CN103901106A - Nondestructive evaluation method of stress of cladding layer based on critical refraction longitudinal wave - Google Patents
Nondestructive evaluation method of stress of cladding layer based on critical refraction longitudinal wave Download PDFInfo
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- CN103901106A CN103901106A CN201410089101.0A CN201410089101A CN103901106A CN 103901106 A CN103901106 A CN 103901106A CN 201410089101 A CN201410089101 A CN 201410089101A CN 103901106 A CN103901106 A CN 103901106A
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Abstract
The invention relates to the stress evaluation of a laser cladding layer and in particular relates to a nondestructive evaluation method of the stress of a cladding layer based on a critical refraction longitudinal wave. According to the invention, the nondestructive evaluation of the cladding layer stress is realized through selecting a double critical refraction longitudinal wave probe with a suitable central frequency; an optimum propagation distance is determined as the spacing distance between a propagation probe and a receiving probe to be fixed by combining the law that the energy of the critical refraction longitudinal wave in the cladding layer decays; the time difference between the critical refraction longitudinal signals is used for representing the change amount of the propagation speed of the cladding layer in the critical refraction longitudinal wave caused by the stress and taken as the characteristic parameter to evaluate the stress of the cladding layer to build a stress-time difference relation; a liner function is adopted to fit results to obtain an acoustoelastic equation used for representing the stress of the cladding layer, and therefore the nondestructive evaluation of the stress of the cladding layer based on the critical refraction longitudinal wave is realized.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the evaluation of laser melting coating ply stress, relate in particular to a kind of cladding layer stress Nondestructive Evaluation method based on critical refraction longitudinal wave.
Background technology
In industrial circle (especially heavy industry field), the inefficacy of key components and parts may directly or indirectly cause the global failure of plant equipment, China all reclaims a large amount of iron and steel class plant equipment with wastes of iron and steel form every year for this reason, and melt down remelting as primary material, this not only causes the waste of resource, the energy, goes back serious environment pollution; Require as background taking resource, environment and social sustainable development, inefficacy iron and steel type component is manufactured to processing again, not only can reduce commercial production cost, improve productivity effect, reduce environmental pollution, realize energy-saving material-saving, also the coordinated development that realizes social economy and environment is significant.
Based on waste and old parts failure analysis, be the effective measures that improve component surface performance and extend its service life in the coating of manufacturing again of its surface preparation respective performances; Laser melting and coating technique has that energy density is concentrated, cladding efficiency is high, can form the advantages such as good metallurgical bonding interface, heat-affected zone are little with matrix, thereby obtains numerous concerns and widespread use in manufacture field again; Research shows, laser cladding layer quality is to affect even to determine manufacture a product the again key factor of quality of laser melting coating, and stress (especially unrelieved stress) is the key factor that affects laser cladding layer quality, thereby, evaluate not only ensureing the laser melting coating quality that manufactures a product again significant, even also significant to promoting again shaping up of manufacturing engineering to laser melting coating ply stress; At present, stress evaluation method is mainly to damage method (bending method, orifice method etc.) and harmless method (rays method, optical method etc.) two large classes, although said method all can be realized the evaluation of cladding layer stress to a certain extent, but all there is some problems, as bending method need destroy integrality and the usability of sample, and be sampling Detection, result has certain contingency; Rays method has radiativity, and serious harm operating personnel are healthy, and checkout equipment expensive, be not suitable for scene and in real time detect; Optical method is had relatively high expectations to operating environment, needs professional operating personnel to operate, and applies limitation larger; Critical refraction longitudinal wave belongs to a hyperacoustic class, that the method has is harmless, quick, handling safety, be suitable for Site Detection and can realize the advantages such as on-line monitoring, and the method equipment price is cheap, if thereby can set up a set of effective cladding layer stress Nondestructive Evaluation method, to improve manufacture a product again quality and promote again shaping up of manufacturing engineering significant.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to solve or improve the deficiency in existing cladding layer stress assessment technique, based on this, a kind of Nondestructive Evaluation method based on critical refraction longitudinal wave is proposed, the method not only can realize cladding layer stress fast, convenience, safety, Nondestructive Evaluation, also can reduce the security-hidden trouble of even avoiding sampling Detection to cause.On this basis, the present invention has also at length provided the method step of realizing cladding layer stress Nondestructive Evaluation based on critical refraction longitudinal wave, for improving the quality safety that manufactures a product again, promoting ruly the shaping up of manufacturing engineering again technical support is provided.
