CN104136201A - Method for manufacturing high pressure gas tank - Google Patents
Method for manufacturing high pressure gas tank Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN104136201A CN104136201A CN201380010910.1A CN201380010910A CN104136201A CN 104136201 A CN104136201 A CN 104136201A CN 201380010910 A CN201380010910 A CN 201380010910A CN 104136201 A CN104136201 A CN 104136201A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- fiber
- layer
- liner
- spiral layers
- hoop
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D22/00—Producing hollow articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
- B29C70/68—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts by incorporating or moulding on preformed parts, e.g. inserts or layers, e.g. foam blocks
- B29C70/86—Incorporated in coherent impregnated reinforcing layers, e.g. by winding
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C1/00—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge
- F17C1/02—Pressure vessels, e.g. gas cylinder, gas tank, replaceable cartridge involving reinforcing arrangements
- F17C1/04—Protecting sheathings
- F17C1/06—Protecting sheathings built-up from wound-on bands or filamentary material, e.g. wires
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2022/00—Hollow articles
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/01—Shape
- F17C2201/0104—Shape cylindrical
- F17C2201/0109—Shape cylindrical with exteriorly curved end-piece
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0602—Wall structures; Special features thereof
- F17C2203/0604—Liners
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0636—Metals
- F17C2203/0656—Metals in form of filaments
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
- F17C2203/0663—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2203/00—Vessel construction, in particular walls or details thereof
- F17C2203/06—Materials for walls or layers thereof; Properties or structures of walls or their materials
- F17C2203/0634—Materials for walls or layers thereof
- F17C2203/0658—Synthetics
- F17C2203/0663—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments
- F17C2203/067—Synthetics in form of fibers or filaments helically wound
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
- F17C2209/21—Shaping processes
- F17C2209/2154—Winding
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
- F17C2209/22—Assembling processes
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2209/00—Vessel construction, in particular methods of manufacturing
- F17C2209/23—Manufacturing of particular parts or at special locations
- F17C2209/232—Manufacturing of particular parts or at special locations of walls
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
- F17C2223/0107—Single phase
- F17C2223/0123—Single phase gaseous, e.g. CNG, GNC
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
- F17C2223/035—High pressure (>10 bar)
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
- F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
- F17C2223/036—Very high pressure (>80 bar)
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
- Filling Or Discharging Of Gas Storage Vessels (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention limits the persistence of gaps when forming a reinforcing fiber layer on a liner using the FW method. When forming a fiber-reinforced resin layer (20) on a liner (10), first, the winding end fiber (Ws) of a resin-impregnated carbon fiber (W) is wound around a fiber-fixing flange (114), which is separated from the top of a dome section (10b), and fixed (Step S100). Then, with the winding end fiber (Ws) extending from said point of fixation and the resin-impregnated carbon fiber (W) supplied continuous with same, an innermost helical layer (20H1) is formed (Step S110). Subsequently, an inner hoop layer (20F1) is formed overlapping the innermost helical layer (20H1). Before forming the next second helical layer (20H2), the winding end fiber (Ws), which extends from the point of fixation on the fiber-fixing flange (114), is cut near the top of the dome section (10b).
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the manufacture method that is lining with the high pressure gas holder that is formed with fabric reinforcement interior.
Background technology
In recent years, develop and utilized the burning capacity of fuel gas, by the electrochemical reaction of the fuel gas vehicle that drives of electric energy obtaining that generates electricity, the fuel gas such as high pressure gas holder storing natural gas, hydrogen sometimes, and be equipped in vehicle.Therefore, require the lightweight of high pressure gas holder, with carbon fiber reinforced plastic, fiberglass-reinforced plastic (below they being referred to as to fiber-reinforced resin layer) coating the employing of the high pressure gas holder (being only called below high pressure gas holder) made of the FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastics: fiber-reinforced plastic) of liner of hollow constantly make progress.As liner, from light-weighted viewpoint, conventionally use the resinous hollow container with gas barrier property.
In the time manufacturing such high pressure gas holder, can adopt Filament-wound Machine method (hereinafter referred to as FW method), adopt this FW method, thereby the fiber of the thermosetting resin of the epoxy resin that infiltrated etc. is repeatedly wound around interior being lining with and forms fiber-reinforced resin layer (for example patent documentation 1) in the periphery of liner.In this situation, if only formed fiber-reinforced resin layer, be semi-finished product, therefore after resin bed forms, by the heat reactive resin heat cure that this resin bed is comprised, produce with the coating of fiber-reinforced resin layer, strengthened the high pressure gas holder of liner.
