the sagging shape of major branch maximum (table 13).Show that the economic flow rate of a certain amount of moisture of various tree-like consumption institute output is the highest with the sagging shape of major branch.

The each tree-like output of table 13 and the ratio with day stemflow amount thereof

Conclusion 1: having found out conventional tree-like tree body characteristics and Water Consumption Characteristics by testing above, have found the tree-like parameter of plain edition kind consumption reduction and raising fruit quality, determining the technical measures reducing and set body transpiration water consumption.

(1) the tree-like and parameter adopted

The sagging shape of major branch: suitable density is: spacing in the rows 3 ~ 4m, line-spacing 4 ~ 6m, per hectare plants 417 ~ 833 strains.Adapted varieties is plain edition kind.The sagging shape tree management of major branch is the height of tree 2.5 ~ 3.0m, dry high 120 ~ 150cm, and the dry upper spiral of central authorities raw 5 ~ 7 major branches.Major branch length 1.5 ~ 2.0m, major branch angle 100 ~ 120 °, is not less than 50cm with orientation major branch spacing.

High level cadre's spindle: suitable density is: spacing in the rows 2 ~ 3m, line-spacing 3.5 ~ 5m, per hectare plants 667 ~ 1429 strains.Suitable kind and stock are Spur Type Varieties or dwarfing rootstock.High level cadre's spindle tree management center is dry upright; Dry high 120 ~ 150cm, the height of tree 2.5 ~ 3.0m, crown diameter 2.0 ~ 3.0m, 7 ~ 9, major branch, major branch angle 80 ~ 90 °, major branch length 1 ~ 2m, extends to surrounding, without obvious level, homonymy major branch spacing 50 ~ 80cm; Major branch configures medium and small fruit-bearing shoot cluster; The rugosity ratio that major branch and central authorities leader do is 1: 2; Tree crown is compact.

Cylindrical: cylindrical suitable density is: spacing in the rows 1.5 ~ 2m, line-spacing 2 ~ 3.5m, per hectare plants 1429 ~ 3333 strains.Suitable kind and stock are that Spur Type Varieties or dwarfing rootstock or dwarfing rootstock add Spur Type Varieties.Cylindrical tree management center is dry upright; Dry high 50 ~ 70cm, about height of tree 2.5m, crown diameter 1.5 ~ 2m, about 18, major branch, major branch angle 80 ~ 90 °, length 1.3m, bottom is slightly long, upwards successively decreases; Homonymy more than major branch spacing 60cm; The rugosity ratio that major branch and central authorities leader do is 3: 7, and whole tree crown is cylindric

(2) utilize to prune and regulate branch amount

Tree management adjustment is carried out in the pruning of winter dormancy phase, close crowded bough between dredging, and reasonable disposition skeleton branch at different levels and branch group, make full use of space, maintains tree vigo(u)r balance, and every 667 square metres retain branch amount 8 ~ 100,000.The pruning of the season of growth by turning round the tip, draw branch, the growth of the upright or energetic branch of the controlling measurement such as branch softens, pinching, between dredging or the extremely heavy cutting back excessive growth tip, close crowded young sprout between dredging, reduces the invalid leaf amount of photosynthetic function, reduces tree body rising.

2, orchard soil cropping system is on the impact of soil moisture and physicochemical property

Orchard soil is chiltern light loam, Soil ingenious fertility before test: organic 5.1g/kg, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen 24.44mg/kg, rapid available phosphorus 31.05mg/kg, available potassium 219.79mg/kg.Test adopts randomised block design, and 3 process: A cultivated clearly (CK) are set in test: depth of implements is as 5cm; B sward: plantation butch clover, seeding quantity 0.7g/m2; C covers: after corn straw smashing, spring is covered in tree dish, and the minimum 15cm of cladding thickness, turns over autumn under soil, ploughing depth 20cm; Other control measures are consistent.Sample respectively at flowering stage (pouring water latter 20 days), young fruit period (pouring water latter 60 days), fruit expanding period (pouring water latter 10 days), fructescence (pouring water latter 10 days).Soil sample is divided into 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm, two levels.

(1) different cropping system is on the impact of soil moisture content: the mensuration date of fruit expanding period and fructescence is pours water latter 10 days, and in 0 ~ 40cm soil layer, Orchard mulch is not remarkable with clear soil moisture content difference of ploughing; Mensuration date of flowering stage and young fruit period respectively distance to pour water latter 20 days and 60 days, in 0 ~ 20cm soil layer, the soil moisture ratio of Orchard mulch process is ploughed clearly and is significantly improved 40.15% and 62.61% respectively.In 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, in flowering stage of 20 days after distance is poured water, the soil moisture content of Orchard mulch is not remarkable with clear difference of ploughing; And after distance is poured water the young fruit period of 60 days, its soil moisture ratio is ploughed clearly and is significantly improved 16.86% (table 14).Show the prolongation along with the time after pouring water, Orchard mulch keeps soil moisture Be very effective than clear ploughing.Flowering stage, fruit expanding period and fructescence, in 0 ~ 40cm soil layer, orchard ground cover and clear plough between soil moisture content difference not remarkable; The young fruit period of 60 days after distance is poured water, at 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, the soil moisture ratio of orchard ground cover is ploughed clearly and is significantly reduced by 24.51% and 29.62% respectively.Show in a short time, orchard ground cover can not reduce soil moisture content, but along with the prolongation of time after pouring water, significantly can reduce soil moisture content.

