CN104186314A - Anoectochilus formosanus seedling culturing method - Google Patents
Anoectochilus formosanus seedling culturing method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104186314A CN104186314A CN201410383427.4A CN201410383427A CN104186314A CN 104186314 A CN104186314 A CN 104186314A CN 201410383427 A CN201410383427 A CN 201410383427A CN 104186314 A CN104186314 A CN 104186314A
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Abstract
The invention discloses an anoectochilus formosanus seedling culturing method comprising the steps of firstly, selecting a section of 2-4cm main stem located between a ground part and an underground part of anoectochilus formosanus which is robust in plant, clear in leaf vein and deflorate, mashing the rest part to form a solution, adding 1-2% of tween-20 into the solution, then, placing the main stem into the solution, and treating at the temperature of 4 DEG C for 24-72h; secondly, placing the main stem treated in the first step on 1/3-1/2 of an MS solid culture medium to grow for 10-15 days to obtain a young rooting seedling, wherein full-sunlight illumination is adopted in the culture period; thirdly, transferring the young seedling obtained in the second step to 1/4-1/3 of an MS liquid culture medium to culture for 50-60 days, and adding the anoectochilus formosanus solution obtained in the first step into the MS liquid culture medium; and fourthly, placing the solid culture medium into a cup-shaped vessel made of a degradable material, and transplanting the young seedling obtained in the third step into the solid culture medium to culture for 20-40 days.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of seedling-cultivating method of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud.
Background technology
Roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud is that the orchid family is opened lip Cymbidium Anoectochilus Roxburghii, has effect that the wet flat liver of cool blood of the significant clearing heat and detoxicating sleeve that dispels the wind is reinforced the kidney, and is extremely rare famous and precious traditional Chinese medicine.There is extensive medical value among the people, have the laudatory titles such as " king of medicine ", " gold grass ", " god's grass ", " bird ginseng ".Roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud is typical negative medicinal plant, is often grown in the fertile leaf mould under the broad leaved forest that the moon covers, and the ecological conditions such as air humidity, illumination, accumulated temperature in woods is required strict.Roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud demand is surged in recent years, and wild producing region, because people excessively excavate, makes its resource day by day exhausted.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of seedling-cultivating method of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, the present invention fast and safely cultivates roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud seedling by tissue culture technology, by successively cultivate roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud seedling in MS medium and solid matrix, the seedling obtaining can directly be transplanted in soil, do not need to transplant the low problem of survival rate after having solved roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud rapid, high volume breeding seedling and having planted transplantation of seedlings.
Technical scheme provided by the invention is:
A seedling-cultivating method for roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, comprising:
Step 1, choose robust plant, vein clearly and has been crossed the roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud at florescence, the base of the plant of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud of having spent the florescence is more sturdy, get the one section of stem of 2~4cm between its acrial part and under ground portion, remainder is smashed to pieces and formed roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, in roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, add 1%~2% tween~20, afterwards described stem is placed in to roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, process 24~72h at 4 DEG C, amino acid in roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud and micro-content are very high, its contained taurine, polysaccharose composition also can better keep the activity of stem, processing stem at 4 DEG C can make the biologically active of stem approach, when it is taken root, rooting rate is more consistent,
Step 2, the described stem of processing in step 1 is placed in to the seedling growing on 1/3~1/2MS solid culture medium after obtaining for 10~15 days taking root, between culture period, adopt Full daylight to shine, intensity of illumination is 1000~1500Lux, cultivation temperature is 24 DEG C~28 DEG C, adopts low intensive Full daylight photograph between culture period, has both avoided that the roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud causing is by force taken root comparatively fast, the thin and delicate phenomenon of growing because illumination is crossed, can promote fast again the growth of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, shorten its growth cycle;
Step 3, the seedling that step 2 is obtained moves in 1/4~1/3MS liquid nutrient medium and cultivates 50~60 days, and the roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution in step 1 is joined in MS liquid nutrient medium, when cultivation, adopt photoperiod long-day to irradiate, bright phase 16h illumination, intensity of illumination is 2000~2500Lux, temperature is 28 DEG C, dark phase 8h, temperature is 22 DEG C; It is clear that long-day is irradiated lower roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud vein, and leaf margin is smooth.
