CN104412444B - 蓄电池的安全设计 - Google Patents

蓄电池的安全设计 Download PDF

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CN104412444B
CN104412444B CN201380032107.8A CN201380032107A CN104412444B CN 104412444 B CN104412444 B CN 104412444B CN 201380032107 A CN201380032107 A CN 201380032107A CN 104412444 B CN104412444 B CN 104412444B
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H·芬克
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Robert Bosch GmbH
Samsung SDI Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种蓄电池的安全设计，该蓄电池包括多个蓄电池单池(11)，所述多个蓄电池单池(11)通过充电和分离装置能够与蓄电池的多个电极相连接，其中另外存在一个放电电路(24)，其能够与多个蓄电池单池(11)并联连接，并且优选地借助于一个蓄电池管理***(27)来接通和关断。所述放电电路(24)包括至少一个可开关的阀(25)和一个放电电阻(26)。

Description

蓄电池的安全设计
技术领域
本发明涉及一种安全设计，其具有用于蓄电池、尤其用于混合动力或者电动车辆中的牵引蓄电池的相应的装置和所属的方法。
背景技术
为在混合动力或者电动车辆中使用而提供的蓄电池称为牵引蓄电池，因为它们用于给电力驱动装置供能。为了获得在混合动力或者电动车辆中需要的功率数据和能量数据，把单个的蓄电池单池串联并且部分地另外并联连接。在电动车辆的情况下例如串联100个蓄电池单池或者更多，使得蓄电池的总电压能够达到340V。在混合车辆中使用的蓄电池通常也超过人接触没有问题的60V的电压界限。
图1表示一个根据现有技术的蓄电池***的原理图。这样的蓄电池***在DE-OS10 2010 027 850中以详细的框图加以说明。
详细地说，图1表示一个具有配属的集成的电子装置的蓄电池10。多个蓄电池单池11串联，以便达到相应的应用所希望的高的输出电压。可选地，另外能够把蓄电池单池并联，以便实现大的蓄电池容量。
在多个蓄电池单池11的串联电路的正极和正的蓄电池端子12之间接入一个充电和分离装置14。另外在蓄电池单池11的串联电路的负极和负的蓄电池端子13之间存在一个分离装置15。充电和分离装置14以及分离装置15分别包括一个接触器16或者17作为分离开关。这些接触器提供用于把蓄电池单池11从蓄电池端子12、13分离，以便使蓄电池端子12、13在需要时无电压接通。代替接触器也能够使用其他为该应用适宜的开关装置。
在充电和分离装置14内另外存在一个充电接触器18。一个充电电阻19与充电接触器18串联。在这种情况下，当把蓄电池连接到一个通常由蓄电池供能的驱动***的直流电压中间电路上时，该充电电阻19为在所述直流电压中间电路中接入的缓冲电容器限制充电电流。使用在图1中表示的正电线中的充电和分离装置和在负电线中的分离装置的这种安排能够在可预先规定的事件的情况下把蓄电池单极地或者双极地接通或者断开。为此一个未表示的控制装置输出相应的驱动接触器的信号。
借助充电电阻19还能够在接通蓄电池时限制平衡电流。这里在接通过程中在充电和分离装置14中在分离开关16打开的情况下首先接通充电开关18，另外如果希望的话把分离装置中的分离开关17连接到蓄电池***的负极上。那时通过充电电阻19对外部连接的***加载输入容量。如果蓄电池***的正极和负极之间的电压尚未明显从蓄电池单池的总电压偏离，则通过接通充电和分离开关14中的分离开关来中断该充电过程。那时蓄电池***低电阻地在外部***上连接并且能够用它的规定的功率数据驱动。总共能够把在接通蓄电池***的情况下在外部***和蓄电池***之间发生的平衡电流限制到许可的值。
图2中作为原理电路图表示一个例如从DE-OS 10 2010 027 864.5中知晓的、用于电动或者混合动力车辆的电力驱动***。这里蓄电池20在一个直流电压中间电路上连接，后者由电容器21缓冲。在该直流电压中间电路上连接的是一个脉冲逆变器22，它通过各两个可开关的半导体整流器22a、22b和两个二极管22c和22d在相位彼此相对错开的正弦电压的三个输出上为驱动一个电力驱动装置23例如一个旋转磁场电机提供。电容器21的容量必须足够大，以便为在其中一个可开关的半导体阀导通的持续时间期间稳定直流电压中间电路中的电压。