The soil moisture content of the different cropping system process of table 14

(2) different cropping system is on the impact of the bulk density of soil: at 0 ~ 40cm soil layer, and 4 phenophase measurement results are averaged, and the average bulk density of soil difference of each process is not remarkable; Between 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, the clear average bulk density of soil difference processed of ploughing is not remarkable.But the average bulk density of soil of the Orchard mulch in 0 ~ 20cm soil layer and sward process, reduces by 9.86% and 9.22% (table 15) significantly than the average bulk density of soil of 20 ~ 40cm soil layer respectively.Show that Orchard mulch and sward process can reduce the bulk density of soil of topsoil significantly.

The bulk density of soil of the different cropping system process of table 15

(3) different cropping system is on the impact of soil structure: as shown in Table 16: in solid phase of soil volume: 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, the solid volume difference between each phenophase respectively processes is not remarkable; But 4 phenophase measurement results are averaged, and the average solid volume of the Orchard mulch in 0 ~ 20cm soil layer and sward process, reduces by 10.69% and 8.71% significantly than the average solid volume of 20 ~ 40cm soil layer respectively.Show that Orchard mulch and sward process can reduce the solid volume of topsoil significantly.

In liquid phase of soil volume: 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, except young fruit period other phenophases respectively process between liquid phase volume difference not remarkable; Namely young fruit period pours water latter 60 days, and in 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, the liquid phase volume of Orchard mulch ploughs significantly high 57.57% and 23.72% than clear respectively.And the liquid phase volume of sward process ploughs significantly low 21.02% and 30.66% than clear respectively.Show the prolongation along with the time after pouring water, Orchard mulch significantly can keep liquid phase of soil volume; 4 phenophase measurement results are averaged, and in 0 ~ 20cm soil layer, the average LVT of Orchard mulch is ploughed clearly significantly high by 20.02%, and in other soil layers, each process is not remarkable with clear difference of ploughing; Show that Orchard mulch can significantly improve the liquid phase volume of topsoil.

In gaseous phase of soil volume: 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, except young fruit period and fruit expanding period other phenophases respectively process between gaseous phase volume difference not remarkable; Young fruit period, in 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, the gaseous phase volume of Orchard mulch ploughs significantly low 21.12% and 27.49% than clear respectively.Fruit expanding period, in 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, the gaseous phase volume of Orchard mulch is cultivated significantly lower by 29.18% than clear.If 4 phenophase measurement results are averaged, in 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, the average gaseous phase volume of Orchard mulch is cultivated significantly lower by 23.87% than clear, and the interior each process of other soil layers is not remarkable with cultivated clearly difference; Show that Orchard mulch significantly can reduce the gaseous phase volume of deep soil, and the gaseous phase volume of sward to soil has no significant effect.

The soil structure of the different cropping system process of table 16

(4) different cropping system is on the impact of soil temperature: in 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, and the soil temperature of Orchard mulch ploughs reduction by 4.12% and 3.52% than clear respectively; The soil temperature of orchard ground cover ploughs reduction by 3.57% and 4.4% than clear respectively.Show that Orchard mulch and sward can reduce soil temperature, but not obvious (table 17).

The soil temperature of the different cropping system process of table 17

(5) different cropping system is on the impact of soil microbe quantity: different cropping system is on the impact of number of bacteria: in 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, and the number of bacteria of Orchard mulch ploughs increase by 82.30% and 46.89% than clear respectively; The number of bacteria of orchard ground cover adds 55.95% and 38.16% than clear ploughing respectively.Show that Orchard mulch and sward obviously can increase number of bacteria, increase bacterial number the most obviously (table 18) with Orchard mulch.

Different cropping system is on the impact of soil fungi quantity: in 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, and the soil fungi quantity of Orchard mulch ploughs increase by 162% and 107.18% than clear respectively; The soil fungi quantity of orchard ground cover adds 18.85% and 53.59% than clear ploughing respectively.Show that Orchard mulch and sward can obviously increase soil fungi quantity, increase fungi with Orchard mulch the most obvious.

Different cropping system is on the impact of soil actinomycetes quantity: in 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, and the soil actinomycetes quantity of Orchard mulch ploughs increase by 45.85% and 65.28% than clear respectively; The soil fungi quantity of orchard ground cover adds 288.78% and 217.35% than clear ploughing respectively.Show that Orchard mulch and sward can obviously increase soil actinomycetes quantity, increase Population of Actinomycetes with orchard ground cover the most obvious.

The soil microbe quantity of the different cropping system process of table 18

(6) different cropping system is on the impact of soil enzyme activities: different cropping system is to soil H ₂o ₂the impact of enzymic activity: in 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, the H of Orchard mulch ₂o ₂activity ratio ploughs clearly and slightly raises, but not obvious; The H of orchard ground cover ₂o ₂enzymic activity ploughs increase by 15.79% and 13.83% than clear respectively.Show that orchard ground cover can obviously increase soil H ₂o ₂enzymic activity, to increase H in 0 ~ 20cm soil layer ₂o ₂enzymic activity the most obviously (table 19).Young fruit period distance is poured water latter 60 days, in 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, and the H of orchard ground cover ₂o ₂enzymic activity ploughs increase by 6.07% and 25.81% than clear respectively, and show when soil moisture content is low, orchard ground cover obviously can increase by 20 ~ 40cm soil layer H ₂o ₂enzymic activity.