Formerly technical literature
Patent documentation 1: TOHKEMY 2010-5965 communique
Summary of the invention
Liner is the shape that is bonded to the dome portions of convex curved surface shape at the two ends of barrel cylindraceous, and therefore the actual effect for guaranteeing that liner is strengthened in FW method, adopts different winding methods in barrel and dome portions.That is to say, FW method, the hoop that adopts the whole outer surface that spreads all over barrel to be repeatedly wound around fiber in the Filament-wound Machine of barrel is wound around, and while being repeatedly wound around fiber, adopting in dome portions and makes the turn back spiral winding of (turning back) of winding direction to the dome portions at barrel two ends.And hoop is wound around the overlapping multilayer of spiral layers that the hoop layer that forms and spiral winding form and forms, by its all layer form fiber-reinforced resin layer.
Having strengthened in the high pressure gas holder of liner with the fiber-reinforced resin layer that the FW method in the past of employing forms, between each layer of fiber-reinforced resin layer from needless to say, from guaranteeing the aspect of intensity, even if wish between liner outer surface and the layer close to this outer surface also very close to each other.But, be noted: in the remaining gap of periphery of tube head at dome portions peak that is arranged at liner, the layer that the fiber-reinforced resin layer being caused by this remaining gap likely occurs is peeled off, strengthened intensity and declines.
The present invention completes for solving above-mentioned problem, its objective is that inhibition adopts the gap of Filament-wound Machine method in the time of the interior fibrage that is lining with its reinforcement use of formation remaining.
In order to reach at least a portion of above-mentioned purpose, the present invention can be used as following application examples and implements.
[application examples 1: the manufacture method of high pressure gas holder]
A kind of manufacture method of high pressure gas holder, the Filament-wound Machine method that employing is wound around fiber repeatedly at the outer surface of liner is lining with formation fibrage in above-mentioned, described liner is the liner that is bonded to the dome portions of convex curved surface shape at the two ends of barrel cylindraceous, the main idea of the manufacture method of described high pressure gas holder is: be wound around at the hoop that the whole outer surface that spreads all over above-mentioned barrel is wound around repeatedly to fiber the hoop layer forming, when make the stacked multilayer of spiral layers that spiral winding that winding direction turns back forms form above-mentioned fibrage in above-mentioned dome portions, in order to be formed on the innermost layer spiral layers that approaches the outer surface of above-mentioned liner among above-mentioned spiral layers most, the winding top of above-mentioned fiber is fixed on to fixed position, described fixed position in the opposition side of above-mentioned barrel side away from, use the fiber extending from this fixed position to form above-mentioned innermost layer spiral layers, form overlappingly above-mentioned hoop layer with this innermost layer spiral layers and be used as internal layer side ring hoop layer, by forming when above-mentioned innermost layer spiral layers the above-mentioned fiber having extended from above-mentioned fixed position, forming after above-mentioned internal layer side ring hoop layer around the peak in above-mentioned dome portions after cut-out, with above-mentioned internal layer side ring hoop ply form above-mentioned spiral layers.
In the manufacture method of the high pressure gas holder of this application examples 1, the hoop layer of stacked multilayer and spiral layers and form fibrage at liner outer surface.And, among spiral layers, approach most in the formation of innermost layer spiral layers of the outer surface of above-mentioned liner, first, the winding top of above-mentioned fiber is fixed on to fixed position, described fixed position in the opposition side of above-mentioned barrel side away from.Fiber extends from this fixed position to dome portions side, therefore uses the fiber extending from this fixed position to form innermost layer spiral layers.Be used as internal layer side ring hoop layer by forming overlappingly above-mentioned hoop layer with this innermost layer spiral layers, in the barrel of the formation scope as this hoop layer, by internal layer side ring hoop layer maintenance innermost layer spiral layers.Therefore, the fiber being repeatedly wound around in order to form innermost layer spiral layers, in barrel, it moves and is restricted, and in barrel much less therefore innermost layer spiral layers, stays even if also there is not the loosening of fiber in the outer surface scope of dome portions.
In the manufacture method of the high pressure gas holder of above-mentioned application examples 1, with keep as described above innermost layer spiral layers internal layer side ring hoop ply form above-mentioned spiral layers before, by the fiber from having extended away from the fixed position at dome portions peak, cut-out around the peak of above-mentioned dome portions.Therefore, be not cut off and fiber residual and that spiral winding is crossed in innermost layer spiral layers forms, tension force when being wound in order to form innermost layer spiral layers, liberate, residual with spiral winding track along dome portions outer surface from the dome portions peak as its place of incision.Therefore, the stretching of the caused fiber of tension force while forming the spiral winding of innermost layer spiral layers, the skew of winding path, around dome portions peak, do not occur, therefore comprise dome portions peak around interior, become at the thickness of overlapping the formed spiral layers of the fiber of dome portions outer surface the state being maintained.And, in the manufacture method of the high pressure gas holder of above-mentioned application examples 1, after above-mentioned fibre cutting with internal layer side ring hoop ply form spiral layers.
