CN104936676A - 变压吸附装置 - Google Patents

变压吸附装置 Download PDF

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CN104936676A
CN104936676A CN201380062105.3A CN201380062105A CN104936676A CN 104936676 A CN104936676 A CN 104936676A CN 201380062105 A CN201380062105 A CN 201380062105A CN 104936676 A CN104936676 A CN 104936676A
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C·比耶
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Norgren Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种用于去除气体混合物如空气中的至少一种组份如氧气的变压吸附装置。该装置包括用于接纳压缩空气流的多个柱对(14,16)，其中一个柱在工作模式下运行，而另一个柱在净化模式下运行。所述柱容纳有用于吸附氧气的碳分子筛材料(26)和被成形为多个管(28)的干燥剂材料。

Description

变压吸附装置
技术领域
本发明涉及变压吸附装置，并且具体而不排他地涉及用于生成氮气的多柱变压吸附***。
背景技术
从压缩空气源生产氮气是众所周知的。使用选定的碳分子筛(CMS)并利用变压吸附(PSA)技术，使得不同纯度的氮供给能够由用户就地完成。
压缩空气供给的纯度是一个重要的考量，因为如果未经处理提高其纯度，其并不适合被使用。压缩空气包含多种污染物，诸如必须在使用前被去除的水、油和微粒。处理压缩空气通常涉及过滤、除去油/水气雾和灰尘、干燥去除水蒸气。压缩空气的纯度会影响PSA制氮机的运行。
参照图1，双塔干燥器PSA制氮机的运行方式为，在供给空气(通常为7-10巴)向上流动通过填充的CMS床(柱A)时，通过分子吸附将供给空气中的氧气转移到填充的颗粒型CMS床。柱B(之前已被使用)被减压，氧气由于所述CMS床内的气体的膨胀而从CMS释放出。来自柱A的出口的干燥纯净气体穿过控制口，膨胀至接近大气压力，朝相反流向向下流过柱B以吹扫浓缩氧气床。该运行循环的目的是使氮气输出流具有合适的输出纯度。当柱A中的CMS的氧气达到饱和(通常由简单的定时控制器来确定)时，供给空气在加压后返回至柱B，该循环继续产生氮气流(去氧空气)。
快速气体(即容易被吸附的气体，比如水蒸气和二氧化碳)与氧气一起分散至CMS的多孔结构内。气流的水蒸气含量很关键，其存在将会影响制氮工艺的效率(见文献US4,439,213)。现已认识到，入口压缩空气的处理因此是一个重要的考量。
PSA制氮机的提供商推荐了不同的干燥等级。通常而言，压缩空气越干，其对CMS越有益。
干燥剂式干燥器更受喜欢的原因是，所产生的残余水蒸气含量很低，从而可获得最佳的制氮机效率。然而，其要求再生空气(在净化循环过程中)通常要占到入口空气的20％，这导致需要更大的压缩机，进而增加了资本和运行费用。一些供应商因此使用冷冻式干燥机，但是限制其对制氮机的保证。通常认为，对于高氮气纯度(10-500ppm的氧气)，高纯度的入口空气是十分重要的。
在一些小的***(比如输送量为5升/分钟)中，通常的做法是将干燥剂式干燥段(stage)集成至吸附床，并利用制氮机来进行再生净化。然而，设计人员必须意识到这样的方法的局限性。
颗粒状干燥吸附剂被广泛地使用于从多种气体(包括压缩气体)中去除多种污染物(例如水蒸气)，但是，吸附剂具有其局限性。所述技术的特征很明确，它们的用途局限于特定的场合。这些局限包括方位、振动、高压损失、磨损、沟流、旁路、再生能量高(净化)、对大体积的水和气雾的抵抗性差。
