CN109946385A - A kind of ultrasonic method for evaluating material early stage mechanical damage - Google Patents
A kind of ultrasonic method for evaluating material early stage mechanical damage Download PDFInfo
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- CN109946385A CN109946385A CN201910256800.2A CN201910256800A CN109946385A CN 109946385 A CN109946385 A CN 109946385A CN 201910256800 A CN201910256800 A CN 201910256800A CN 109946385 A CN109946385 A CN 109946385A
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Abstract
A kind of ultrasonic method for evaluating material early stage mechanical damage belongs to mechanical damage evaluation and technical field of nondestructive testing.Method includes the following steps: measuring the longitudinal wave velocity of tested material and voussoir material respectively, calculating critical refraction longitudinal wave wedge angle and determining geometric dimension；Specimen surface excitation, reception critical refraction longitudinal wave, preferably ultrasonic probe frequency and voussoir spacing are not damaged in tested material using one debit's formula of hair；It acquires tested material and does not damage sample, damage specimen surface critical refraction longitudinal wave, and critical refraction longitudinal wave amplitude is normalized；Establish the corresponding relationship between normalization amplitude and mechanical damage parameter.This method is small to the fluctuation of same sample multiple measurement results, has better stability and repeatability compared with ultrasonic pulse reflection method, evaluation material early stage mechanical damage result is more reliable.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of ultrasonic methods for evaluating material early stage mechanical damage, belong to mechanical damage evaluation and lossless inspection
Survey technology field.
Background technique
Engineering component, due to a variety of energy field reciprocations such as heat, power, unavoidably occurs one during manufacture, being on active service
Fixed mechanical damage reduces load-carrying properties.The surface of component/sub-surface geometric position is special, defect and the normal shape herein of damage
Core directly or indirectly promotes the formation and extension of macroscopic cracking, destroys the structural intergrity of component.Therefore, in mechanical damage morning
It is to improve component manufacture and military service quality, the important means for preventing disaster that phase, which carries out effective evaluation to it,.
In recent years, the fault in material based on ultrasonic method and damage NDT and NDE are concerned.Macroscopic view is lacked
It falls into for detection, mainly the scattering process of ultrasonic wave is carried out using defect, as pulse reflection method detects macroscopic cracking.
For earlier damage, evaluation method differs widely, and reason is that microdefect (dislocation etc.) does not cause significantly to scatter letter
Number, but microdefect group is embodied in the uptake and accumulation of acoustic propagation, therefore, acoustic characteristic variation is relied primarily on to reflect early stage
The evolution of damage, including the relevant velocity of sound of elastic properties of materials and the relevant acoustic attenuation of acoustic propagation energy[1,2].Dislocation is engineering knot
Structure material plasticity deformation carrier, acoustic characteristic change major embodiment dislocation damping, therefore acoustic attenuation to earlier damage more
Sensitivity, using also more extensive[3,4].But it is more that influence factor is tested in acoustic attenuation[5,6], by taking pulse reflection method as an example, locating for sample
The relativeness of position and probe near field, far field, pressing a variety of operation factors such as dynamics of probe in coupling process all can be to survey
Test result impacts；Meanwhile characterize acoustic attenuation acoustic attenuation coefficient measurement must using component thickness as prior information, for
Inside/outside rough surface, closed component are very unobtainable.Therefore, how accurate reliable measurements acoustic attenuation is early stage mechanics damage
Hurt the critical issue of acoustic assessment.
Critical refraction longitudinal wave is longitudinal wave that is incident with first critical angle, propagating in specimen surface/sub-surface.Study table
It is bright[7-9]: the about several wavelength of critical refraction longitudinal wave penetration depth in sample, it is insensitive to features such as surface roughnesses, it is suitable for
Engineering component on-site test.In addition, critical refraction longitudinal wave spread speed is sensitive to residual stress, validity is in aluminium alloy, steel
Be verified in equal multiple materials, but measurement accuracy when characterization result is very dependent on propagation sound, when to sound calculation method and
Alignment requirements are higher.For critical refraction longitudinal wave acoustic attenuation, due to avoiding the rigors of sound transit-time measurement, critical folding is only needed
Penetrating longitudinal wave amplitude information can be realized, and operation ease and reliability greatly enhance.Currently, being based on critical refraction longitudinal wave acoustic attenuation
Metallic material components early stage mechanical damage evaluation there is not been reported.