In the manufacture method of the high pressure gas holder of above-mentioned application examples 1, in the time forming innermost layer spiral layers, originally be repeatedly wound around fiber fixing work with regard to not carrying out at tube head perisporium, and by cutting off at dome portions peak and liberate from being wound around the fiber that the fixed position at top extended, can maintain thus the thickness of spiral layers from tension force.
On the other hand, in existing FW method, fiber is wound around to top from it and starts be repeatedly wound around and fix at the tube head perisporium at dome portions peak, from this tube head fixed position, adopt spiral winding and hoop to be wound around and be repeatedly wound around fiber.Therefore, innermost layer spiral layers and the spiral layers overlapping, the fiber that can be subject to the winding top that is used to form innermost layer spiral layers is positioned at which position of tube head fixed position, impact with the tension force accompanying in the winding of the fiber of tube head fixed position etc., thickening partly, produces the step discrepancy in elevation at interlayer.In addition, while forming innermost layer spiral layers, fiber is subject to the tension force accompanying with Filament-wound Machine, but is subject to the position of the fiber at above-mentioned winding top, impact at canoe of the fiber of tube head fixed position etc., can act on fiber from the power of spiral winding course deviation.Worry: due to so local varied in thickness and fiber behavior, cause as has been described, be arranged at the periphery of tube head at dome portions peak of liner, remaining gap in innermost layer spiral layers.
That is to say, according to the manufacture method of the high pressure gas holder of above-mentioned application examples 1, as has been described, do not carry out being repeatedly wound around fiber and fixing etc. at tube head perisporium, therefore adopt Filament-wound Machine method in the time of the interior fibrage that is lining with its reinforcement use of formation, can be in not residual gap of tube head periphery.In addition, can easily manufacture the remaining of the gap that suppressed such and also suppress to strengthen the high pressure gas holder of the reduction of intensity.
The manufacture method of the high pressure gas holder of above-mentioned application examples 1, can take mode as following.For example, the spiral layers that can make above-mentioned innermost layer spiral layers form at first for being directly wrapped in the outer surface of above-mentioned liner, if so, by formation and fibre cutting through this innermost layer spiral layers forming at first and internal layer side ring hoop layer thereafter, can alternately form continuously with the spiral layers of this internal layer side ring hoop ply with so that the hoop layer overlapping with this spiral layers.
In addition, can will form the winding top of above-mentioned fiber when above-mentioned innermost layer spiral layers, be fixed on the axle that axle supports above-mentioned liner.In FW method, originally utilized such axle to carry out axle supporting liner, therefore according to which, do not need to be only wound around the parts at top and by the structure of this parts maintenance, therefore can to seek the simplification of structure for fixing.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the key diagram schematically representing as the manufacturing process of the high pressure gas holder of one embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 is the key diagram that schematically represents the situation of the formation of fiber-reinforced resin layer.
Fig. 3 represents that fiber-reinforced resin layer forms the key diagram of the initial stage operation of operation.
Fig. 4 be represent fiber-reinforced resin layer form operation mid-term operation key diagram.
Fig. 5 represents that fiber-reinforced resin layer forms the key diagram of the final operation of operation.
Detailed description of the invention
Below, for embodiments of the present invention, based on accompanying drawing, embodiment is described.Fig. 1 is the key diagram schematically representing as the manufacturing process of the high pressure gas holder of one embodiment of the invention, and Fig. 2 is the key diagram that schematically represents the situation of the formation of fiber-reinforced resin layer.In the present embodiment, high pressure gas holder is made as to the high-pressure hydrogen tank of storage High Pressure Hydrogen.
In the tank manufacturing process of the present embodiment, first, as shown in Fig. 1 (a), the resin container of preparing to have for the gas barrier property of hydrogen is used as liner 10.Liner 10 have radius homogeneous general cylindrical shape shape barrel 10a and be arranged at the dome portions 10b of the convex curve surface shape at barrel two ends.Dome portions 10b is made up of isostension curved surface, has the tube head 14 for being connected with outside pipe arrangement etc. on its summit.In the present embodiment, as plastic holding device, using is the resin container that resin forms by nylon.As plastic holding device, as long as there is the gas barrier property for hydrogen, just can use the plastic holding device being formed by other resins.
Then,, as shown in Fig. 1 (b), form fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 (fiber-reinforced resin layer forms operation) in the periphery of liner 10.Form in operation at this fiber-reinforced resin layer, by the periphery at liner 10, be repeatedly wound around the carbon fiber having infiltrated as the epoxy resin of thermosetting resin, form the carbon fiber layer as fiber-reinforced resin layer 20.Thus, obtain having in the periphery of liner 10 the intermediate products tank 12 of the fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 before resin solidification.Form operation for this fiber-reinforced resin layer, describe in the back.
After fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 forms, carry out heat cure.In heat cure operation, use the induction heating apparatus 200 shown in Fig. 1 (c).This induction heating apparatus 200 is the devices that the intermediate products tank 12 as heating object carried out to high-frequency induction heating.Induction heating apparatus 200, on not shown stand, via the rotatable earth's axis supporting of the tank bolster 212 intermediate products tank 12 at tank two ends, and utilizes not shown motor that intermediate products tank 12 is rotated in the process of heating.Load coil 222 is around the intermediate products tank 12 of axle supporting, accept the energising of high frequency electric from high frequency electric source 220, form thus magnetic flux, taking the carbon fiber in the fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 of intermediate products tank 12 (infiltration has the carbon fiber W of resin) as conductor, fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 is carried out to eddy-current heating.
In the heat cure operation of the above-mentioned induction heating apparatus 200 shown in use Fig. 1 (c), before intermediate products tank 12 is moved into induction heating apparatus 200, on the intermediate products tank 12 that forms fiber-reinforced resin layer 20, tank bolster 212 is installed.Tank bolster 212, to be inserted in the tube head 14 at two ends of intermediate products tank 12 and the state that axle is stretched out from tank two ends, horizontal ground axle suspension intermediate products tank 12.After ground axle suspension intermediate products tank 12, induction heating apparatus 200 carries out heat cure operation to middle products pot 12 like this.In this heat cure operation, make intermediate products tank 12 with tank bolster 212 together with constant speed rotary, during whole heat cure operation, maintain this rotation.When rotating side by side or become constant speed rotary with tank, induction heating apparatus 200 adopts control appliance 230 to carry out eddy-current heating fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 to the logical high frequency electric of load coil 222, makes the above-mentioned heat reactive resin (for example epoxy resin) that the formation of fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 is used that heat cure occur.Thus, in intermediate products tank 12, be formed at the heat cure of the heat reactive resin in the fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 of periphery of liner 10, liner peripheral approximate equality occur.Moreover, also can heat or utilize with blowing hot-air the heater of the mode that heater heats.
Adopting induction heating apparatus 200 to carry out after the heat cure of above-mentioned resin, the intermediate products tank 12 the being heated maintenance that is cooled.And, by through this cooling maintenance, obtain the periphery of liner 10 have by epoxy resin infiltration heat cure the high-pressure hydrogen tank 30 of fiber-reinforced resin layer 20.
At this, be described in detail for the situation (Fig. 1 (b)) of the formation of fiber-reinforced resin layer 20.As shown in Figure 2, in the present embodiment, in the time adopting FW method to have the carbon fiber W of resin to form fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 by infiltration, use respectively spiral winding and hoop to be wound around, being repeatedly wound around to infiltrate in the dome portions 10b at liner two ends and the periphery of barrel 10a cylindraceous has the carbon fiber W of resin.First, adopt the low-angle spiral winding shown in Fig. 2 (A) to be wound around infiltration and have the carbon fiber W of resin.This infiltration has the carbon fiber W of resin to make the carbon fiber of many strips neat, and between bar fiber surface and fiber, contains heat reactive resin many to silk (many yarn feedings: multiple yarn feeding) of epoxy resin etc.
In low-angle spiral winding, using the barrel 10a of the crooked outer surface region of dome portions 10b and hoop winding as Filament-wound Machine object, liner 10 is rotated on one side around tank central shaft AX, adjust the speed that moves back and forth of liner rotary speed and fiber unloading part 132 on one side, make carbon fiber W that infiltration that the fiber unloading part 132 of the supply source of the fiber W from there is resin as infiltration has extended has a resin with respect to tank central shaft AX for example, with low-angle fiber angle α LH (, approximately 11～25 °) cross winding.On this basis, fiber unloading part 132 is moved back and forth along tank central shaft AX direction, being repeatedly wound around infiltration with helical form has the carbon fiber W of resin to make it be hung on the dome portions 10b at the two ends of barrel 10a.In this situation, at the dome portions 10b of both sides, accompany with the outlet of fiber unloading part 132, the switching in loop, the winding direction of fiber turns back, and also adjusted from the folded back position of tank central shaft AX.
By repeatedly carrying out turning back of the winding direction on dome portions 10b several times, at the outer surface of liner 10, forming infiltration with low-angle fiber angle α LH has the carbon fiber W of resin to be stretched to netted fiber winding layer.In this situation, fiber unloading part 132, had by infiltration on the basis that the carbon fiber W of resin covers at the outer surface in the roughly whole region of dome portions 10b, move back and forth until can form the above-mentioned fiber winding layer of several layers, this several layers initial fiber winding layer becomes the innermost layer spiral layers that is positioned at innermost layer side in fiber-reinforced resin layer 20.