干燥剂珠粒不规则的大小和形状因为床体填充不够而会导致磨损和沟流。吸附剂珠粒的粉状外观表示灰尘很容易在使用时被散开，污染出口空气流，从而危害下流装置。珠粒的通常预期生命为12000小时(还不到18个月的连续使用)。
在接触到大体积的水时，水滴经过过滤器并进入干燥剂床体，该情况很常见并且会导致干燥剂珠粒的分解。该分解的原因比如是粘土结合料(膨润土)容易分解并冲走。该情况产生的原因是冷凝水没有在干燥机之前被充分除去。
一旦发生所述接触，整个吸附床体需要被替换。所产生的灰尘朝下流冲过，带来潜在的后果。
通常情况下，由于上述局限性，干燥剂材料每连续使用18个月就必须被换掉。这使得成本很高，还会中断制氮***的运行。当前仍未看到可行的对策，因为想要进入干燥剂干燥段，需要去除CMS(通常为床体体积的90％)。
在小的***中，比如饮料分装机(输送量大约为5升/分钟)，干燥剂的寿命与压缩机适配，通常具有小于或等于10000小时的寿命而且不连续工作。具有集成的颗粒吸收剂段的单柱PSA模块的寿命与其压缩机适配。
对于需要连续工作的更大的***，这并不是一个可行的方案。CMS在高标准的入口空气纯度时具有10年的预期寿命，其通常不被认为是常规维护(替换)的对象。所以，在这样的情况下，珠粒状的干燥剂材料的服务寿命与CMS的寿命或所使用的压缩机的工业等级不配合。如果空气处理***发生故障，大体积的水接触干燥剂材料，其将受到损害并需要被替换，这对使用者而言是不可接受的情景。
本发明的优选实施例力图克服现有技术的上述缺陷。
发明内容
根据本发明，提供一种用于去除气体混合物中的至少一种组份的变压吸附装置，该装置包括用于接纳气流的多个柱，至少一个所述柱适于当至少一个另外的所述柱在净化模式下运行时在工作模式下运行，多个所述柱容纳有用于吸附所述气体混合物的至少一种组份的至少一种碳分子筛材料和被成形为多个管的至少一种干燥剂材料。
通过在还容纳有碳分子筛材料的柱的内部使用管状干燥剂材料，可提供这样的优点：干燥剂材料不会如在现有技术的***中见到的那样分解。从而，干燥剂材料的有效工作寿命接近于碳分子筛材料的有效工作寿命，并且该两种组份可组合至同一个柱内。因为干燥剂干燥器和碳分子筛形成在同一个柱内(因此不是独立的干燥剂干燥器)，在***的运行过程中可显著节约成本。具体而言，碳分子筛的净化循环所需的处理气体的体积不变，但是该净化气体还实施所述干燥气体的再生，消除了外部干燥剂干燥器所需的净化空气损失(在现有技术中，需要来自压缩机的约20％的空气来净化外部干燥剂干燥器)。因为管状干燥剂材料的预期工作寿命已被增加，干燥剂的维护需求与CMS的匹配，可在大约10年后通过替换CMS和干燥段来完成。
在一个优选的实施例中，所述柱由挤出材料形成。
在另一个优选实施例中，所述碳分子筛材料适于去除所述气体混合物中的氧气。
去除压缩空气中的氧气可以制得痰气(去氧空气)。
在一个优选实施例中，所述干燥剂材料包括吸附晶体(比如分子筛或活性氧化铝)。
在另一个优选实施例中，所述干燥剂材料包括至少一种聚合物粘合剂。
在另一个实施例中，所述聚合物粘合剂包括聚醚砜
通过使用聚合物粘合剂和吸附晶体，可以提供这样的优点：可形成非常小的管，其具有很高的表面积从而具有极好的干燥剂性能来干燥压缩空气。聚合物粘合剂、尤其是聚醚砜制得的管不易分解和产生灰尘，从而可保护碳分子筛材料和下游设备免受灰尘影响。该吸收管可完全地抵抗大体积的或气雾形式的水，并可从完全水饱和恢复运行。
在一个优选的实施例中，所述管通常具有1-4毫米、优选2.2毫米的外径和0.5-1毫米、优选0.9毫米的内径。
附图说明
现将仅仅作为举例、不在任何限制的意义上、参照附图描述本发明的优选实施例，其中：
图1是现有技术的制氮机的示意图；
图2是本发明的装置的立体图；
图3是图2中的装置的剖视图；
图4是图2中的装置的一部分的截面立体图。
具体实施方式
参见图2-4，变压吸附装置10用于从气体混合物中除去至少一种组份，在图示的例子中用于除去氧气来生产氮气，该变压吸附装置具有一系列柱对12。每个柱对包括左侧柱14和右侧柱16，两者经由相应的入口槽18和20提供加压气流。每个柱还具有相应的出口槽22和24，一系列阀(未示出)控制该装置，以使得在由入口槽18和出口槽22相互连接的左侧柱14在工作模式下运行时，由入口槽20和出口槽24连接的右侧柱在净化模式下运行。每个柱14和16包含用于吸附至少一种气体组份的至少一种碳分子筛材料26。每个柱还含有干燥剂材料28。