Cladding layer stress Nondestructive Evaluation based on critical refraction longitudinal wave is realized taking ultrasonic acoustic elastic property as theoretical foundation, measuring on the basis of critical refraction longitudinal wave velocity of propagation in cladding layer, by setting up the Nondestructive Evaluation of relational implementation cladding layer stress between stress and velocity of propagation; But ultrasonic acoustic theory of elasticity shows, the variation of ultrasonic propagation velocity counter stress is also insensitive, 100MPa stress causes ultrasonic propagation velocity change amount to be about 0.1%(aluminium and alloy thereof) and 0.01%(steel), thereby, accurately measure the velocity of propagation difficulty of critical refraction longitudinal wave in cladding layer very large; Given this, the present invention turn to by contrast critical refraction longitudinal wave in cladding layer sample by the poor change amount that characterizes velocity of propagation of same distance required time, set up critical refraction longitudinal wave by relation between the poor and stress of same distance required time.
This corresponding relation can obtain by following steps:
It doesn't matter for the velocity of propagation of critical refraction longitudinal wave in cladding layer and cladding layer thickness, and velocity of propagation is not subject to the impact of cladding layer thickness, and cladding layer thickness is mainly determined by the preparation technology of cladding layer self; The preparation technology of cladding layer is routine techniques means, no longer describes in detail here.
Step 2, based on cladding layer material and matrix material physical characteristics, designs corresponding stress relief annealing Technology for Heating Processing and cladding layer sample is carried out to stress relief annealing processing, as the standard sample of demarcating cladding layer sample sonic elastic modulus; Cladding layer sample is carried out to stress relief annealing and be treated to routine techniques means, no longer describe in detail here.
Step 3, regulate and the shooting parameter of mounting ultrasonic impulse ejection receiving instrument prompt critical refracted longitudinal wave to make to characterize the excitation energy of critical refraction longitudinal wave signal constant, obtain the energy attenuation curve of critical refraction longitudinal wave (time-domain signal) in cladding layer, between the propagation distance of critical refraction longitudinal wave in cladding layer and signal amplitude, be obvious power function, the attenuation results of employing formula (1) to critical refraction longitudinal wave in cladding layer carried out matching and obtained containing a, relational expression between the critical refraction longitudinal wave propagation distance of the concrete numerical value of b and its reception signal peak, when calculating critical refraction longitudinal wave signal amplitude and being reduced to maximal value 60%, the corresponding critical refraction longitudinal wave propagation distance in cladding layer is as transmitting probe and receiving transducer spacing, and it is constant and be placed in cladding layer specimen surface to fix this spacing by critical refraction longitudinal wave probe fixing device (6).
y＝a·x
b （1）
In formula: x: the propagation distance of critical refraction longitudinal wave in cladding layer;
Y: critical refraction longitudinal wave receives the peak value of signal;
A, b: the constant relevant to cladding layer physical characteristics to be evaluated.
Described reference signal is the detection signal when stress application not, applies detection signal under other different stress for all thinking to calculate signal.
This patent is to implement on ultrasonic acoustic theory of elasticity basis, this theory shows to exist between ultrasonic propagation velocity and stress strict linear relationship: v(velocity of propagation)=k(coefficient) σ (stress), and in this research in order to improve stress evaluation result precision, adopt linear function general formula t=k σ+c, wherein, t: mistiming between signal; σ: stress; C: constant.
Application the present invention just can realize the Nondestructive Evaluation of cladding layer stress.
The device that described method relates to, comprises ultrasonic pulse transmitting receiving instrument, data acquisition equipment, digital oscilloscope; Signal Analysis System, critical refraction longitudinal wave probe fixing device and two critical refraction longitudinal wave transmit and receive probe, ultrasonic pulse transmitting receiving instrument, data acquisition equipment, digital oscilloscope, Signal Analysis System connect with instrument conversion connecting line successively, ultrasonic pulse transmitting receiving instrument change connecting line by instrument respectively and is transmitted and received probe with two critical refraction longitudinal waves and be connected, and two critical refraction longitudinal waves transmit and receive the employing critical refraction longitudinal wave probe fixing device of popping one's head in and are fixed on cladding layer specimen surface.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is ultrasound wave stress the system of analysis and appraisal of the present invention.
