CN104169395B - 用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的装置和方法 - Google Patents

用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN104169395B
CN104169395B CN201280054210.8A CN201280054210A CN104169395B CN 104169395 B CN104169395 B CN 104169395B CN 201280054210 A CN201280054210 A CN 201280054210A CN 104169395 B CN104169395 B CN 104169395B
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CN104169395A (zh
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S·库尔普拉蒂帕尼加
P·帕尔马斯
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Abstract

本文提供用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的装置和方法的实施方式。该装置包括再热器，该再热器用于包括包含含氧气体、无机热载体颗粒和炭的流化沸腾床，以及用于将该炭燃烧为灰分以形成加热的无机颗粒。无机颗粒冷却器与该再热器流体连通，以接收该加热的无机颗粒的第一部分。该无机颗粒冷却器被配置以接收用于与该加热的无机颗粒的该第一部分进行间接热交换以形成第一部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒的冷却介质，该第一部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒被流动传递至该再热器中并与该加热的无机颗粒的第二部分混合，以形成第二部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒。反应器与该再热器流体连通，以接收该第二部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒。

Description

用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的装置和方法
优先权声明
本申请要求2011年9月22日提交的申请号为13/240,570的美国申请的优先权，该美国申请的全部内容以引用方式并入本文。
发明领域
本发明一般地涉及用于含碳物质的快速热处理的装置和方法，更具体地涉及用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的装置和方法。
发明背景
含碳原料(如生物质)经加工产生化学物质和/或燃料可以通过迅速热解(快速热解或闪热解)来完成。迅速热解是一个通用术语，它包括在很短的时间内快速将相对高的温度施加到原料，然后在化学平衡可能发生之前，快速降低原始产物的温度的各种方法。使用此方法将含碳原料的复杂结构分解成反应性化学片段，该片段最初是经解聚和挥发反应形成的。然后通过快速降低温度来保存非平衡产物。
最近，已经开发出用于实现含碳物质的迅速热解的快速热处理法(RTP)。该RTP利用升流式输送反应器和再热器装置，并利用惰性无机固体颗粒热载体(如，通常是沙)携带和传递处理中的热量。RTP反应器提供了含碳物质的极其快速的加热速率和优良的颗粒消融效果，因为当加热的无机固体颗粒和含碳物质被混合在一起并通过该反应器向上行进时，它们之间直接进行湍流式接触，所以这特别适合于生物质的处理。具体地，加热的无机固体颗粒传输热量以热解该含碳物质，形成焦炭和气体产物(包括高品质的热解气体)，将所述产物从该反应器中除去，进入旋流器。该旋流器将该气体产物和固体(如无机固体颗粒和炭)分开，并将该固体传递给该再热器。
该再热器是一种将炭燃烧为灰分，对无机固体颗粒进行再加热，然后将该无机固体颗粒返回到该反应器，进行更多的含碳物质的热解的容器。将含氧气体(一般是空气)供给到燃烧炭的再热器。该无机固体颗粒和炭被含于该再热器的下部，并且被空气流化，形成流化沸腾床(也被称为密相)。该再热器也有位于该密相上面的稀相以及主要包含烟道气、夹带的无机颗粒和灰分，这些是用空气燃烧炭而形成的副产物。将该烟道气、夹带的无机颗粒和灰分从该再热器中去除，进入旋流器，该旋流器将固体和该烟道气分离开来。
目前，需要更高容量的RTP装置，该装置与以前较低的小于100绝干(bone dry)公吨(BDMTPD)的含碳原料速率相比，每天能够处理的原料速率多达400BDMTPD或更高。提高的容量导致在RTP反应器中产生更多的炭，以及RTP再热器和辅助设备(如旋流器、鼓风机等)需要更大的尺寸，以支持提高的进料速率。特别是，许多较新的RTP再热器需要额外的体积，以容纳供给到再热器进行冷却的额外空气以控制燃烧额外的炭导致的反而上升的温度，并且可以具有高达12米(m)或更大尺寸的直径以及高达25米或以上的高度。不幸的是，这些再热器的较大尺寸使得该再热器的运输、安装和操作的成本和复杂性显着增加。