Different cropping system is on the impact of soil neutral phosphatase activity: in 0 ~ 20cm soil layer, and the Soil neutral phosphatase activity of Orchard mulch and sward ploughs increase by 36.97% and 24.09% than clear respectively.Show that Orchard mulch and sward can obviously increase Soil neutral phosphatase activity, increase Soil neutral phosphatase activity in 0 ~ 20cm soil layer with Orchard mulch the most obvious.In 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, the Soil neutral phosphatase activity of Orchard mulch and sward ploughs increase by 10.81% and 41.02% than clear respectively.Show that orchard ground cover obviously can increase Soil neutral phosphatase in 20 ~ 40cm soil layer active.Young fruit period distance is poured water latter 60 days, in 0 ~ 20cm and 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, the Soil neutral phosphatase activity of orchard ground cover ploughs increase by 12.25% and 52.58% than clear respectively, show when soil moisture content is low, orchard ground cover can obviously increase by 20 ~ 40cm soil layer Soil neutral phosphatase activity (table 19) equally.

Different cropping system is on the impact of soil urease liveness: in 0 ~ 20cm soil layer, and the urease activity of Orchard mulch and sward ploughs increase by 35.32% and 32.48% than clear respectively.Show that Orchard mulch and sward obviously can increase urease activity, increase urease activity in 0 ~ 20cm soil layer with Orchard mulch the most obvious.In 20 ~ 40cm soil layer, the urease activity of Orchard mulch and sward ploughs increase by 14.23% and 13.10% than clear respectively.Show that Orchard mulch and sward obviously can increase urease activity, increase urease activity in 20 ~ 40cm soil layer with Orchard mulch the most obvious.

The soil enzyme activities of the different cropping system process of table 19

Conclusion 2: with the prolongation of time after pouring water, Orchard mulch significantly can keep soil moisture, and sward significantly can reduce soil moisture; Orchard ground cover and covering can significantly reduce topsoil unit weight; Orchard ground cover and covering significantly can reduce the solid volume of topsoil; Orchard mulch can significantly improve the liquid phase volume of topsoil, reduces the gaseous phase volume of deep soil; Orchard mulch and sward can reduce soil temperature, but not obvious; Orchard mulch and sward can obviously increase soil bacteria, fungi and Population of Actinomycetes; Increase bacterium and fungi with Orchard mulch the most obvious, increase Population of Actinomycetes with orchard ground cover the most obvious; Orchard mulch can obviously increase Soil neutral phosphatase, urease activity, and sward can obviously increase soil H ₂o ₂enzyme, Soil neutral phosphatase, urease activity, and enzymic activity mainly concentrates on 0 ~ 20cm soil layer.

3, antitranspirant research and development application

In 6 ~ September that tree body transpiration rate is larger, every 20 ~ 30 days blade face sprayings antitranspirant, suppress the rising dehydration of apple tree blade.

Field subtracts steaming result of the test and shows, using fruit tree evaporation-reducing agent preparation does not affect photosynthetic rate; Use latter 2 days mensuration, transpiration rate have dropped 20.83%, and average pore degree of leading have dropped 9.96%, uses average transpiration rate decline 16.98% afterwards in 10 days, has arrived significance level with contrast ratio difference.After using 30 days, average transpiration rate have dropped 29.74%; Evaporation-reducing agent shows dry matter weight of leaf content result of the test, utilizes the dry matter weight of leaf content of evaporation-reducing agent process to improve 3.72%.

Conclusion 3: fruit tree anti-steaming agent has obvious effect to the transpiration water consumption reducing apple tree, compares, have the features such as easy to use, cost is low, and duration of efficacy is long, reaches 30 days with commercially available anti-steaming agent.

Described technical combinations is:

1, orchard irrigation mode is screened

Test is established drip irrigation, micro-spray, tubelet effluent, broad irrigation and is not filled with 5 process, and each process has a community of one's own, and the farming of all experimental plots, fertilising, the extermination of disease and insect pest are all identical.Experimental plot random distribution.Under every tree, irrigation installation is installed respectively, in red fuji apple breeding time irrigation date and individual plant duty shown in table 20.

Table 20 red fuji apple irrigates date and individual plant irrigation volume (m3) in breeding time

Respectively at May 20, June 22, July 21, August 20, took fresh sample of each process on October 18, be about 1m soil profile method from the East, West, South, North four direction distance trunk of every strain at every turn and take Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry, choose tip of a root part and measure improving activity of root system.In addition, choose each process east, south, west, north four direction young sprout 8, listing mark, the observation of young sprout Growth trends is respectively at carrying out on April 20, May 25, July 1, July 19, August 3, August 22, September 5, September 15, September 21.After fruit maturation, investigate each process output, in the east, south, west, north four direction fruit picking 8 of every tree, measure fruit single fruit weight, the hardness of fruit, soluble sugar, titratable acid, starch.

(1) Different Irrigation Methods is on the impact of root system of the apple vigor: the improving activity of root system of tubelet effluent, drip irrigation, broad irrigation and micro-spray all first raises rear reduction with the prolongation in processing time, reaches the highest, be respectively 276.20 μ gg in June 22 and July 21 ^-1h ^-1, 267.38 μ gg ^-1h ^-1, 255.43 μ gg ^-1h ^-1, 231.96 μ gg ^-1h ^-1; The improving activity of root system of not filling with reduces gradually with the prolongation in processing time, and reduction amplitude is 33.08%.Tubelet effluent, drip irrigation, broad irrigation, micro-spray, do not fill with 5 process improving activity of root system averages and be respectively 260.19 μ gg ^-1h ^-1, 253.24 μ gg ^-1h ^-1, 240.19 μ gg ^-1h ^-1, 218.31 μ gg ^-1h ^-1, 176.69 μ gg ^-1h ^-1, tubelet effluent improving activity of root system average is the highest, and be secondly drip irrigation, both improving activity of root system averages are all significantly higher than broad irrigation.In addition, the irrigation total amount of drip irrigation, micro-spray and tubelet effluent decreases 54.2%, 53.1%, 54.8% (Fig. 8) than broad irrigation.Therefore think, tubelet effluent and drip irrigation are effective Water Saving Irrigation Modes that can keep the higher improving activity of root system of red fuji apple.