碳分子筛材料26在所述柱处于工作模式时吸收一种气体组份(在本实例中为氧气)，并且当所述柱在净化模式下运行时释放氧气。同样地，当所述柱相应地处于工作和净化模式时，水蒸气被干燥剂材料吸收或释放。干燥剂材料28通常由吸附晶体(比如分子筛或活性氧化铝)形成，这些吸附晶体通过聚合物粘合剂如聚醚砜结合在一起。所述管被成形为具有约2.2毫米的外径和约0.9毫米的内径，但是这些尺寸可在l-4毫米的外径范围和0.5-1.0毫米的壁厚范围内变动。干燥剂材料管与所述柱径向对齐并形成为束，其中所述管的外端可选择为包封在一起，从而让压缩空气流经过所述管的内径。
每个柱14和16各自具有大约25升的内容积，并被设计成以约10-40标准立方米/小时的输入流和1-20标准立方米/小时的输出流进行工作。该***可通过增加由所述槽连接的柱对来升级。
现将描述本发明的变压吸附制氮装置10的运行。位于槽18的入口端的阀(未示出)打开，同时在槽18的出口端的其他阀(也未示出)关闭，从而允许受压压缩空气进入柱14，在柱14处，压缩空气首先被管状干燥剂材料28干燥，之后进入碳分子筛材料26，在此处，氧气被除去。被除去氧气(因此氮气浓度增加)的空气进入槽22、通过出口阀(未示出)并被使用或存储在压力容器(未示出)中。
同时，通过氮浓度已增加并且已被干燥的空气返回经过槽22进入柱16，柱16(在之前已被使用)被净化。该干燥且具有更高氮浓度的空气处于更小的压力下(相比柱14)，能够净化来自碳分子筛材料26的氧气和清理来自干燥剂材料28的蒸汽，之后，其流经槽20，在槽20处的阀的布置与在槽18中的阀的当前位置相反，从而净化的空气可被排出。在预定的期限之后，随着柱14中的碳分子筛材料26和干燥剂材料28逐渐饱和，切换阀，以使得柱14切换成净化模式并且柱16切换成工作模式。
本领域技术人员将明白，以上实施例仅作为示例进行了描述，且其没有任何限制性的意义，并且可在不背离如所附权利要求限定的发明内容的条件下对其做出不同的变化和修改。

Claims (9)

1.一种用于去除气体混合物中的至少一种组份的变压吸附装置，其特征在于，该装置包括用于接纳气流的多个柱，至少一个所述柱适于当至少一个另外的所述柱在净化模式下运行时在工作模式下运行，多个所述柱容纳有用于吸附所述气体混合物的至少一种组份的至少一种碳分子筛材料和被成形为多个管的至少一种干燥剂材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的装置，其特征在于，所述柱由挤出材料形成。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的装置，其特征在于，所述碳分子筛材料适于去除所述气体混合物中的氧气。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，所述干燥剂材料包括吸附晶体。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，所述干燥剂材料包括至少一种聚合物粘合剂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的装置，其特征在于，所述聚合物粘合剂包括聚醚砜。
7.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的装置，其特征在于，所述管具有1-4毫米的外径和0.5-1毫米的内径。
8.根据权利要求7所述的装置，其特征在于，所述管具有2.2毫米的外径和0.9毫米的内径。
9.一种用于去除气体混合物的至少一种组份的变压吸附装置，其大致如前文参照附图2-4所描述。
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