因此，希望提供用于控制快速热处理的热量的装置和方法，其可以充分地支持更高的碳质原料速率而不超过燃烧额外的炭产生的再热器的设计温度。此外，还希望提供用于控制快速热处理的热量而基本上不增加再热器的运输、安装和操作的成本和复杂性的装置和方法。此外，从下文详细的本发明说明和所附的权利要求，并结合说明书附图和本发明的背景将显而易见地看出本发明的其他有利的特征和特性。
发明概述
本文提供用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的装置和方法。根据示例性实施方式中，用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的装置包括再热器，该再热器被配置为包括包含含氧气体、无机热载体颗粒和炭的流化沸腾床，以及被配置为在有效地将该炭燃烧为灰分并加热该无机热载体颗粒以形成加热的无机颗粒的燃烧条件下运行。无机颗粒冷却器与该再热器流体连通，以接收该加热的无机颗粒的第一部分以及被配置以接收用于与该加热的无机颗粒的该第一部分进行间接热交换以形成第一部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒的冷却介质。该再热器和该无机颗粒冷却器协同地被配置以在该再热器中将该第一部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒与该加热的无机颗粒的第二部分混合，以形成第二部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒。反应器与该再热器流体连通，以接收该第二部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒。
按照另一示例性实施方式，提供一种用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的装置。该装置包括反应器和与该反应器流体连通以接收无机热载体颗粒和炭的再热器。该再热器被配置为形成包括含氧气体、无机热载体颗粒和炭的流化沸腾床，以及被配置为在有效地将该炭燃烧为灰分并加热该无机热载体颗粒以形成加热的无机颗粒的燃烧条件下运行。无机颗粒冷却器与该再热器流体连通，并包括壳体部分以及布置在该壳体部分中的管部。该无机颗粒冷却器被配置使得该管部接收该加热的无机颗粒的一部分以及该壳体部分接收用于与该加热的无机颗粒的该一部分进行间接热交换以形成流动地传递至该再热器的部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒的冷却介质。
按照另一示例性实施方式，提供一种用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的方法。该方法包括在有效地将炭燃烧为灰分并加热无机热载体颗粒以形成加热的无机颗粒的燃烧条件下，将含氧气体、该无机热载体颗粒和该炭混合的步骤。来自该加热的无机颗粒的第一部分的热量被间接交换到冷却介质，以形成第一部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒。该第一部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒与该加热的无机颗粒的第二部分混合，以形成第二部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒。
附图说明
下文将结合如下附图对本发明的实施方式进行描述，其中同样的附图标记表示同样的元件，以及其中：
图1示意性地示出了根据一个示例性实施方式，用于含碳物质的快速热处理的装置；
图2是根据一个示例性实施方式，图1中所绘的包括无机颗粒冷却器的装置的局部剖视图；以及
图3是图2中所绘的沿3-3线的无机颗粒冷却器的剖视图。
发明详述
下面的详细说明在本质上仅仅是示例性的，并不意在限制本发明或本申请和本发明的用途。此外，亦没有意图受前述的本发明背景或下文详细说明中所呈现的任何理论的约束。
本文所考虑的各种实施方式涉及用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的装置和方法。与现有技术不同，本文所教导的示例性实施方式提供了一种装置，该装置包括反应器；再热器，其与该反应器流体连通；以及无机颗粒冷却器，其与该再热器流体连通。该反应器用加热的无机颗粒快速热解含碳原料，以形成气体产物和包括冷却的无机热载体颗粒和炭的固体。旋流器将该气体产物和该固体分离开来。该再热器接收该固体并用含氧气体流化该冷却的无机热载体颗粒和炭，以形成流化沸腾床。该再热器在有效地将该炭燃烧为灰分并加热该冷却的无机热载体颗粒以形成加热的无机颗粒的燃烧条件下运行。
在一个示例性实施方式中，该加热的无机颗粒的一部分和冷却介质被流动地传递至该无机颗粒冷却器。将来自该加热的无机颗粒的一些热量与冷却介质进行间接交换，以部分地冷却该加热的无机颗粒，形成加热的冷却介质和第一部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒。将该加热的冷却介质从该无机颗粒冷却器中除去。该第一部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒流动地传递至该再热器流体并与该加热的无机颗粒的剩余部分混合，以部分地冷却该加热的无机颗粒，形成第二部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒。该第二部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒流动地传递至该反应器，以对该含碳原料继续进行快速热解。发明人发现，用该无机颗粒冷却器部分地冷却该加热的无机颗粒有助于对该再热器中的温度进行控制，避免其过度升高，即使该流化沸腾床包含较高水平的炭。因此，该再热器不需要额外的体积(而其他再热器为容纳额外的空气进行冷却以控制再热器温度需要该额外的体积)，因此，运输、安装和操作该再热器的成本和复杂性基本上不受影响。