(2) Different Irrigation Methods is on the impact of Apple Shoots Cultured upgrowth situation: each process young sprout growth rate is substantially identical before at the end of May, and broad irrigation new-tip length is significantly higher than other process.Do not fill with process growth rate significantly to reduce, at the beginning of 7 months, new-tip length is basicly stable later later; Broad irrigation each in period new-tip length be significantly higher than other process; Tubelet effluent, drip irrigation, micro-spray young sprout growth rate at the beginning of 7 months after remarkable in broad irrigation, between occuping broad irrigation and not filling with, the growth rate of three in each period all without significant difference.Broad irrigation, micro-spray, drip irrigation, tubelet effluent, do not fill with 5 process new-tip lengths to being respectively 60.86cm, 48.25cm, 40.84cm, 41.65cm, 31.81cm by the end of September, wherein drip irrigation and tubelet effluent difference not remarkable.Show that broad irrigation can promote the quick growth of red fuji apple young sprout, but redundancy branch increases the crown density of tree body; Do not fill with and process because prolonged drought causes later stage branch substantially to stop growing; Therefore think, tubelet effluent, micro-spray and drip irrigation to ensure that tree body substantially grows and don't can produce effective Water Saving Irrigation Mode of redundancy branch.

(3) Different Irrigation Methods is on the impact of root system of the apple membrane permeability: root system membrane permeability changes in first raising the trend reduced afterwards in time, the membrane permeability of not filling with process is all significantly higher than other process in pole in each period, broad irrigation, tubelet effluent, drip irrigation, micro-spray, the average of not filling with process are respectively 32.07%, 32.28%, 37.93%, 37.95%, 47.84%, and tubelet effluent and broad irrigation membrane permeability difference are not significantly (Figure 10).Plant cell membrane permeability changes with the change of degree of drought, the degree that the size of membrane permeability reflection plasma membrane is hurt, and the larger plasma membrane of the numerical value degree that is hurt is larger.Comparatively speaking, tubelet effluent process is that cell membrane permeability injures less Water Saving Irrigation Mode.

(4) Different Irrigation Methods is on the impact of root system of the apple proline content: root system proline content changes all in time in first raising rear downward trend, does not fill with process pole and is significantly higher than other process.Wherein the proline content difference of tubelet effluent and broad irrigation process is not remarkable, and its average is respectively 21.24 μ g/g ^:, 21.28 μ g/g (Figure 11).Proline maintains the important osmotic adjustment of cell turgor, its content number increase with the aggravation of water stress degree.Therefore think, tubelet effluent process is the minimum Water Saving Irrigation Mode of water deficit.

(5) Different Irrigation Methods is on the impact of Apple yield and quality: under Different Irrigation Methods, Fruits of Red Fuji Apple yield and quality situation is in table 21.As shown in Table 21, the single fruit weight of tubelet effluent is maximum, is 232.5g, and with broad irrigation, drip irrigation and micro-spray without significant difference, pole is significantly higher than does not fill with process; The single plant yield of broad irrigation is the highest, is 50.33kg, and with tubelet effluent and drip irrigation without significant difference, pole is significantly higher than micro-spray and does not fill with; The soluble sugar content of tubelet effluent is the highest, is 13.90%, and with drip irrigation with do not fill with without significant difference, pole is significantly higher than micro-spray and broad irrigation; The titratable acid content of drip irrigation is the highest, is 0.3673%, and pole is significantly higher than other process; Broad irrigation, tubelet effluent, drip irrigation, micro-spray, do not fill with 5 process sugar-acid ratios be respectively 40.74,44.28,36.37,39.51,39.28, the sugar-acid ratio of tubelet effluent is the highest, pole be significantly higher than other process.Therefore think, in 5 process, tubelet effluent is the optimum Water Saving Irrigation Mode that can keep larger single fruit weight and hardness, high yield and sugar-acid ratio.

Fruits of Red Fuji Apple yield and quality under table 21 Different Irrigation Methods

Conclusion 1: it is to make tree body maintain higher improving activity of root system that tubelet effluent is irrigated, and the more excellent Water Saving Irrigation Mode of balanced growth and maintenance high yield and quality, saves 54.8% water resource than broad irrigation.

2, Partial root-zone irrigation mode in orchard is studied

2008 at Xingtai Gang Dicun, test adopts surface irrigation, devises 1/4 root system volume alternate irrigation, 1/2 root system volume alternate irrigation, 3/4 root system volume alternate irrigation, 1/2 root system volume fix irrigations, root district irrigation method that full root system is arid different with conventional border irrigation 6 kinds.Subregion is irrigated plant tree crown planimetric area and be divided equally into 4 parts, line of demarcation place Polypropylence Sheet is vertically imbedded below ground 1.2m and is separated as position of pouring water, a, b, c, d (a, a+b, a+b+c position is filled with in each process first respectively, fills with b, c+d, b+c+d position respectively next time) is labeled as respectively by all directions.Tree-plot, randomized arrangement, repeats 3 times.The farming of all experimental plots, fertilising, extermination of disease and insect pest process are all identical.Different Irrigation position before drought stress under every strain tree crown, distance trunk is about the TDR measuring tube that about 1m squeezes into a long 1m, with TRIME-T3TDR soil water meauring system measurement soil volumetric water content.Measure the soil absolute water content of subsurface 0 ~ 20cm, 20 ~ 30cm, 30 ~ 40cm, 40 ~ 50cm, 50 ~ 60cm, 60 ~ 70cm, 70 ~ 80cm, 80 ~ 90cm, eight soil layers.Pour water in the apple development phase 6 times, respectively in March 22, June 7, June 27, August 20, September 27, November 20.Duty is determined by the soil moisture content recorded before and after each irrigation.The probe12 stem flow gauge adopting Dynamax company of the U.S. to produce measures stem sap flow.Improving activity of root system is measured respectively at May 20, June 22, July 21, fresh sample getting each treatment sites on August 19, October 17.Investigated fruit yield October 18 before fruit maturation, and four direction random fruit picking in east, south, west, north measures fruit quality on every strain tree.