Therefore, the present invention proposes a kind of ultrasonic method for evaluating material early stage mechanical damage, is based on critical refraction longitudinal wave energy
Amount decaying evaluation metal material early stage mechanical damage degree, and with conventional pulse-echo method comparative analysis, improve acoustical attenuation measurement
As a result stability, while the rigors of sound transit-time measurement in critical refraction longitudinal wave velocity of sound characterization are avoided, operation ease is improved,
It is suitable for engineering component on-site test, for research metal material earlier damage mechanism, develops component earlier damage evaluation method
All it is of great significance.
Bibliography:
[1]Granato A.,Lucke K.Theory of mechanical damping due to
dislocations[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1956,27(6):583-593.
[2]Granato A.,Hikata A.,Lücke K.Recovery of damping and modulus
changes following plastic deformation[J].Acta Metallurgica,1958,6(7):470-480.
[3]Hirao M.,Ogi H.,Suzuki N.,Ohtani T.Ultrasonic attenuation peak
during fatigue of polycrystalline copper[J].Acta Materialia,2000,48(2):517-
524.
[4]Ogi H.,Hamaguchi T.,Hirao M.In-situ monitoring of ultrasonic
attenuation during rotating bending fatigue of carbon steel with
electromagnetic acoustic resonance[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2000,
310(1-2):436-439.
[5]Pal Barnana.Pulse-echo method cannot measure wave attenuation
accurately[J].Ultrasonics,2015,61:6-9.
[6] Zhang Zhao holds high up, Sun Chungui, the development and prospect [J] nondestructive inspection of Li Yibing attenuation coefficient measuring technique,
2015,39(06):38-40.
[7]Langenberg Kj,Fellinger P,Marklein R.On the nature of the so-
called subsurface longitudinal wave and/or the surface longitudinal“creeping”
wave[J].Research in Nondestructive Evaluation,1990,2(2):59-81.
[8]Bray D.E.,Tang W.Subsurface stress evaluation in steel plates and
bars using the LCR ultrasonic wave[J].Nuclear Engineering and Design,2001,207
(2):231-240.
[9] supersonic detection method [J] of Xu Chunguang, Song Wentao, Pan Qinxue, Li Xiao, Jin Xin, Liu Haiyang residual stress without
Damage detection, 2014, (07): 25-31.
Summary of the invention
The present invention proposes a kind of ultrasonic method for evaluating material early stage mechanical damage.Acoustic attenuation is repeatedly surveyed using this method
Amount result fluctuation is small, and material early stage mechanical damage evaluation result is more reliable.
The technical solution adopted by the present invention is that: a kind of ultrasonic method for evaluating material early stage mechanical damage is measured by sample
The longitudinal wave velocity of material and voussoir material calculates critical refraction longitudinal wave wedge angle and determines geometric dimension；Using one debit of hair
Formula does not damage specimen surface excitation, reception critical refraction longitudinal wave, preferably ultrasonic probe frequency and voussoir spacing in tested material；It adopts
Collect tested material and do not damage sample, damage specimen surface critical refraction longitudinal wave, and critical refraction longitudinal wave amplitude is normalized
Processing；Establish the corresponding relationship between normalization amplitude and mechanical damage parameter；Specific step is as follows:
(1) the longitudinal wave velocity v of tested material and voussoir material is measured respectively according to GB/T 239001And v2；
(2) critical refraction longitudinal wave wedge angle is calculated according to formula one, does not damage specimen surface size with reference to tested material
Voussoir geometric dimension is determined with shape, to guarantee that voussoir and its surface acoustical coupling are good；
Formula one is
(3) based on voussoir in step (2), use the identical ultrasonic probe of frequency with one debit's formula of hair tested material not
It damages specimen surface excitation, receive critical refraction longitudinal wave, according to critical refraction longitudinal wave amplitude, preferably ultrasonic probe frequency and voussoir
Spacing；
(4) parameter determined using step (3), acquires that tested material does not damage sample, sample is corresponding faces for damage respectively
Boundary's refracted longitudinal wave；
(5) critical refraction longitudinal wave amplitude in step (4) is normalized according to formula two, amplitude will be normalized
AnorAs acoustic assessment parameter；
Formula two is
(6) normalization amplitude A is establishednorWith the relationship between tested mechanics of materials impairment parameter.
The beneficial effects of the present invention are: the acoustic attenuation based on critical refraction longitudinal wave characterization sample, multiple measurement results fluctuation
Small, test sample thickness effect is small, and it is unstable and then cause material early to overcome ultrasonic pulse echo technique acoustic attenuation test result
The phase insecure problem of mechanical damage evaluation result；Avoid simultaneously the critical refraction longitudinal wave velocity of sound characterize in sound transit-time measurement harshness
It is required that improving operation ease, it is suitable for engineering component on-site test, for research metal material earlier damage mechanism, hair
Exhibition component earlier damage evaluation method is all of great significance.