从DE-OS 10 2010 027 864.5中知晓的电力驱动***包括一个蓄电池20，它类似图1中表示的蓄电池10具有许多串联的蓄电池单池。在蓄电池单池的该串联电路和蓄电池20的正或者负端子之间在正电线内存在一个充电和分离装置以及在负电线内存在一个分离装置。通过这些分离装置和图1的蓄电池10一样能够把蓄电池的正极或者蓄电池的负极在故障或者功能出错的情况下在一个可连接的充电装置非正常工作的情况下从蓄电池单池解耦合从而接通到无电压状态。尤其建议把蓄电池从牵引车身电网双极地分离，以便使蓄电池进入一种安全的状态。在这种情况下蓄电池单池中存储的电荷继续保持。
发明内容
只要通过确定的作用触发短路，则由继续充电的蓄电池单池在其解耦合之后还能够发生反应。这也能够在较长的时间之后还发生。
本发明的优点在于，在为蓄电池尤其为牵引蓄电池的安全设计的情况下使蓄电池或者单个的蓄电池单池进入一种非关键性的状态，在这种状态下外部的作用或者影响不能导致危险的情况。
通过使蓄电池在其从外部的连接断开后，尤其在从车辆的牵引车身电网断开后，通过用于放电的装置放电而进入一种安全的状态，由此实现该优点。
为实现本发明的优点，对于一个***，尤其是根据现有技术的蓄电池，补充一个在图3中说明的附加的放电电路。该附加的放电电路的控制以特别有利的方式借助一个输出相应的控制信号的蓄电池管理***进行。在这种情况下该蓄电池管理***以有利的方式包括至少一个处理器以及一个所属的硬件，并且对开关装置或者接触器输出需要的控制信号用于它们的驱动。
尤其有利的是，蓄电池单池的根据本发明的放电在该蓄电池单池分离后尤其在双极分离后立即开始。为此以有利的方式激活一个所谓的解除器(Abtakter)，它在另外一种有利的解决方案中作为具有所属解除电阻的半导体开关或者电磁开关实现。在这种情况下在该解除电阻内从蓄电池单池吸收的并且应该消耗的电能被转变为热能。蓄电池单池的根据本发明的放电以有利的方式也当由本发明的蓄电池供电的牵引驱动装置的其他的部件例如逆变器不再能够作用时作用，所述逆变器用于从蓄电池电压产生为对电动机供电所需的交流电压。
在本发明的一种扩展中能够提供另外的措施，这些措施例如也包括逆变器。在这种情况下能够以有利的方式并行地进行蓄电池单池通过蓄电池内部的解除器的放电与通过充电电阻和充电开关以及逆变器的功率开关的放电。该功率开关以有利的方式是该逆变器中的半导体阀以及二极管。
下面的可能性提供另一个优点：通过附加的电子装置执行蓄电池和蓄电池单池的附加的放电以均衡蓄电池单池的充电状态。在这样一种执行所谓的单元平衡的装置中能够以有利的方式把那时存在的欧姆电阻用于蓄电池单池的放电或者另外地包括。
具体实施方式
图3中表示本发明的一个实施例。图3中表示的部件相应于在图1以及图2中详细说明的部件并且具有相同的附图标记。另外并联于多个蓄电池单池11的串联电路存在一个放电电路24。该放电电路24在本实施例中在蓄电池10内设置，它也能够在蓄电池10的外部设置。该例如作为解除器作用的放电电路包括一个可接通和断开的电子的阀25以及一个与该阀25串联的电阻26。该电子的阀24例如能够由一个未详细表示的蓄电池管理***27控制。在这种情况下该蓄电池管理***27在蓄电池单池11分离后尤其在双极分离后立即开始蓄电池单池11的放电。为此一旦蓄电池管理***识别到蓄电池单池分离它就向放电电路输出一个控制信号。
为此放电电路24的电子阀25也被相应控制，使得它作为所谓的解除器作用。在最简单的情况下该电子阀25涉及半导体开关或者电机械式开关。其内把应该从蓄电池单池吸收的电能转变为热能的解除电阻26使放电电路24更加完备。
在这种情况下解除电阻26和可接通和断开的电气的或者电机械式的阀25如此设计，使得蓄电池单池11能够从充满电的状态在一个预定的时间内完全放电。如果例如该蓄电池要以24kW/h的能量单元在24小时内对一个电动车辆放电，则必须以1kW的持续功率设计解除器。
图3中表示的设计还当牵引驱动装置的其他部件例如逆变器不再能够作用时作用。这种牵引驱动装置例如在图2中表示，其中逆变器例如作为脉冲逆变器构造。根据本发明它能够在用于蓄电池单池的放电设计中被包括。
在图3中表示的设计的一种扩展中能够另外提供例如也包括逆变器的措施。在这种情况下例如能够并行地进行蓄电池单池11的通过蓄电池内部的解除器24的放电和通过电阻26和充电开关以及逆变器22的功率开关的放电。
作为另外的可能性能够进行蓄电池和蓄电池单池11的通过一个放电时需要的电子装置的一种附加的放电，用于平衡蓄电池单池11的充电状态。在这种执行所谓的蓄电池单池平衡的装置中能够把那时存在的欧姆电阻用于蓄电池单池的放电或者附加地包括。对放电电路24的可接通和断开的电子阀的控制，一旦蓄电池管理***27根据可预先规定的准则识别到这种需要，就通过蓄电池管理***27在单极或者双极断开蓄电池单池11后进行。