Step 4, solid matrix is loaded in the cup-like containers that degradation material makes, the seedling replanting that step 3 is obtained is cultivated 20~40 days in described solid matrix, and employing in 1st~3 days is cultivated with condition identical in step 3, makes it to adapt to gradually grow in this solid matrix.The 4th day to 20th~40 days, adopt bright phase 16h illumination, intensity of illumination is 3000~3500Lux, temperature is 30 DEG C, dark phase 8h, temperature is 22 DEG C, while growing into 5~6cm to roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud in cup-like containers, it directly directly can be planted under the tree shade of booth or natural environment, because cup-like containers is made up of degradation material in cup-like containers, in growth, cup-like containers can be degraded, and the root of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud is likely grown through described cup-like containers, on itself growth nothing impact, also pollution-free to environment.Now the root growth of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud is more flourishing; if it is dug out from solid matrix; larger to its root injury; do like this and be of value to its root of protection; simultaneously; with traditionally directly compared with being moved in atmospheric environment liquid nutrient medium, such way makes the survival rate of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud seedling higher, more can adapt to fast new growing environment.
Wherein, described solid matrix comprises the component of following weight fraction: 10~20 parts, soil, 15~30 parts of vermiculites, 3~6 parts, humus, 10~20 parts, banana, 1~2 part of mango, 1~2 part, 2~4 parts of mangosteen peels and dragon fruit pericarp.In humus, contain the more needed elements of growth and development of plants, can improve soil, increase fertility; Banana pulp nutritive value is quite high, containing various trace elements and vitamin, can promote growth, strengthens the resistance against diseases of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud; Mangosteen peel and dragon fruit pericarp can make the resistance against diseases of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud stronger, mango
Preferably, the seedling-cultivating method of described roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, in described step 2, is first treated to described stem the fritter of 0.4~0.6cm, is more evenly placed on MS solid culture medium and grows.
Preferably, the seedling-cultivating method of described roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, in described step 2, the 1st to 20 days, utilize 1/4MS liquid nutrient medium to cultivate roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, changed a solution every 7~10 days; The 21st to 50th~60 days, utilize 1/3MS liquid nutrient medium to cultivate roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, changed a solution every 7~10 days.
Preferably, after being shattered, the seedling that is highly less than 2cm in the stem of not taking root in described step 2 and described step 3 joins in described solid matrix.Amino acid in roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud and micro-content are very high, and its contained taurine, polysaccharose composition are also very abundant, and the growth of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud plant itself is had to good trophism.
Preferably, in the seedling-cultivating method of described roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, described solid matrix comprises the component of following weight fraction: 15 parts, soil, 18 parts of vermiculites, 4 parts, humus, 15 parts, banana, 1 part of mango, 1 part, 3 parts of mangosteen peels and dragon fruit pericarp.
Preferably, in the seedling-cultivating method of described roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, described banana, mango, mangosteen peel and dragon fruit pericarp are pulverized and be less than 40 object particles for particle diameter.
Preferably, in the seedling-cultivating method of described roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, in incubation, air humidity is 80%~95%.
Preferably, in the seedling-cultivating method of described roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, in described step 3, use plasma water preparation 1/4~1/3MS liquid nutrient medium, in medium, various nutrient components are more easily absorbed by roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud like this.
Preferably, in the seedling-cultivating method of described roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, described cup-like containers is made up of any one in PLA, polyvinyl alcohol and polyester material.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is:
Shortened the growth cycle of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud according to method of the present invention, plant strain growth is superior, improve the transplanting survival rate of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, its survival rate is up to more than 99%, the roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud plant height growing up to reaches 16~20cm, average weight 3g/ strain, seedling raising process Green safety, without hormone add, organic cultivation, containing fertilizer and pesticide and hormone, seedling and fresh goods roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud is safer, mouthfeel is better.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in further detail below, to make those skilled in the art can implement according to this with reference to specification word.
Embodiment 1:
Medium:
MS culture medium prescription:
Macroelement:
1650mg/L NH
4nO
3, 1900mg/L KNO
3, 440mg/L CaCl22H2O, 370mg/L MgSO
47H
2o and 700mg/L KH
2pO
4;
Trace element:
0.83mg/L KI, 6.25mg/L H
3bO
3, 22.3mg/LMnSO
44H
2o, 8.65mg/L ZnSO
47H
2o, 0.25mg/LNa
2mnO
42H
2o, 0.025mg/L CuSO
45H
2o and 0.025mg/LCoCl
26H
2o
Molysite: 27.8mg/L FeSO
47H
2o and 7.3mg/L Na
2-EDTA2H
2o
3
Sucrose 30mg/L,
Separately add agar powder 8mg/L,
Tris and MES regulate pH to 5.80 left and right to obtain MS solid culture medium.