After forming above-mentioned spiral layers, form hoop layer, make itself and established spiral layers overlapping.This situation is shown in Fig. 2 (B), and on barrel 10a, by turning back at barrel two ends on one side, repeatedly carrying out hoop is wound around to form hoop layer on one side.That is to say, make liner 10 around tank central shaft AX rotation by one side, fiber unloading part 132 is moved back and forth on one side along tank central shaft AX with fixing speed, coming has the carbon fiber W of resin to be wound hoop layer with infiltration with established spiral layers overlappingly.In this hoop is wound around, adjust the speed that moves back and forth of liner rotary speed and fiber unloading part 132, make to have from the infiltration of fiber unloading part 132 the carbon fiber W of resin, with respect to the tank central shaft AX of barrel 10a with roughly for example, close to vertical winding angle (fiber angle α 0: approximately 89 °) cross winding.On this basis, fiber unloading part 132 is moved back and forth along tank central shaft AX direction, there is the carbon fiber W of resin to be repeatedly wound around in the scope of barrel 10a infiltration.
By repeatedly carrying out turning back of the winding direction on barrel 10a several times, at the outer surface of established spiral layers, forming infiltration with the fiber angle α LH of high angle has the carbon fiber W of resin to be stretched to netted hoop layer.In this situation, fiber unloading part 132 moves back and forth, until can be in the whole region of barrel 10a, till infiltration has the carbon fiber W of resin to be repeatedly wound around the above-mentioned fiber winding layer that forms several layers, this fiber winding layer of several layers becomes hoop layer.
From the spiral winding that is used to form spiral layers to the change owing to forming the hoop of hoop layer and be wound around, be that rotary speed adjustment by carrying out intermediate products tank 12 and the speed that the moves back and forth adjustment of fiber unloading part 132 complete.Moreover, be wound around while changing to hoop at the low-angle spiral winding from above-mentioned, also can group enter the spiral winding of high angle, the spiral winding of this high angle, for example, be wound around infiltration with the fiber angle (, approximately 30～60 °) of high angle with respect to tank central shaft AX and have the carbon fiber W of resin.
By having hoop winding and the spiral winding of the carbon fiber W of resin to form with infiltration respectively in this wise, in the periphery of liner 10, adopt FW method to form: the overlapping and spiral layers of hoop layer and innermost layer spiral layers and hoop layer are alternately with the overlapping fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 of stratiform.And, pass through the winding that infiltration has the employing FW method of the carbon fiber W of resin to carry out, obtain having formed in the periphery of liner 10 the intermediate products tank 12 (with reference to Fig. 1 (b)) of fiber-reinforced resin layer 20.Obtaining in the process of this intermediate products tank 12, in the present embodiment, also adopt following operation.Fig. 3 represents that fiber-reinforced resin layer forms the key diagram of initial stage operation of operation, Fig. 4 be represent fiber-reinforced resin layer form operation mid-term operation key diagram, Fig. 5 represents that fiber-reinforced resin layer forms the key diagram of the final operation of operation.
Form in operation at the fiber-reinforced resin layer shown in Fig. 1 (b) and Fig. 2, before Filament-wound Machine, liner bolster 112 is installed on liner 10.Liner bolster 112 to be to be inserted in the tube head 14 at liner two ends and the state that axle is stretched out from liner two ends, horizontal ground axle suspension liner 10.After ground axle suspension liner 10, as shown in Figure 3, adopt the spiral winding unit 100H of FW device (omitting diagram) like this, be wound around fixing (the step S100) at top.This spiral winding unit 100H, is formed as around the ring bodies of liner 10, equidistantly to possess multiple fiber unloading parts 132 of having narrated.Each fiber unloading part 132, in order to form the low-angle spiral layers (with reference to Fig. 2 (A)) of having narrated, sending infiltration has the carbon fiber W of resin.
In initial step S100, spiral winding unit 100H is moved to have the fiber of liner bolster 112 fixing with flange 114.Fiber is fixing to be arranged on liner bolster 112 away from the peak of the dome portions 10b of liner 10 with flange 114.And, there is the carbon fiber W of resin by fixing from spiral winding unit 100H to this fiber to send to infiltrate by the periphery of flange 114 on one side, liner 10 is rotated on one side, there is the carbon fiber W of resin to be wrapped in the fixing periphery with flange 114 of fiber infiltration.Then,, at this winding position, there is the carbon fiber W of resin to be fixed on fiber infiltration fixing with on flange 114.This fiber is fixed, and the standing finish of use ring-type etc. carries out, and infiltration has the winding end fiber W of the carbon fiber W of resin
sextend from this fixed position.
In following step S110, form the innermost layer spiral layers 20H1 of the innermost layer side of fiber-reinforced resin layer 20.At this, first the rotary speed of liner 10 is adjusted into the speed that is suitable for the low-angle spiral winding shown in Fig. 2 (A), liner 10 is rotated.On this basis, make the peak side shifting of spiral winding unit 100H to the dome portions 10b of liner 10.Thus, be wound around end fiber W
son the basis of extending from the fixing fixed position with flange 114 of fiber, be wound to liner bolster 112 and tube head 14.Then, continue rotation liner 10 on one side, make spiral winding unit 100H only move back and forth the number of times of regulation on one side, and sending fiber from fiber unloading part 132 during this period, make to form the low-angle spiral layers shown in Fig. 2 (A).Thus, use the infiltration of successively sending with the winding end fiber Ws extending from the fixing fixed position with flange 114 of fiber to have the carbon fiber W of resin, form the innermost layer spiral layers 20H1 as low-angle spiral layers.