参照图1，提供根据一个示例性实施方式，用于含碳物质的快速热处理的装置10的示意性描绘。该装置10包括升流式输送反应器12、再热器14和无机颗粒冷却器15。该反应器12被配置为在最短的时间内实现相对高的温度，以及在高温下提供相对较短的停留时间，以影响含碳原料20(如包括生物质废弃物的生物质)的快速热解。使用从该再热器14中提供的以驱动热解过程的加热的无机热载体颗粒18(例如，加热的沙子)在该反应器12的下部16中实现相对高的温度。
如图所示以及如下文进一步详细的讨论，干燥器13将水从含有水分的含碳原料11中除去，以形成优选地具有6个重量百分比(wt.％)或更少的水分含量的含碳原料20。将该含碳原料20供给到进料斗22，其中反应器进料输送机24将该含碳原料20引入该反应器12的该下部16。载气25(其可以是从沿着该装置10的合适的位置收集到的再循环气体)也被引入到该反应器12的该下部16。该载气25优选地含有小于1wt.％的氧气，以及更优选地，小于0.5wt.％的氧气，使得有很少或没有氧存在从而最大限度地减少或防止该反应器12中该含碳原料20的氧化和/或燃烧。
该加热的无机热载体颗粒18与该含碳原料20的快速混合发生在该反应器12的该下部16。随着用该载气25以湍流的形式使混合物沿着该反应器12向上前进，热量从该加热的无机热载体颗粒18传递到该含碳原料20。在一个示例性实施方式中，混合和快速热传递在所期望的反应器总体停留时间的10％之内发生。因此，混合时间优选小于0.1秒，更优选在0.015到0.030秒之间。在一个示例性实施方式中，该反应器12的该下部16的温度为600到780℃，以及该含碳原料20的加热速度优选为每秒1000℃或更快。因为无机颗粒的更高的热承载能力，以及无机颗粒机械烧蚀反应的含碳物质的表面的能力，将沙子或其他合适的无机颗粒用作固体热载体提高了热传递。
随着用该载气25将加热的混合物朝向该反应器12的上部17运载，该含碳原料20的快速热解便发生了。在一个示例性实施方式中，该反应器12的该上部17的温度为450到600℃。该沙子或其它无机热载体颗粒和该载气25，连同蒸汽产物30和炭形成产物流26，将该产物流26从该反应器12的该上部17中运载出来，进入旋流器28。该旋流器28，优选地为逆流旋流器，将固体32，比如沙子和炭，从该蒸汽产物30中除去，该蒸汽产物30包括该载气25、不可冷凝的气体产物和可冷凝的蒸汽初产物。将该蒸汽产物30从该旋流器28中去除，并传递到骤冷塔(未示出)，例如，用于快速冷却或淬火以保留该蒸汽产物30中有价值的非平衡产物的收率。将该固体32从该旋流器28中去除并传递到该再热器14。
该再热器14接收含氧气体34(其通常是空气)。将该固体32包含在该再热器14的下部36并通过来自气体分配器86(参见图2)的该含氧气体34进行流化，以形成炭、无机热载体颗粒和该含氧气体34的流化沸腾床。该再热器14在燃烧条件下运行，以将炭燃烧为灰分和烟道气。该炭的燃烧所释放的能量使该无机热载体颗粒再加热以形成加热的无机颗粒。在一个示例性实施方式中，该加热的无机颗粒具有从600到780℃的温度。
烟道气、夹带的沙子和灰分上升到该再热器14的上部37，并作为废气流41被运载出该再热器14，进入旋流器43。该旋流器43，优选地为逆流旋流器，从该烟道气中去除该沙子和灰分。将该烟道气作为气体流51传递，进行排气、随后处理、再循环或其组合，以及将该沙子和灰分作为含固体流49传递，进行处置或后续处理。‘
还参照图2，在一个示例性实施方式中，将加热的无机颗粒38的一部分从该再热器14中除去并引入到该无机颗粒冷却器15。如图所示，将所述加热的无机颗粒38的一部分从该再热器14的该下部36中除去并使其沿冷却器入口管40通过至少一个泡沫破坏格栅39到交换容器42。该泡沫破坏格栅39破坏任何较大的，例如来自流化的无机颗粒的气泡，若不破坏，该气泡可沿逆流被传递到加热的无机颗粒38的一部分，向上返回到该再热器14的该下部36上的该沸腾床上。在流化床中的大气泡影响该再热器的14的性能和固体夹带情况。该泡沫破坏格栅39也可作为筛选器，以防止更大的材料块(如耐熔质)直接阻塞或堵塞管部45以及降低无机颗粒冷却器的容量。
在一个示例性实施方式中，该交换容器42被配置为热交换器并包括壳体部分44以及布置在该壳体部分44中的管部45。使该加热的无机颗粒38的一部分通过该管部45。该交换容器42的该壳体部分44接收冷却介质52，以与通过该管部45的加热的无机颗粒38的所述一部分进行间接热交换，以形成部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒54和加热的冷却介质53。在一个示例性实施方式中，该部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒54具有从500至680℃的温度。