1, ultrasonic pulse transmitting receiving instrument; 2, data acquisition equipment; 3, digital oscilloscope; 4, Signal Analysis System; 5, instrument conversion connecting line; 6, critical refraction longitudinal wave probe fixing device; 7, two critical refraction longitudinal wave probes (a receipts pattern).
Fig. 2 is the critical refraction longitudinal wave signal of Fe314 laser cladding layer under the different stress of the present invention; Wherein stress is less than 658MPa.
Fig. 3 is the critical refraction longitudinal wave signal of Fe314 laser cladding layer under the different stress of the present invention; Wherein stress is greater than 658MPa.
Find out with Fig. 3 from Fig. 2: stress is different, the velocity of propagation of ultrasound wave in cladding layer changes, and can realize the evaluation of cladding layer stress based on ultrasonic acoustic theory of elasticity.
Fig. 4 is mistiming result and matched curve thereof between Fe314 laser melting coating ply stress of the present invention and critical refraction longitudinal wave signal.
Fig. 4 is mistiming and stress result and matched curve thereof between critical refraction longitudinal wave signal, from result: have obvious linear relationship between signal between mistiming and stress, and relative error is less, shows that research method can realize the evaluation of cladding layer stress.
Embodiment
Below embodiments of the invention are elaborated: the present embodiment is implemented under taking technical solution of the present invention as prerequisite, provided detailed embodiment and concrete operating process, but protection scope of the present invention is not limited to following embodiment.
The Fe314 laser cladding layer of selecting 45 steel surfaces is that example is described the method that adopts critical refraction longitudinal wave to evaluate cladding layer stress, and it is as follows that this corresponding relation (stress-mistiming curve) obtains process:
1. taking Fe314 alloy powder as cladding powder, select optimum laser cladding technological parameter (cladding power, cladding speed, powder sending quantity), adopt multi-track overlapping multilayer accumulation mode to prepare at 45 steel surface sediments the Fe314 laser cladding layer that thickness is greater than 5mm; Main melting and coating process parameter: power is 1KW, sweep velocity is 3.5mm/s, and powder sending quantity is 7g/min, and shielding gas flow amount is 14L/h, and spot diameter is that 3.5mm, overlapping rate are 50%, packing coefficient is 0.5mm.
2. according to 45 steel (matrix material) and Fe314 alloys (cladding layer material) heat treatment characteristic, select optimum Technology for Heating Processing to carry out stress relief annealing to Fe314 laser cladding layer sample, adopt machining process (mill, line cutting) to prepare standard static tension sample, again adjust heat treatment process parameter, static tension cladding layer sample is carried out to final stress relief annealing processing, obtain final sonic elastic modulus calibration sample; Heat treated part size is larger for the first time, and heat treatment parameter is respectively: 10 DEG C/min, be heated to 650 DEG C, insulation 24h; Heat treated part size is less for the second time, and heat treatment parameter is respectively: 15 DEG C/min, be heated to 650 DEG C, insulation 5h.
3. regulate the energy excitation parameter of ultrasonic pulse transmitting receiving instrument 1, select optimal value and immobilize, that is: in ultrasonic signal excitation device, there is a clear and definite energy adjustment knob, in the present embodiment, shooting parameter is chosen as: 37, an one receipts pattern, but 37 can not represent that all experiments must be chosen as 37, just rule of thumb select; Excite and obtain critical refraction longitudinal wave, change successively the propagation distance of critical refraction longitudinal wave in Fe314 laser cladding layer sample, what in this research, adopt is two ultrasonic probes (7) (receipts patterns), thereby changing two probe spacings from the change that can realize propagation distance, propagation distance is respectively: 20,35,50,65,80 and 95mm; Gather its time-domain signal, extract the peak value of critical refraction longitudinal wave reception signal based on signal analysis method, obtain relation between critical refraction longitudinal wave propagation distance and its reception signal peak according to formula (1), see formula 2, calculate and receive signal peak corresponding propagation distance while being reduced to maximal value 60%, be 30mm, set it as transmitting probe and receiving transducer spacing, and keep this constant distance constant by critical refraction longitudinal wave probe fixing device 6.