(1) Partial root-zone irrigation is on the impact of root system of the apple vigor: from table 22, the improving activity of root system of the 1/2 fixing non-irrigation district irrigated and full root system Osmotic treatment reduces gradually with the prolongation in processing time, and the improving activity of root system that other respectively irrigate positions reduces after all first raising with the prolongation in processing time gradually, reach the highest at physiological flower bud differentiation phase (2008-6-22), the fructescence, (2008-10-17) all reduced to minimum.The excessive arid of flower bud differentiation period can cause the major injury of improving activity of root system, is difficult to recover and maintain after causing, and therefore, the improving activity of root system fixing non-irrigation district and the full root system Osmotic treatment of irrigating to the fructescence 1/2 is extremely remarkable in other irrigation positions.

Different Irrigation region young fruit Growth spurt, fruit expanding period and fructescence are maximum with the irrigation district improving activity of root system of 3/4 alternate irrigation, physiological flower bud differentiation phase and autumn growth maximum with the irrigation district improving activity of root system of 1/2 alternate irrigation for vegetative period; From soil average absolute water content situation (table 23), the soil average absolute water content of conventional border irrigation is all the highest in each period, but its improving activity of root system is all the time lower than the irrigation district of 3/4,1/2,1/4 alternate irrigation, illustrate that the drought hardening of short-term can improve improving activity of root system.In addition, because the non-irrigation district soil absolute water content of Partial root-zone irrigation process is extremely remarkable in irrigation district, cause improving activity of root system also extremely remarkable in irrigation district.

Conventional border irrigation, 3/4 root system volume alternate irrigation, 1/2 root system volume alternate irrigation, 1/4 root system volume alternate irrigation, 1/2 root system volume fix irrigation, the average improving activity of root system of full root system arid is respectively 234.21,236.39,236.19,218.80,187.81,144.14 μ gg ^-1h ^-1.The average improving activity of root system of 3/4 alternate irrigation process is the highest, and with 1/2 alternate irrigation and conventional border irrigation without significant difference, pole is significantly higher than other process.Show that, in 6 Zhong Gen district irrigation methods of test setting, 1/2 alternate irrigation is the mode of the most effectively economizing on water that can keep stronger improving activity of root system.

Under table 22 Partial root-zone irrigation condition, Changfu2 apple difference is grown improving activity of root system in period (μ gg ^-1h ^-1fM)

Apple orchard 0 ~ 90cm soil layer soil volumetric water content (%) under table 23 Different Irrigation Methods

(2) Partial root-zone irrigation is on the impact of Flow of Sap in Apple Tree Trunk: under Different Irrigation Methods, the diurnal variation of apple fine day, cloudy stem sap flow as shown in Figure 12,13.As shown in Figure 12, fine day respectively processes the diurnal variation of Flow of Sap in Apple Tree Trunk speed all in unimodal curve, and with irrigating the reduction of volume, crest narrows; 3/4, the liquid stream of 1/2 alternate irrigation, 1/2 fixing Irrigation regime is basically identical for start-up time, be about 7:00 in morning, and other process occurs in about 7:30 start-up time; Different disposal liquid flowing rate occurs that the time of peak value is substantially identical, all appears at about the 12:30 at noon of a day; Each process is all down to minimum at 22:30 liquid flowing rate, does not substantially have fluid flow, is maintained to the 2nd day liquid stream and starts.The liquid flowing rate peak value pole of 1/2 alternate irrigation process is significantly higher than 1/2 fixing process of irrigating, and thinks that the liquid flowing rate of fine day alternate irrigation process is significantly higher than fixing Irrigation regime thus.

As shown in Figure 13, the diurnal variation of cloudy day each process liquid flowing rate is all in polymodal curve.Liquid stream start-up time of 3/4 alternate irrigation process is about 7:30 the earliest, and other process all fall behind its about 1h, compared with fine day, and each treatment fluid stream equal late 0.5h or 1h start-up time; Each process liquid flowing rate occurs that the time of peak value is about 12:30, but its peak value is all lower than fine day, 79.58% of average out to fine day, and the per day liquid flowing rate of each process is 70.29% of fine day; And the time that liquid stream reduces as far as possible does sth. in advance half an hour than fine day.Think thus, cloudy liquid flowing rate is bullied the double influence of gentle leaf transpiration amount, and when the dense temperature of cloud layer is low, transpiration rate reduces, and liquid flowing rate reduces; When the thin temperature of cloud layer raises, transpiration rate increases, and liquid flowing rate raises.Think thus, the change of cloudy Sap in Apple Tree Trunk flow rate in 1d only by the impact of soil moisture, improving activity of root system and illumination and ambient climate envirment factor, and not by the impact of irrigation method.