Not adding fine jade separately adds agar powder 8mg/L cosmetics to be MS liquid nutrient medium
1/3MS solid culture medium: macroelement, trace element, molysite and sucrose composition are 1/3 of MS medium, separately add agar powder 8mg/L, Tris and MES regulate pH to 5.80 left and right to obtain 1/3MS solid culture medium.
1/2MS solid culture medium: macroelement, trace element, molysite and sucrose composition are 1/2 of MS medium, separately add agar powder 8mg/L, Tris and MES regulate pH to 5.80 left and right to obtain 1/2MS solid culture medium.
1/4MS liquid nutrient medium: macroelement, trace element, molysite and sucrose composition are 1/4 of MS medium, Tris and MES regulate pH to 5.80 left and right to obtain 1/4MS solid culture medium.
1/3MS liquid nutrient medium: macroelement, trace element, molysite and sucrose composition are 1/3 of MS medium, Tris and MES regulate pH to 5.80 left and right to obtain 1/3MS solid culture medium.
Solid matrix comprises the component of following weight fraction: 15 parts, soil, 18 parts of vermiculites, 4 parts, humus, 15 parts, banana, 1 part of mango, 1 part, 3 parts of mangosteen peels and dragon fruit pericarp, wherein pulverize banana, mango, mangosteen peel and dragon fruit pericarp to mix with other components for particle diameter is less than 40 object particles.
Embodiment 2:
A seedling-cultivating method for roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, comprises the steps:
1), choose robust plant, vein clearly and crossed the roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud at florescence, get the one section of stem of the 3cm between its acrial part and under ground portion, remainder is smashed to pieces and formed roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, in roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, add 1.5% Tween-20, afterwards described stem is placed in to roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, processes 48h at 4 DEG C.
2), by step 1) in the described stem processed be treated to the fritter of 0.5cm, the seedling that being evenly placed in grows on 1/3MS solid culture medium after obtaining for 12 days taking root, adopts Full daylight photograph between culture period, intensity of illumination is 1200Lux, cultivation temperature is 26 DEG C, and air humidity is 90%.
3), by step 2) seedling that the obtains 1/4MS liquid nutrient medium that moves to plasma water preparation cultivates 20 days, changes a solution every 8 days; From the 21st day, move in the 1/3MS liquid nutrient medium of plasma water preparation and be cultured to the 55th day, changed a solution every 8 days.And by step 1) in roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution join in 1/4MS liquid nutrient medium, when cultivation, adopt photoperiod long-day to irradiate, bright phase 16h illumination, intensity of illumination is 2300Lux, temperature is 28 DEG C, dark phase 8h, temperature is 22 DEG C; In incubation, air humidity is 90%.
4), solid matrix is loaded in the cup-like containers that PLA makes, by step 3) seedling replanting that obtains cultivates 30 days in described solid matrix, within 1st~3 days, adopt and step 3) in identical condition cultivate, the 4th day to the 30th day, adopt bright phase 16h illumination, intensity of illumination is 3200Lux, temperature is 30 DEG C, dark phase 8h, temperature is 22 DEG C, by step 2) in be highly less than 2cm in the stem of not taking root and step 3 seedling join in solid matrix after shattering.In incubation, air humidity is 90%.
Solid matrix comprises the component of following weight fraction: 15 parts, soil, 18 parts of vermiculites, 4 parts, humus, 15 parts, banana, 1 part of mango, 1 part, 3 parts of mangosteen peels and dragon fruit pericarp, wherein pulverize banana, mango, mangosteen peel and dragon fruit pericarp to mix with other components for particle diameter is less than 40 object particles.
Embodiment 3:
A seedling-cultivating method for roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, comprises the steps:
1), choose robust plant, vein clearly and crossed the roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud at florescence, get the one section of stem of the 2cm between its acrial part and under ground portion, remainder is smashed to pieces and formed roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, in roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, add 1% Tween-20, afterwards stem is placed in to roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, processes 24h at 4 DEG C.
2), by step 1) in the described stem processed be treated to the fritter of 0.4cm, the seedling that being evenly placed in grows on 1/3MS solid culture medium after obtaining for 10 days taking root, adopts Full daylight photograph between culture period, intensity of illumination is 1000Lux, cultivation temperature is 24 DEG C, and air humidity is 80%.