Obtain six corresponding signals by 6 propagation distances, get its peak value, adopt formula (1) to carry out matching, obtain fitting formula, think that top numerical value is 100, when calculating peak value is 60%, corresponding distance is propagation distance; Choose 6 propagation distances, interval is fixed as 15mm, in the time moving to a certain value, ultrasonic signal peak value is very low, think that acoustic wave energy decayed, namely this propagation distance is too large, thereby need to select suitable propagation distance, ensure that ultrasonic energy signal is both unattenuated complete under this distance, can be too not high yet.
Y=8642.1x
-1.4748(2); Be a=8642.1, b=-1.4748.
4. regulate without critical refraction longitudinal wave display position (time shaft) in oscillograph 3 corresponding to applied stress, and remain unchanged, Fe314 laser cladding layer sample is applied to different prestress, in sample elasticity limit range, get N(N >=1) individual numerical value, 0,98,195,238,286,325,367,452,489,596MPa the each prestrain stress of the present embodiment is respectively:, gather and record the critical refraction longitudinal wave signal of Fe314 laser cladding layer sample under each stress by data acquisition equipment 2; In this example, defining the critical refraction longitudinal wave that 0MPa is corresponding is reference signal, the critical refraction longitudinal wave signal that all the other each loading stresses are corresponding is calculating signal, realize the evaluation of stress based on mistiming Δ t between signal analysis method calculating reference signal and each calculating signal, thereby mistiming corresponding to 0MPa is 0s, the corresponding mistiming calculating is respectively: 0,19,35,46,56,64.8,71,81,86,95ns, and as the characteristic parameter of evaluating Fe314 laser melting coating ply stress; For example, in the time that stress is 195MPa, obtain corresponding ultrasonic signal, while calculating this signal and 0MPa, between corresponding ultrasonic signal, the mistiming is 35ns, thereby stress value corresponding to this mistiming is 195MPa.
5. set up relation between Fe314 laser melting coating ply stress σ and characteristic parameter Δ t, in conjunction with Fe314 laser cladding layer sample static tension test findings, adopt linear function counter stress-mistiming result to carry out matching and obtain Fe314 laser melting coating ply stress judgement schematics, see formula (3), its independent variable coefficient is the sonic elastic modulus of Fe314 laser cladding layer sample in this example.
Δt=0.1583σ+6.49 （3）
Wherein, Δ t: mistiming (ns) between critical refraction longitudinal wave reference signal and each calculating signal, σ: Fe314 laser melting coating ply stress (MPa).
6, adopt ultrasound wave stress the system of analysis and appraisal (see figure 1) to gather the critical refraction longitudinal wave signal of Fe314 laser cladding layer sample, and be defined as calculating signal, calculate the mistiming between itself and reference signal (process 4), in substitution formula (3), calculate this moment stress value, can realize the Nondestructive Evaluation of Fe314 laser melting coating ply stress.
Claims (7)
1. the cladding layer stress Nondestructive Evaluation method based on critical refraction longitudinal wave, is characterized in that:
(1) regulate and the shooting parameter of mounting ultrasonic impulse ejection receiving instrument prompt critical refracted longitudinal wave to make to characterize the excitation energy of critical refraction longitudinal wave signal constant, change the propagation distance of critical refraction longitudinal wave in laser cladding layer, obtain the energy attenuation curve of critical refraction longitudinal wave (time-domain signal) in laser cladding layer, between the propagation distance of critical refraction longitudinal wave in laser cladding layer and signal amplitude, be obvious power function, the attenuation results of employing formula (1) to critical refraction longitudinal wave in cladding layer carried out matching and obtained containing a, relational expression between the critical refraction longitudinal wave propagation distance of the concrete numerical value of b and its reception signal peak, determine that best propagation distance is as critical refraction longitudinal wave transmitting probe and receiving transducer spacing,
y＝a·x
b （1）；
In formula: x: the propagation distance of critical refraction longitudinal wave in cladding layer, y: critical refraction longitudinal wave receives the peak value of signal, a, b: the constant relevant to cladding layer physical characteristics to be evaluated;
(2) adjustment fixing critical refraction longitudinal wave transmitting probe and receiving transducer spacing are invariable, keeping probe and cladding layer sample contact is steady state value, the incident displaying time that regulates critical refraction longitudinal wave to enter cladding layer sample is identical value, adopt ultrasound wave stress the system of analysis and appraisal to detect the cladding layer sample under each expection stress, and record each detection signal, definition datum signal and calculating signal, calculate cladding layer sample critical refraction longitudinal wave under each stress and receive the mistiming of calculating signal and reference signal between signal also as the characteristic parameter of evaluating cladding layer sample stress, adopt linear function to carry out matching to mistiming relational expression between cladding layer sample stress and reception signal and obtain laser melting coating ply stress judgement schematics, obtain the sonic elastic modulus of this cladding layer sample,
(3) each calculating signal is obtained to corresponding stress value with the time difference substitution stress judgement schematics of reference signal, get the mean value of stress value, realize the Nondestructive Evaluation of laser melting coating ply stress.