Under the Different Irrigation Methods of irrigation front and back in Sap in Apple Tree Trunk flow rate, before irrigation, (August 19) sap flow velocity is the highest with conventional border irrigation, decline gradually with the minimizing liquid flowing rate of irrigating volume, full the liquid flowing rate of root system Osmotic treatment is extremely remarkable in other process; Irrigating the liquid flowing rate respectively processing daytime the same day (August 20) is starkly lower than before and after irrigation, and the change in polymodal curve, this may be that when irrigating, increasing sharply of soil moisture content creates certain stimulation to root water uptake ability and have impact on the absorption of moisture.Irrigate rear (August 21) 5 liquid flowing rates processing daytime except full root system arid obviously to raise again, alternate irrigation process rises much higher than fixing Irrigation regime, wherein the liquid flowing rate of 3/4 alternate irrigation and 1/2 alternate irrigation process is significantly higher than conventional border irrigation and 1/2 fixing irrigation, this is because alternate irrigation has stronger compensation ability than the root system of fixing Irrigation regime, and when root system reaches certain compensation ability, after moist environment is adapted to, liquid flowing rate can raise with the increase of irrigation volume, this be embodied in the liquid flowing rate of fine day conventional border irrigation the highest on, full root system Osmotic treatment is due to prolonged drought lack of water, and its liquid flowing rate reduces gradually, extremely remarkable in other process.

In 6 process, the trunk unit are fluid-in-flux of conventional border irrigation is maximum, 7.907kgcm ^-2d ^-1, with 3/4 alternate irrigation without significant difference, pole is significantly higher than other process; The fluid-in-flux of 3/4 alternate irrigation process and 1/2 alternate irrigation and 1/2 fix Irrigation regime without significant difference, and pole is significantly higher than 1/4 alternate irrigation and full root system Osmotic treatment; Full root system Osmotic treatment minimum is 4.857kgcm ^-2d ^-1, with 1/4 alternate irrigation without significant difference.Show the minimizing along with irrigating volume, trunk unit are fluid-in-flux reduces gradually, and 1/2 root system volume is the minimum irrigation volume ensureing liquid stream.

(3) Partial root-zone irrigation is on the impact of Apple yield and quality: as shown in Table 24, and in 6 process, the fruit single plant yield of conventional border irrigation process is the highest, is 80.12kg/ strain, with 3/4 alternate irrigation process without significant difference; The single plant yield of 1/2 alternate irrigation process reduces 7.10% than conventional border irrigation, but with 3/4 alternate irrigation without significant difference; The single plant yield of 1/4 alternate irrigation process reduces 18.41% than conventional border irrigation.In 6 process, the soluble sugar content of 1/4 alternate irrigation process is the highest, is 13.84%, with 1/2 alternate irrigation without significant difference; 1/2 fixing soluble sugar content of irrigating is minimum.The sugar-acid ratio of 1/2 alternate irrigation is the highest, is 44.56, and with 1/4 alternate irrigation without significant difference, pole is significantly higher than other process.

Changfu2 apple fruit yield and interior quality under table 24 Partial root-zone irrigation condition

Conclusion 2:1/2 alternate irrigation, when output slightly reduces, improves fruit quality greatly, decreases 1/2 irrigation quantity simultaneously; And though 1/4 alternate irrigation improves fruit quality, output extremely significantly reduces.Therefore, with regard to yield and quality, 1/2 alternate irrigation is the effective Water Saving Irrigation Mode of Changfu2 apple.

3, technical combinations pattern and using method

On above Research foundation, develop 3 kinds of efficient, practical " three suitable one fall " irrigation water efficient technique of rainwater utilization patterns.

(1) careless pattern is covered in furrow irrigation

Method: high yield period theatre dig irrigation ditch at nearly 1/3 place of tree crown upright projection to tree crown periphery, irrigation ditch is being dug in the direct motion within the scope of distance trunk 40 ~ 160cm of high yield period apple orchard, a ditch is respectively dug in tree row both sides, ditch depth 20 ~ 25cm, furrow width is 1/3 of tree crown radius, ditch length can not more than 50m, and have small ratio to fall.The organic matter such as cover crop stalk, fallen leaves, green manure, weeds in irrigation ditch, thickness 20 ~ 30cm.Shaping phase orchard normal flow year, young sprout vigorous period meets moisture supply, the spring tip stop long after to stop growing period suitably Controlled irrigation to autumn growth, autumn growth stop long after to fallen leaves for sufficient moisture; High yield period, orchard poured water for the 1st time before rudiment, carry out the 2nd time after fallen flowers to pour water, suitably control water before flower bud differentiation with initiation period of flower bud, fruit Growth spurt will meet the moisture needs of tree body, the fruit harvesting previous moon Controlled irrigation, pour water in conjunction with organic fertilizer after fruit harvesting.Sandy soil apple orchard, each irrigation quantity is advisable with 25mm; Loam theatre, each irrigation quantity is advisable with 75mm; Clayey soil orchard, the areal concentration of each irrigation quantity to be 100mm irrigation water time be seeped into Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry.Year irrigation quantity 100m ³/ mu ~ 125m ³/ mu.

Water-saving result: save the 100m that pours water ³/ mu ~ 125m ³/ mu, can economize on water 50%.

(2) deficit irrigation pattern (hereinafter referred to as deficit irrigation)

Method: be shaped phase orchard, and direct motion beats ridge respectively, every line of trees is divided into 2 irrigation districts for boundary between strain with crown mapping outer between strain; High yield period orchard, ridge is beaten in direct motion respectively under crown mapping outer with apart from trunk 50cm place, and to pour water district as fertilising between two ridges, each 1 irrigation district, tree crown both sides, covers grass under tree crown.Apple orchard is not irrigated after filling with 1 irrigation district of homonymy, fallen flowers irrigate 2 irrigation districts, fallen flowers before rudiment after simultaneously for 40 days to 70 days, the rapid expanding stage of fruit is not irrigated according to precipitation event and 1 ~ 2 time, soil moisture content alternate irrigation 2 irrigation districts, fruit harvesting for first 1 month, 2 irrigation districts are irrigated, year irrigation quantity 100m in 2 irrigation districts simultaneously after fruit harvesting ³/ mu ~ 125m ³/ mu.