In following step S120, as shown in Figure 4, use hoop winding unit 100F, form the internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1 overlapping with innermost layer spiral layers 20H1.Hoop winding unit 100F, is similarly formed as around the ring bodies of liner 10 with spiral winding unit 100H, equidistantly to possess multiple fiber unloading parts 132 that are used to form hoop layer.Each fiber unloading part 132, in order to form the hoop layer (with reference to Fig. 2 (B)) of having narrated, sending infiltration has the carbon fiber W of resin.In the time adopting this hoop winding unit 100F to form internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1, first the rotary speed of liner 10 is adjusted into the speed of the hoop winding being suitable for shown in Fig. 2 (B), liner 10 is rotated.Then, continue the rotation of liner 10 on one side, make hoop winding unit 100F only move back and forth the number of times of regulation on one side, and sending fiber from fiber unloading part 132 during this period, make to form the hoop layer shown in Fig. 2 (B).Thus, with established innermost layer spiral layers 20H1 in step S110 overlappingly, have the carbon fiber W of resin to form internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1 with infiltration.The internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1 forming like this, is forming on the barrel 10a of scope as it, keeps innermost layer spiral layers 20H1.
Adopting hoop winding unit 100F to form in the step S130 after internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1, the winding end fiber W that extends and be wound to liner bolster 112 and tube head 14 with the fixed position of flange 114 will be fixed from fiber
scut off, remove.This place of incision, near the peak outer surface around, tube head 14 for dome portions 10b.
In following step S140, as shown in Figure 5, reuse spiral winding unit 100H, then form the low-angle spiral layers shown in Fig. 2 (A).The spiral layers that this forms, becomes the spiral layers of the 2nd layer (the 2nd spiral layers 20H2) that covers innermost layer spiral layers 20H1 and the internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1 overlapping.
In following step S150, the hoop layer that has used hoop winding unit 100F formed to (step S130) and used the spiral layers of spiral winding unit 100H to form the number of times that (step S140) alternately specifies repeatedly, unloading lower liner bolster 112.The frequency n of repeatedly carrying out, determines according to the thickness of the thickness of the thickness of fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 and each spiral layers, each hoop layer.In the time that this work of repeatedly carrying out completes (step S160), at the outer surface of liner 10, form the fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 that is alternately laminated with spiral layers and hoop layer as innermost layer spiral layers 20H1, internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1, the 2nd spiral layers 20H2～the n spiral layers 20Hn, n hoop layer 20Fn, obtained intermediate products tank 12.Then, the intermediate products tank 12 obtaining, adopts the induction heating apparatus 200 shown in Fig. 1 (c), carries out as has been described the high-frequency induction heating of fiber-reinforced resin layer 20.
As described above, in the high-pressure hydrogen tank manufacture method of the present embodiment, by hoop layer and the overlapping until innermost layer spiral layers 20H1～the n hoop layer 20Fn of spiral layers, thereby form fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 at the outer surface of liner 10.While approaching most the formation of innermost layer spiral layers 20H1 of liner outer surface being directly formed at the outer surface of liner 10, the infiltration of sending is had to the winding end fiber W of the carbon fiber W of resin from spiral winding unit 100H
s, be wound around and fix (Fig. 3: step S100) fixing the using on flange 114 of fiber of liner bolster 112.Fiber is fixing with flange 114, away from the peak of the dome portions 10b of liner 10, is therefore wound around end fiber W
s, extend to dome portions 10b side from the fixing periphery fixed position with flange 114 of fiber.And, extend to the winding end fiber W of dome portions 10b by continuing
sthe infiltration of sending from spiral winding unit 100H afterwards has the carbon fiber W of resin, is hung on the dome portions 10b at the two ends of liner 10, adopts low-angle being spirally wound on liner 10 to be wound around, and forms innermost layer spiral layers 20H1.
After the formation of this innermost layer spiral layers 20H1, the infiltration of sending from hoop winding unit 100F is had to the carbon fiber W of resin, in the scope of the barrel 10a of liner 10, adopt the hoop of high angle be wound around and form hoop layer.The Filament-wound Machine that this hoop is wound around, carries out with respect to established innermost layer spiral layers 20H1, the hoop layer that therefore formed, and 20H1 forms overlappingly with innermost layer spiral layers, becomes internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1.This internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1, is forming on the barrel 10a of scope as it, keeps innermost layer spiral layers 20H1.Therefore, the infiltration being repeatedly wound around in order to form innermost layer spiral layers 20H1 has the carbon fiber W of resin, and at barrel 10a, it moves and is restricted, therefore innermost layer spiral layers 20H1, not only at barrel 10a, even the loosening of fiber do not occur yet and stay in the outer surface scope of dome portions 10b.