优选地，该冷却介质52包括空气以及该加热的冷却介质53包括加热的空气。如图1所示，该加热的冷却介质53(例如，加热的空气)可以被传递到该干燥器13，以从该含有水分的含碳原料11中除去水。或者，该冷却介质52可以是本领域技术人员已知的任何其他导热流体。优选地，该冷却介质52具有40℃或更低的温度，以及该加热的冷却介质53具有125℃或更高的温度。
参照图3，在一个示例性实施方式中，该管部45包括并置的、间隔开的并以大致平行于垂直轴的方式沿纵向设置的多个管58。该管58的每个具有带有一个或多个冷却翼片60的外表面，该冷却翼片60能够，例如从外表面径向或纵向向外延伸。该冷却翼片60有利于通过该管部45行进的该加热的无机颗粒38的所述一部分和通过该壳体部分44行进的该冷却介质52之间的间接热交换。
如图2所示，该部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒54被从该交换容器42中去除，并沿着冷却器竖管73传递。该冷却器竖管73具有用于控制该部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒54的流速的伸缩接头滑阀74。提升管76位于该交换容器42的下游并流体连接到该冷却器竖管73，用于接收该部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒54。在该提升管76的下部78中设置有空气喷嘴80，该空气喷嘴80被配置为引导该部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒54通过该提升管76到该提升管76的上部82。
沙子-空气分配器84被设置在该再热器14中并流体连接到该提升管76以接收该部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒54。该沙子-空气分配器84被配置以在该再热器14中，优选地在该气体分配器86以上，分配该部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒54，以部分地冷却该加热的无机颗粒的剩余部分并形成加热的无机热载体颗粒18。还参照图1，在示例性实施方式中，加热的无机热载体颗粒18具有从600到780℃的温度，并被传递到该反应器12，以快速热解额外的含碳物质。
因此，已经描述了用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的装置和方法。与现有技术不同，本文所教导的示例性实施方式提供包括反应器、再热器以及无机颗粒冷却器的装置。该反应器用加热的无机颗粒快速热解含碳原料，以形成热解油和包括冷却的无机热载体颗粒和炭的固体。该再热器接收该固体并用含氧气体流化该冷却的无机热载体颗粒和炭，以形成流化沸腾床。该再热器在有效地将该炭燃烧为灰分并加热该冷却的无机热载体颗粒以形成加热的无机颗粒的燃烧条件下运行。该无机颗粒冷却器接收该加热的无机颗粒的一部分并通过间接交换除去一些热量，以形成部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒，该部分地被冷却的加热的无机颗粒与该加热的无机颗粒的剩余部分混合，以部分地冷却该加热的无机颗粒。已经发现，用该无机颗粒冷却器部分地冷却该加热的无机颗粒有助于对该再热器中的温度进行控制，避免其过度升高，即使该流化沸腾床包含较高水平的炭。因此，该再热器不需要额外的体积，而该体积对其他再热器来说，为容纳额外的空气进行冷却以控制再热器温度所需，因此，运输、安装和操作该再热器的成本和复杂性基本上不受影响。
虽然前文的详细说明中已经呈现了至少一个示例性实施方式，但是应该理解的是，存在各种各样的变体。还应当理解的是，一个或多个示例性实施方式仅仅是例子，并非意在以任何方式限制本发明的范围、适用性或配置。相反，前面的详细说明将为本领域的技术人员提供方便的用于实施本发明的示例性实施方式的路线图，可以理解的是，示例性实施方式中所述的元件其功能和布置可以进行各种改变，而不背离所附的权利要求及其合法等同物中所规定的本发明的范围。

Claims (18)

1.用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的装置，该装置包括：
再热器，该再热器被配置为包括包含含氧气体、无机热载体颗粒和炭的流化沸腾床，且被配置为在有效地将该炭燃烧为灰分并加热该无机热载体颗粒以形成加热的无机颗粒的燃烧条件下运行；
无机颗粒冷却器，其与该再热器流体连通，以接收该加热的无机颗粒的第一部分且被配置以接收冷却介质，所述冷却介质用于与该加热的无机颗粒的该第一部分进行间接热交换以形成第一被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒和包含加热的空气的加热的冷却介质，其中该再热器和该无机颗粒冷却器协同地被配置以在该再热器中将该第一被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒与该加热的无机颗粒的第二部分混合，以形成第二被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒；
反应器，其与该再热器流体连通，以接收该第二被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒；以及