Water-saving result: save the 75m that pours water ³/ mu ~ 100m ³/ mu, can economize on water 37%.

(3) tubelet effluent+furrow irrigation pattern (hereinafter referred to as tubelet effluent)

Method: tubelet effluent water adding system is installed in orchard, this water adding system is made up of control appliance, main, arm, hollow billet and infiltration ditch, under dry, arm is all embedded in frozen soil layer, hollow billet adopts the PE plastic tube of diameter 4mm, substitutes the shower nozzle of slight irrigation, water dropper as irrigator.Shaping phase orchard infiltration ditch adopts annular groove, and direct motion straight flute taked by high yield period orchard infiltration ditch.Ditch cross section is trapezoidal, ditch bottom width 10cm ~ 15cm, and dark 12cm ~ 15cm separates with the low bank of earth between fields between strain, theatre at nearly 1/3 place of tree crown upright projection to the peripheral ditching of tree crown, apple orchard according to trunk 100cm with ditching.Irrigator exposes 10cm ~ 15cm in infiltration ditch, irrigates through furrow during irrigation with tubelet effluent water adding system.Watering period and irrigation quantity cover careless Irrigation with furrow irrigation.

Water-saving result: save the 100m that pours water ³/ mu ~ 120m ³/ mu, water saving 60%.

4, the input-output analysis of apple orchard high-efficient water use Integration ofTechnology pattern

As shown in Table 25, apple furrow irrigation, localized irrigation, tubelet effluent, flood irrigation four kinds of irrigation methods expenses of labour irrigate through furrow at most, and localized irrigation is minimum.It is the highest that fruit bag takes tubelet effluent, irrigates through furrow minimum.Fertilizer cost tubelet effluent is the highest, irrigates through furrow minimum.Water rate tubelet effluent is the highest, irrigates through furrow minimum.Agricultural chemicals expense furrow irrigation is the highest, and localized irrigation is minimum.Electricity charge tubelet effluent is the highest, irrigates through furrow minimum.Diesel oil takes furrow irrigation, localized irrigation is the highest and identical with tubelet effluent, and flood irrigation is minimum.Produce total input tubelet effluent the highest, irrigate through furrow minimum.Furrow irrigation, localized irrigation, flood irrigation all do not have Technical investment, and tubelet effluent has Technical investment.In total input, tubelet effluent is the highest then, irrigates through furrow minimum; High quality fruit is higher and identical with tubelet effluent than localized irrigation, and flood irrigation is minimum.Output tubelet effluent is the highest, and flood irrigation is minimum.Gross output value tubelet effluent is the highest, irrigates through furrow minimum.Net income localized irrigation is the highest, and flood irrigation is minimum.Input-output ratio localized irrigation is the highest, and flood irrigation is minimum.Water use efficiency tubelet effluent is the highest, and flood irrigation is minimum.Moisture Rate of utilization tubelet effluent is the highest, and flood irrigation is minimum.

The input and output of table 25 apple Agricultural Water Saving Integration ofTechnology pattern

The technological progress that the present invention obtains

The technological progress that " three suitable one fall " irrigation water efficient technique of rainwater utilization obtains

1, the scope of application is wide: the present invention is applicable to all kinds apple orchard under mountain area, hills, the different management in Plain, economy, water resources condition.

2, irrigating water quality availability is high: under guarantee apple orchard output, quality prerequisite, by normal irrigation year use water 250 ~ 300m ³/ mu is reduced to 80-125m ³/ mu.

3, workable: in " three suitable one falls " irrigation water efficient technique of rainwater utilization R&D process, focus on orchard worker's educational level, the ability to accept of scientific and technical aspect, ability to bear etc. economically, made every effort to that orchard worker is readable, the meeting of learning, to have can use.

4, technological system, advanced: there is the research in more than 20 years in Shijiazhuang Fruit Trees Inst., Agriculture and Forestry Inst., HeBei Prov. in fruit tree water saving cultivation technique, knowhow, successively achieve " water consumption type fruit tree subtract steam consumption reduction and Cultivate administration water-saving technology is integrated with demonstration ", " Drought Mountain Area fruit tree water collection section fills with efficient On Comprehensive Technique developmental research and application ", " semiarid zone pears, apple, peach practicality simplifies earth's surface water-saving irrigation technique research ", in 10 remainder countries, scientific and technological achievement at the provincial and ministerial level, " three suitable one fall " irrigation water efficient technique of rainwater utilization summarizes current research result, achievement in research over the years, and new technology both domestic and external and new results.

The technological progress that technical combinations pattern obtains

1, irrigate through furrow replace mode

(1) invest little: do not need to increase orchard facility, less investment.

(2) water-saving result is good: the areal concentration only irrigating apple Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry during furrow irrigation, enables irrigation water play maximum usefulness.The each mu water consumption of usual broad irrigation 80 ~ 100m ³/ mu, irrigates through furrow and can economize on water more than 50% than flood irrigation.

(3) keep soil from packing together: irrigation water infiltrates soil through bottom of trench, furrow bank, prevents the destruction of soil structure, makes the venting capability that soil conservation is good, be conducive to the activity of edaphon, alleviate the soil compaction that broad irrigation causes.