In the high-pressure hydrogen tank manufacture method of the present embodiment, innermost layer spiral layers 20H1 and internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1 are pressed after this order formation, the spiral layers of repeatedly carrying out again the employing spiral winding of stipulated number forms and adopts the hoop layer formation that hoop is wound around, and forms fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 (Fig. 5: step S150).But, form the 2nd spiral layers 20H2 after relay protection is held the internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1 of innermost layer spiral layers 20H1 before, by fixing the fiber at the peak from away from the dome portions 10b winding end fiber W that extends and be wound to liner bolster 112 and tube head 14 with the fiber fixed position of flange 114
s, near the outer surface of the tube head 14 around the peak of dome portions 10b, cut off.Therefore, be wound in the fiber of liner 10 in order to form innermost layer spiral layers 20H1, by being wound around end fiber W
scut-out, the tension force during from spiral winding, liberate, the outer surface from its place of incision along dome portions 10b is residual with spiral winding track.Therefore, the skew of the stretching of the fiber that the tension force while not occurring by spiral winding causes, winding path (spiral winding track), the therefore thickness of innermost layer spiral layers 20H1, becomes the peak that comprises dome portions 10b around at the interior state being maintained.
In the high-pressure hydrogen tank manufacture method of the present embodiment, form overlappingly the 2nd spiral layers 20H2～the n spiral layers 20Hn with the innermost layer spiral layers 20H1 of the state that has maintained thickness.From the later each spiral layers of the 2nd spiral layers 20H2, it is wound around starting point is the terminal of hoop layer, the thickness of layer is not caused to variation.In addition, for innermost layer spiral layers 20H1, will be wound around end fiber W
sbe fixed on fixing the using on flange 114 of fiber away from tube head 14 on tank direction of principal axis, infiltration had to the carbon fiber W spiral winding of resin, therefore can be easy to carry out the winding at the perisporium periphery of tube head 14.Also be same from the later each spiral layers of the 2nd spiral layers 20H2.So, according to the high-pressure hydrogen tank manufacture method of the present embodiment, in the time of the formation of innermost layer spiral layers 20H1, need to repeatedly not be wound around and anchoring fiber at the perisporium of tube head 14, and can become the state of the thickness that has maintained innermost layer spiral layers 20H1.Its result, according to the high-pressure hydrogen tank manufacture method of the present embodiment, while adopting FW method to form the fiber-reinforced resin layer 20 of its reinforcement use on liner 10, can be in not residual gap of the periphery of tube head 14.In addition, according to the high-pressure hydrogen tank manufacture method of the present embodiment, by being suppressed at gap remaining of periphery of tube head 14, can easily manufacture the high-pressure hydrogen tank 30 of the reduction of the reinforcement intensity that has also suppressed fiber-reinforced resin layer 20.
In addition, in the high-pressure hydrogen tank manufacture method of the present embodiment, being directly wound around infiltration at the outer surface of liner 10 has the carbon fiber W of resin and has formed at first innermost layer spiral layers 20H1.Therefore, by formation and the winding end fiber W of the innermost layer spiral layers 20H1 through forming at first and internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1 thereafter
scut-out, can alternately form continuously the 2nd spiral layers 20H2 overlapping with this internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1 and then 2nd hoop layer 20F2～the n spiral layers 20Hn, the n hoop layer 20Fn overlapping with the 2nd spiral layers 20H2.
In addition, in the high-pressure hydrogen tank manufacture method of the present embodiment, on the integral liner bolster 112 of the axle supporting liner aspect the formation of fiber-reinforced resin layer 20, be provided with the fixing end fiber W of winding
sfiber fixing with flange 114.Therefore, do not need only for the fixing end fiber W of winding
sparts and the structure that this parts are kept, therefore structure becomes simple.
Above, be illustrated for embodiments of the present invention, but the present invention at all do not limit by such embodiment, can in the scope that does not depart from its main idea, implement in every way.For example, in the above-described embodiments, high pressure gas holder is made as high-pressure hydrogen tank 30, but the invention is not restricted to this.Also can be made as the high pressure gas holder of storing other gases at high pressure such as such as natural gas.
In addition, also can be by order to form fiber-reinforced resin layer 20, axle has supported the liner bolster 112 of liner 10, the tank bolster when being also used as employing induction heating apparatus 200 thereafter and carrying out heat cure and process.Like this, can intermediate products tank 12 be supported to be formed as stable posture at its two ends by liner bolster 112, can under this attitude, be placed in induction heating apparatus 200.In induction heating apparatus 200, can carry out axle to middle products pot 12 with liner bolster 112 and support to carry out high-frequency induction heating.
In addition, the winding end fiber W in step S130
scut-out, except forming in step S120 and carrying out after internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1, also can in the forming process of internal layer side ring hoop layer 20F1, carry out.