3), by step 2) seedling that the obtains 1/4MS liquid nutrient medium that moves to plasma water preparation cultivates 20 days, changes a solution every 7 days; From the 21st day, move in the 1/3MS liquid nutrient medium of plasma water preparation and be cultured to the 50th day, changed a solution every 7 days.And by step 1) in roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution join in 1/4MS liquid nutrient medium, when cultivation, adopt photoperiod long-day to irradiate, bright phase 16h illumination, intensity of illumination is 2000Lux, temperature is 28 DEG C, dark phase 8h, temperature is 22 DEG C; In incubation, air humidity is 80%.
4), solid matrix is loaded in the cup-like containers that polyester material makes, by step 3) seedling replanting that obtains cultivates 20 days in described solid matrix, within the 1st day, adopt and step 3) in identical condition cultivate, the 4th day to the 20th day, adopt bright phase 16h illumination, intensity of illumination is 3500Lux, temperature is 30 DEG C, dark phase 8h, temperature is 22 DEG C, by step 2) in be highly less than 2cm in the stem of not taking root and step 3 seedling join in described solid matrix after shattering.In incubation, air humidity is 80%.
Wherein, solid matrix also comprises the component of following parts by weight: 120 parts, soil, 30 parts of vermiculites, 6 parts, humus, 20 parts, banana, 2 parts of mango, 2 parts, 4 parts of mangosteen peels and dragon fruit pericarp.
Embodiment 4:
A seedling-cultivating method for roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, comprises the steps:
1), choose robust plant, vein clearly and crossed the roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud at florescence, get the one section of stem of the 4cm between its acrial part and under ground portion, remainder is smashed to pieces and formed roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, in roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, add 2% Tween-20, afterwards described stem is placed in to roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, processes 72h at 4 DEG C.
2), by step 1) in the described stem processed be treated to the fritter of 0.6cm, the seedling that being evenly placed in grows on 1/2MS solid culture medium after obtaining for 15 days taking root, adopts Full daylight photograph between culture period, intensity of illumination is 1500Lux, cultivation temperature is 28 DEG C, and air humidity is 95%.
3), by step 2) seedling that the obtains 1/4MS liquid nutrient medium that moves to plasma water preparation cultivates 20 days, changes a solution every 10 days; From the 21st day, move in the 1/3MS liquid nutrient medium of plasma water preparation and be cultured to the 60th day, changed a solution every 10 days.And by step 1) in roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution join in 1/4MS liquid nutrient medium, when cultivation, adopt photoperiod long-day to irradiate, bright phase 16h illumination, intensity of illumination is 2500Lux, temperature is 28 DEG C, dark phase 8h, temperature is 22 DEG C; In incubation, air humidity is 95%.
4), solid matrix is loaded in the cup-like containers that polyvinyl alcohol makes, by step 3) seedling replanting that obtains cultivates 40 days in described solid matrix, within the 3rd day, adopt and step 3) in identical condition cultivate, the 4th day to the 40th day, adopt bright phase 16h illumination, intensity of illumination is 3000Lux, temperature is 30 DEG C, dark phase 8h, temperature is 22 DEG C, by step 2) in be highly less than 2cm in the stem of not taking root and step 3 seedling join in described solid matrix after shattering.In incubation, air humidity is 95%.
Wherein, described solid matrix comprises the component of following weight fraction: 10 parts, soil, 15 parts of vermiculites, 3 parts, humus, 10 parts, banana, 1 part of mango, 1 part, 2 parts of mangosteen peels and dragon fruit pericarp.
The growth cycle that has shortened roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud according to method of the present invention, plant strain growth is superior, has improved the transplanting survival rate of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, and its survival rate is up to more than 99%, and the roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud plant height growing up to reaches 16~20cm, and average weight reaches 3g/ strain.
Although embodiment of the present invention are open as above, but it is not restricted to listed utilization in specification and embodiment, it can be applied to various applicable the field of the invention completely, for those skilled in the art, can easily realize other amendment, therefore do not deviating under the universal that claim and equivalency range limit, the present invention is not limited to specific details and illustrates here and the embodiment describing.