2. a kind of cladding layer stress Nondestructive Evaluation method based on critical refraction longitudinal wave as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: in step (1), energy attenuation test result based on critical refraction longitudinal wave in cladding layer, employing formula (1) power function is carried out matching to it, using critical refraction longitudinal wave receive signal amplitude reduce to signal maximum 60% time the corresponding critical refraction longitudinal wave propagation distance in cladding layer as transmitting probe and receiving transducer spacing.
3. a kind of cladding layer stress Nondestructive Evaluation method based on critical refraction longitudinal wave as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: described reference signal is the critical refraction longitudinal wave signal when stress application not, applies the critical refraction longitudinal wave signal of the cladding layer under other different stress for all thinking to calculate signal; Cause the change amount of critical refraction longitudinal wave velocity of propagation in cladding layer with mistiming sign stress changes between reference signal and calculating signal.
4. a kind of cladding layer stress Nondestructive Evaluation method based on critical refraction longitudinal wave as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: between described cladding layer sample stress and reception signal, mistiming relational expression is t=k σ+c, wherein, and t: mistiming between signal; σ: stress; C: constant.
5. a kind of cladding layer stress Nondestructive Evaluation method based on critical refraction longitudinal wave as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: in step (2), keep critical refraction longitudinal wave transmitting probe and receiving transducer spacing and critical refraction longitudinal wave probe invariable with cladding layer sample contact by the critical refraction longitudinal wave probe fixing device of ultrasound wave stress the system of analysis and appraisal.
6. a kind of cladding layer stress Nondestructive Evaluation method based on critical refraction longitudinal wave as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that: before described laser cladding layer sample is evaluated, should carry out stress relief annealing and process the cladding layer sample obtaining without primary stress, carry out sonic elastic modulus rating test as calibration sample.
7. a kind of cladding layer stress Nondestructive Evaluation method based on critical refraction longitudinal wave as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: described ultrasound wave stress the system of analysis and appraisal comprises ultrasonic pulse transmitting receiving instrument, data acquisition equipment, digital oscilloscope; Signal Analysis System, critical refraction longitudinal wave probe fixing device and two critical refraction longitudinal wave transmit and receive probe, ultrasonic pulse transmitting receiving instrument, data acquisition equipment, digital oscilloscope, Signal Analysis System connect with instrument conversion connecting line successively, ultrasonic pulse transmitting receiving instrument change connecting line by instrument respectively and is transmitted and received probe with two critical refraction longitudinal waves and be connected, and two critical refraction longitudinal waves transmit and receive the employing critical refraction longitudinal wave probe fixing device of popping one's head in and are fixed on cladding layer specimen surface.
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| CN105698988A (en) * | 2016-02-29 | 2016-06-22 | 江苏科技大学 | Correction method of influence of pore diameter on evaluating stress of metal materials through critical refraction longitudinal waves |
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| CN111337171A (en) * | 2020-04-03 | 2020-06-26 | 北京工商大学 | Acoustic time difference measuring method applied to critical refraction longitudinal wave stress detection |
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| CN109946385A (en) * | 2019-04-01 | 2019-06-28 | 大连理工大学 | A kind of ultrasonic method for evaluating material early stage mechanical damage |
| CN113125060A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2021-07-16 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Large-scale high-speed rotation equipment joint surface contact stress measuring method based on wave energy dissipation principle |
| CN113125061A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2021-07-16 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Contact stress measuring device of large-scale high-speed rotation equipment based on laser ultrasound |
| CN111504530A (en) * | 2020-04-02 | 2020-08-07 | 江苏科技大学 | Method for rapidly realizing regulation and control of stress of cladding layer without damage based on ultrasonic technology |
| CN111504530B (en) * | 2020-04-02 | 2021-10-15 | 江苏科技大学 | Method for rapidly realizing regulation and control of stress of cladding layer without damage based on ultrasonic technology |
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