Description of reference numerals
10 ... liner
10a ... barrel
10b ... dome portions
12 ... intermediate products tank
14 ... tube head
20 ... fiber-reinforced resin layer
20F1 ... internal layer side ring hoop layer
20F2 ... the 2nd hoop layer
20H1 ... innermost layer spiral layers
20H2 ... the 2nd spiral layers
30 ... high-pressure hydrogen tank
100F ... hoop winding unit
100H ... spiral winding unit
112 ... liner bolster
114 ... fiber is fixedly used flange
132 ... fiber unloading part
200 ... induction heating apparatus
212 ... tank bolster
220 ... high frequency electric source
222 ... load coil
230 ... control appliance
W ... infiltration has the carbon fiber of resin
AX ... tank central shaft
Ws ... be wound around end fiber
Claims (3)
1. the manufacture method of a high pressure gas holder, that the Filament-wound Machine method that employing is wound around fiber repeatedly at the outer surface of liner is lining with the manufacture method that forms fibrolaminar high pressure gas holder in described, described liner is the liner that is bonded to the dome portions of convex curved surface shape at the two ends of barrel cylindraceous
Be wound around the hoop layer that forms and in the time that described dome portions makes the stacked multilayer of spiral layers that spiral winding that winding direction turns back forms form described fibrage at the hoop that the whole outer surface that spreads all over described barrel is wound around repeatedly to fiber,
In order to be formed on the innermost layer spiral layers that approaches the outer surface of described liner among described spiral layers most, the winding top of described fiber is fixed on to fixed position, described fixed position in the opposition side of described barrel side away from, use the fiber extending from this fixed position to form described innermost layer spiral layers
Form overlappingly described hoop layer with this innermost layer spiral layers and be used as internal layer side ring hoop layer,
By forming when described innermost layer spiral layers the described fiber having extended from described fixed position, forming after described internal layer side ring hoop layer around the peak in described dome portions after cut-out, with described internal layer side ring hoop ply form described spiral layers.
2. the manufacture method of high pressure gas holder according to claim 1, described innermost layer spiral layers is to be directly wrapped in the spiral layers that the outer surface of described liner formed at first.
3. the manufacture method of high pressure gas holder according to claim 1 and 2, the winding top of the described fiber while forming described innermost layer spiral layers is fixed on the axle that axle supports described liner.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2012039982A JP5531040B2 (en) | 2012-02-27 | 2012-02-27 | Manufacturing method of high-pressure gas tank |
| JP2012-039982 | 2012-02-27 | ||
| PCT/JP2013/000611 WO2013128800A1 (en) | 2012-02-27 | 2013-02-05 | Method for manufacturing high pressure gas tank |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN104136201A true CN104136201A (en) | 2014-11-05 |
| CN104136201B CN104136201B (en) | 2015-09-30 |
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ID=49082017
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201380010910.1A Active CN104136201B (en) | 2012-02-27 | 2013-02-05 | The manufacture method of high pressure gas holder |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9186855B2 (en) |
| EP (1) | EP2821209B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP5531040B2 (en) |
| KR (1) | KR101489331B1 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN104136201B (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2013128800A1 (en) |
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| CN115003494A (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2022-09-02 | 日立安斯泰莫株式会社 | Method for manufacturing pipe body |
| CN115023338A (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2022-09-06 | 日立安斯泰莫株式会社 | Pipe intermediate and pipe manufacturing method |
| CN115023337A (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2022-09-06 | 日立安斯泰莫株式会社 | Pipe intermediate and pipe manufacturing method |
| CN115023338B (en) * | 2020-03-19 | 2024-03-08 | 日立安斯泰莫株式会社 | Pipe intermediate and method for manufacturing pipe |
| CN113432030A (en) * | 2021-06-07 | 2021-09-24 | 浙江蓝能燃气设备有限公司 | Method for manufacturing bottle type container with stainless steel liner and carbon fiber wound completely |
| CN115816803A (en) * | 2023-01-09 | 2023-03-21 | 太原理工大学 | IV-type hydrogen storage container inflation control device and internal curing method |
| CN115816803B (en) * | 2023-01-09 | 2023-04-28 | 太原理工大学 | IV type hydrogen storage container inflation control device and internal curing method |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN104136201B (en) | 2015-09-30 |
| KR101489331B1 (en) | 2015-02-03 |
| WO2013128800A1 (en) | 2013-09-06 |
| EP2821209B1 (en) | 2017-03-22 |
| US20150034233A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
| KR20140108345A (en) | 2014-09-05 |
| EP2821209A1 (en) | 2015-01-07 |
| JP2013173304A (en) | 2013-09-05 |
| JP5531040B2 (en) | 2014-06-25 |
| US9186855B2 (en) | 2015-11-17 |
| EP2821209A4 (en) | 2015-01-07 |
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