Claims (9)
1. a seedling-cultivating method for roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, is characterized in that, comprising:
Step 1, choose robust plant, vein and clearly and crossed the roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud at florescence, get the one section of stem of 2~4cm between its acrial part and under ground portion, remainder is smashed to pieces and formed roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, in roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, add 1%~2% Tween-20, afterwards described stem is placed in to roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution, processes 24~72h at 4 DEG C;
Step 2, is placed in the described stem of processing in step 1 the seedling growing on 1/3~1/2MS solid culture medium after obtaining for 10~15 days taking root, and adopts Full daylight photograph between culture period, and intensity of illumination is 1000~1500Lux, and cultivation temperature is 24 DEG C~28 DEG C;
Step 3, the seedling that step 2 is obtained moves in 1/4~1/3MS liquid nutrient medium and cultivates 50~60 days, and the roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud solution in step 1 is joined in MS liquid nutrient medium, when cultivation, adopt photoperiod long-day to irradiate, bright phase 16h illumination, intensity of illumination is 2000~2500Lux, temperature is 28 DEG C, dark phase 8h, temperature is 22 DEG C;
Step 4, solid matrix is loaded in the cup-like containers that degradation material makes, the seedling replanting that step 3 is obtained is cultivated 20~40 days in described solid matrix, and employing in 1st~3 days is cultivated with condition identical in step 3, the 4th day to 20th~40 days, adopt bright phase 16h illumination, intensity of illumination is 3000~3500Lux, and temperature is 30 DEG C, dark phase 8h, temperature is 22 DEG C
Wherein, described solid matrix comprises the component of following weight fraction: 10~20 parts, soil, 15~30 parts of vermiculites, 3~6 parts, humus, 10~20 parts, banana, 1~2 part of mango, 1~2 part, 2~4 parts of mangosteen peels and dragon fruit pericarp.
2. the seedling-cultivating method of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, in described step 2, first described stem is treated to the fritter of 0.4~0.6cm, is more evenly placed on MS solid culture medium and grows.
3. the seedling-cultivating method of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, in described step 2, and the 1st to 20 days, utilize 1/4MS liquid nutrient medium to cultivate roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, changed a solution every 7~10 days; The 21st to 50th~60 days, utilize 1/3MS liquid nutrient medium to cultivate roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud, changed a solution every 7~10 days.
4. the seedling-cultivating method of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that, after the seedling that is highly less than 2cm is shattered, joins in described solid matrix in the stem of not taking root in described step 2 and described step 3.
5. the seedling-cultivating method of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud as claimed in claim 4, is characterized in that, described solid matrix comprises the component of following weight fraction: 15 parts, soil, 18 parts of vermiculites, 4 parts, humus, 15 parts, banana, 1 part of mango, 1 part, 3 parts of mangosteen peels and dragon fruit pericarp.
6. the seedling-cultivating method of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud as claimed in claim 5, is characterized in that, described banana, mango, mangosteen peel and dragon fruit pericarp are pulverized and be less than 40 object particles for particle diameter.
7. the seedling-cultivating method of the roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud as described in claim 1~6 any one, is characterized in that, in incubation, air humidity is 80%~95%.
8. the seedling-cultivating method of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud as claimed in claim 7, is characterized in that, in described step 3, uses plasma water preparation 1/4~1/3MS liquid nutrient medium.
9. the seedling-cultivating method of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud as claimed in claim 7, is characterized in that, described cup-like containers is made up of any one in PLA, polyvinyl alcohol and polyester material.
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Cited By (9)
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CN104904600A (en) * | 2015-06-03 | 2015-09-16 | 吴华球 | Tissue-culturing and rapid-propagating method of anoectochilus formosanus |
CN106134998A (en) * | 2016-07-13 | 2016-11-23 | 云南英纽生物科技有限公司 | A kind of tissue culture medium for anoectochilus roxburghii and its preparation method and application |
CN106258957A (en) * | 2016-08-08 | 2017-01-04 | 四川千草生物技术股份有限公司 | A kind of Herba Anoectochili roxburghii is without hormone containerization cultural method and culture medium thereof |
CN107432207A (en) * | 2017-08-24 | 2017-12-05 | 温光华 | A kind of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud transplants soil |
CN107969339A (en) * | 2017-12-14 | 2018-05-01 | 泉州市金草生物技术有限公司 | A kind of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud breeding method |
CN108094199A (en) * | 2017-12-14 | 2018-06-01 | 泉州市金草生物技术有限公司 | A kind of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud cultivating technique |
CN108668836A (en) * | 2018-04-28 | 2018-10-19 | 福建省大山金线莲科技开发有限公司 | A kind of cultivation matrix and its cultural method of the nursery of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud high viability |
CN108684532A (en) * | 2018-08-13 | 2018-10-23 | 儒兰(福建)生物科技有限公司 | A kind of production technology of polyploid roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud culture medium and polyploid roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud |
CN109845643A (en) * | 2018-11-11 | 2019-06-07 | 漳州市溢绿农业开发有限公司 | A kind of high efficiency smart selection of roxburgh anoectochilus terminal bud |
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