干燥器，其与该无机颗粒冷却器流体连通以接收该加热的空气，其中该干燥器被配置以接收该含碳物质以及用该加热的空气从该含碳物质中除去水以形成贫水的含碳物质。
2.根据权利要求1的装置，其中该冷却介质包括空气且该无机颗粒冷却器被配置以将来自该加热的无机颗粒的该第一部分的热量间接交换到该冷却介质，以形成加热的空气，以及其中该反应器被配置以接收该贫水的含碳物质以及用该第二被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒快速热解该贫水的含碳物质。
3.根据权利要求1的装置，其中
该无机颗粒冷却器与该再热器流体连通，并包括壳体部分以及布置在该壳体部分中的管部，其中该无机颗粒冷却器被配置使得该管部接收该加热的无机颗粒的一部分以及该壳体部分接收冷却介质，所述冷却介质用于与该加热的无机颗粒的该一部分进行间接热交换以形成与该再热器流体连通的被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒。
4.根据权利要求3的装置，其中该管部包括多个管，每个管具有外表面；以及至少一个冷却翼片，其沿着该外表面设置。
5.根据权利要求3的装置，其中该管部包括间隔开的并以平行于垂直轴的方式沿纵向设置的多个并置的管。
6.根据权利要求3的装置，其中该无机颗粒冷却器包括：
交换容器，其包括该壳体部分和该管部分；
提升管，其被设置在该交换容器的下游；以及
沙子-空气分配器，其被设置在该再热器中该提升管的下游，以及其中该提升管被配置以接收该被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒并将该被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒流动地传递至该沙子-空气分配器以及该沙子-空气分配器被配置以在该再热器中分配该被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒。
7.根据权利要求6的装置，其中该提升管具有延伸到上部的下部，该下部被配置以接收该被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒以及该上部流体地连接到该沙子-空气分配器，以及其中该提升管包括空气喷嘴，该空气喷嘴被置于该下部中以及被配置以引导该被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒从该下部到该上部通过该提升管，以引入到该沙子-空气分配器。
8.根据权利要求6的装置，其中该再热器具有用于容纳该流化沸腾床的下部以及包括气体分配器，该气体分配器被设置在该下部中并被配置以将该含氧气体流动地传递至该流化沸腾床，以及其中该沙子-空气分配器被设置在该气体分配器之上。
9.根据权利要求8的装置，其中该无机颗粒冷却器与该再热器的下部流体地连接以接收该加热的无机颗粒的该一部分。
10.根据权利要求6的装置，其中该无机颗粒冷却器进一步包括被设置在该管部的上游的至少一个泡沫破坏格栅。
11.用于控制含碳物质的快速热处理的热量的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
在有效地将炭燃烧为灰分并加热无机热载体颗粒以形成加热的无机颗粒的燃烧条件下混合含氧气体、无机热载体颗粒和炭；
将来自该加热的无机颗粒的第一部分的热量间接交换到冷却介质以形成第一被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒和包含加热的空气的加热的冷却介质；
将该第一被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒与该加热的无机颗粒的第二部分混合，以形成第二被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒；以及
用该加热的空气从该含碳物质中除去水以形成贫水的含碳物质。
12.根据权利要求11的方法，其中所述混合含氧气体、无机热载体颗粒和炭的步骤包括形成具有从600到780℃的温度的加热的无机颗粒。
13.根据权利要求11的方法，其中所述热量间接交换步骤包括形成具有从500至680℃的温度的第一被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒。
14.根据权利要求11的方法，其中所述将该第一被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒与该加热的无机颗粒的第二部分混合的步骤包括形成具有从600到780℃的温度的第二被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒。
15.根据权利要求11的方法，其中所述热量间接交换步骤包括将来自该加热的无机颗粒的第一部分的热量间接交换到具有40℃或更低的温度的冷却介质。
16.根据权利要求11的方法，其中所述该加热的冷却介质具有125℃或更高的温度。
17.根据权利要求11的方法，进一步包括如下步骤：
将该贫水的含碳物质与该第二被部分冷却的加热的无机颗粒接触以快速热解该贫水的含碳物质。
18.根据权利要求11的方法，其中所述除去水的步骤包括形成具有6wt.％或更少的水分含量的贫水的含碳物质。
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