Claims (9)

1.用于蓄电池的安全装置，所述蓄电池包括多个蓄电池单池，所述多个蓄电池单池通过充电和分离装置能够与所述蓄电池的多个电极相连接，其中，存在一个放电电路(24)，一旦识别到所述多个蓄电池单池(11)从至少一个蓄电池电极分离，所述放电电路(24)便与所述多个蓄电池单池并联连接，其特征在于，除了所述放电电路(24)还存在一个能够在蓄电池端子上开关的逆变器，所述逆变器与蓄电池管理***(27)连接并且能够由所述蓄电池管理***来控制，使得通过所述放电电路(24)借助于充电电阻(26)和充电开关(25)的放电以及所述逆变器的功率开关的放电并行地进行所述蓄电池单池的放电。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于蓄电池的安全装置，其特征在于，所述蓄电池是牵引蓄电池。
3.根据上述权利要求之一所述的安全装置，其特征在于，所述放电电路(24)包括至少一个放电电阻(26)以及可接通和断开的电子阀(25)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的用于蓄电池的安全装置，其特征在于，所述电子阀(25)包括一个半导体开关或者一个电机械式开关。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的安全装置，其特征在于，所述放电电路(24)借助蓄电池管理***(27)是可接通的。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的安全装置，其特征在于，存在一个用于平衡所述多个蓄电池单池的充电状态的电子装置，所述电子装置具有平衡电阻并且与所述蓄电池管理***(27)连接并且由后者来控制，其中，所述平衡电阻用于对所述多个蓄电池单池(11)进行放电。
7.用于对蓄电池进行放电的方法，所述蓄电池包括多个蓄电池单池，所述多个蓄电池单池通过充电和分离装置能够与所述蓄电池的多个电极相连接，其中，存在安全装置，所述安全装置在一个蓄电池管理***(27)一旦识别到所述多个蓄电池单池(11)从所述蓄电池的至少一个电极分离便借助于所述蓄电池管理***(27)把放电电路(24)并联连接至所述多个蓄电池单池(11)，其特征在于，除了所述放电电路(24)还存在一个能够在蓄电池端子上开关的逆变器，所述逆变器与所述蓄电池管理***(27)连接并且能够由所述蓄电池管理***来控制，使得通过所述放电电路(24)借助于充电电阻(26)和充电开关(25)的放电以及所述逆变器的功率开关的放电并行地进行所述蓄电池单池的放电。
8.根据权利要求7所述的用于对蓄电池进行放电的方法，其特征在于，所述蓄电池管理***向所述放电电路(24)输出控制信号，所述控制信号使得所述放电电路(24)与所述多个蓄电池单池(11)并联连接。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的用于对蓄电池进行放电的方法，其特征在于，在所述多个蓄电池单池(11)从两个蓄电池电极双极地分离后进行所述多个蓄电池单池的放电。
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