(4) be not easy to propagate disease: irrigation water does not flow directly to tree root neck, can effectively prevent collar portion disease through the propagation of irrigation water.In addition, furrow irrigation orchard trunk ambient air temperature is low, can reduce the harm of Rough bark disease, tree crown bottom fruit ring spot etc.

(5) the saline and alkaline impact on tree body is alleviated: furrow irrigation orchard apple Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry is mainly distributed in trench digging place, and flow toward bottom according to water, the feature that salt is walked toward eminence, Absorbance linear-combination Spectrophotometry main area salt alkali number is lower, reduces the saline and alkaline impact on tree body.

(6) save labour: because furrow irrigation avoids the soil compaction that broad irrigation causes, therefore effectively reduce loosen the soil, weeding recruitment, reduce production cost.

(7) make natural precipitation efficiently be stored and utilization: the northern area of China, particularly rainless spring, one rainfall event amount is many at below 10mm, and because rainfall is little, rainwater infiltration less than the uptake zone of root system, and can not be absorbed by tree body.Furrow irrigation orchard make precipitation concentrate store in irrigation ditch, ooze the degree of depth under adding rainwater.

2, deficit irrigation pattern

(1) small investment, technology is simple: do not need to increase irrigating facility, and orchard worker is easy to accept and grasp.

(2) water-saving result is good: reduce area of pouring water, and irrigation quantity is flood irrigation water saving 40% ~ 50% comparatively.

(3) evapotranspiration is reduced: because of the reduction of ground moistening area, reduce the evaporation discharge of soil moisture; The root system of non-irrigated area provides the signal of water deficit for setting body, reduce the transpiration rate of tree body.

(4) prevent the suberification of root system: by the conduction of moisture in root system after adopting subregion alternate irrigation and irrigating the peripheral root system of tree crown, solve root system and be in Severe drought for a long time and coerce down, increase the weight of the problem of root system suberification.

(5) improve the availability of fertilizer: imposed on by quick-acting water-soluble fertilizer and pour water and non-critical zone of pouring water, can reduce and lose to deep percolation because irrigating the fertilizer caused.

(6) improve the utilization ratio of rainwater: falling moderate rain or when raining heavyly, the collection rain ability of non-irrigation district strengthens greatly, promoting that rainwater is to the horizontal permeation of non-irrigation district, because this reducing rainwash and the deep percolation of rainwater in district of pouring water.

3, tubelet effluent furrow irrigation pattern

(1) water-saving result is good: tubelet effluent is localized irrigation, only the soil of moistening infiltration ditch both sides, and the availability of water is high, and is pipe network water delivery, does not have water delivery seepage loss.

(2) irrigator not easily blocks: the flow diameter of tubelet effluent irrigator is more much bigger than the flow diameter (general diameter is 0.5 ~ 1.2mm) of drip emitter, solves the difficult problem that irrigator is easy to block.

(3), during applying fruit trees with fertilizer, soil can be entered in chemical fertilizer liquid flow in pipes with pouring water, improve efficiency.

The above, be only the specific embodiment of the present invention, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any change of expecting without creative work or replacement, all should be encompassed within protection scope of the present invention.Therefore, the protection domain that protection scope of the present invention should limit with claims is as the criterion.

Claims (8)

1. an orchard water-saving irrigation method, is characterized in that, comprises the steps:

Step one, in apple tree resting stage, fruit tree is adjusted to less tree-like of transpiration rate;

Step 2, March to June keep the water yield sufficient, and soil absolute water content is not less than 13.25% the whole year;

Step 3, select Different Irrigation Methods according to orchard concrete condition, irrigate hour hands and adjust the distance within the scope of trunk 40-160cm and irrigate, keep irrigation water penetration depth to reach within the scope of the 30-50cm of earth's surface.

2. method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, said method is for loam soil property.

3. method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in described step one, and the high form of tree-like selection that transpiration rate is less or the sagging shape of major branch.

4. method according to claim 3, is characterized in that, in described step one, high form design parameter is: spacing in the rows 2 ~ 3m, line-spacing 3.5 ~ 5m, per hectare plantation 667 ~ 1429 strains, and kind and stock are Spur Type Varieties or dwarfing rootstock, and center is dry upright; Dry high 120 ~ 150cm, the height of tree 2.5 ~ 3.0m, crown diameter 2.0 ~ 3.0m, 7 ~ 9, major branch, major branch angle 80 ~ 90 °, major branch length 1 ~ 2m, extends to surrounding, without obvious level, homonymy major branch spacing 50 ~ 80cm; Major branch configures medium and small fruit-bearing shoot cluster; The rugosity ratio that major branch and central authorities leader do is 1; : 2 tree crowns are compact.

5. method according to claim 3, is characterized in that, in described step one, the sagging shape design parameter of major branch is: spacing in the rows 3 ~ 4m, line-spacing 4 ~ 6m, per hectare plantation 417 ~ 833 strains; The sagging shape tree management of major branch is the height of tree 2.5 ~ 3.0m, dry high 120 ~ 150cm, and the dry upper spiral of central authorities raw 5 ~ 7 major branches, and major branch length 1.5 ~ 2.0m, major branch angle 100 ~ 120 °, is not less than 50cm with orientation major branch spacing.

6. method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in described step 3, orchard carries out assisting in irrigation process spraying anti-steaming agent.

7. method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in described step 2, between March to June, for the apple bud phase: late March; Blooming Date of Apple Trees: mid-April; The apple young fruit development phase: the first tenday period of a month in May; Apple flower bud physiological differentiation: mid-June.

8. method according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in described step 3, irrigation method comprises furrow irrigation covering, deficit irrigation, tubelet effluent irrigation.