Detailed description of the invention
Present invention will be further explained below with reference to the attached drawings and examples.
Fig. 1 is pure iron fatigue testing specimen scale diagrams (unit: mm).
Fig. 2 is that pure iron critical refraction longitudinal wave tests voussoir size (unit: mm) used.
Fig. 3 is the ultrasonic tesint waveform under pure iron difference mechanical damage state: CYCLIC LOADING 0 week (a), critical refraction longitudinal wave
Waveform；(b) CYCLIC LOADING 100 weeks, critical refraction longitudinal wave waveform；(c) CYCLIC LOADING 0 week, pulse echo method waveform；(d) it recycles
Load 100 weeks, pulse echo method waveform.
Fig. 4 is pure iron critical refraction longitudinal wave compared with pulse echo method stability of waveform.
Fig. 5 is pure iron critical refraction longitudinal wave normalization amplitude compared with pulse echo method acoustic attenuation coefficient.
Specific embodiment
(1) the longitudinal wave velocity v of pure iron and organic glass is measured according to GB/T 239001And v2, respectively 5930m/s and
2730m/s；
(2) calculating critical refraction longitudinal wave wedge angle α according to formula one is 27.4 °, and testing fatigue is used for reference to shown in Fig. 1
Pure iron plane plate specimen, thickness 5mm, parallel-segment width 10mm.Therefore, machining α be 27.4 °, width 18mm, probe spiral shell
The organic glass voussoir that hole is M6mm, bottom surface is plane is a pair of, as shown in Figure 2；
(3) based on voussoir in step (2), each pair ultrasonic probe that frequency is 2.25MHz and 5MHz is respectively adopted, with one
It sends out debit's formula excitation of pure iron specimen surface, reception critical refraction longitudinal wave, probe diameter 6mm in (2) and compares different probes
Frequency, voussoir spacing lower critical refracted longitudinal wave amplitude, determine frequency probe between 2.25MHz, voussoir according to amplitude highest situation
Away from for 6mm；
(4) use MTS Landmark hydraulic servo test macro to pure iron sample in Fig. 2 under room temperature and air environment
It carries out CYCLIC LOADING 100 weeks, R ratio is -1, maximum stress 160MPa, loading frequency 0.1Hz, and control waveform is triangular wave；
(5) parameter determined using step (3) is acquired pure iron respectively and is not damaged sample (CYCLIC LOADING 0 week), damage sample
(CYCLIC LOADING 100 weeks) corresponding critical refraction longitudinal wave, same sample measures 6 times respectively, as shown in a and b in Fig. 3, not homogeneous
Difference very little between measurement gained waveform, essentially coincides together.Corresponding pulse echo method waveform also c shown in Figure 3 together
And d.To further describe the small differences between waveform, root-mean-square-deviation value RMSD is introduced to characterize, such as formula three:
Formula three is
Wherein y1,iAnd y2,iThe amplitude of reference waveform and target waveform is respectively indicated, n indicates the length of zoning.Work as ginseng
Examine waveform and target waveform RMSD numerical result it is larger when, illustrate that measured deviation is larger.Fig. 4 be pure iron critical refraction longitudinal wave with
Pulse echo method stability of waveform comparison result, the former RMSD maximum value is only 1.5 × 10-5, and the latter's RMSD maximum value is 9.7
×10-4, compared with the former high about 2 magnitudes, illustrate that critical refraction longitudinal wave test result is more stable reliable；
(6) critical refraction longitudinal wave amplitude in step (5) is normalized, calculates pure iron CYCLIC LOADING 0 week, 100
The normalization amplitude A in weeknor, as shown in figure 5, respectively 1 and 0.33, absolute error is 10-5Magnitude；Respective pulses echo method sound
Attenuation factor value is respectively 0.272 ± 0.009dB/mm and 0.366 ± 0.01dB/mm, and absolute error and relative error are obviously high
In the former, illustrate that critical refraction longitudinal wave method fluctuates small, A to same sample acoustic attenuation multiple measurement resultsnorWith preferably steady
It is qualitative and repeated；
(7) A is established respectivelynorIt is the corresponding relationship between 1,0.33, with CYCLIC LOADING cycle 0,100.
Claims (1)
1. a kind of ultrasonic method for evaluating material early stage mechanical damage, it is characterized in that: measuring the vertical of tested material and voussoir material
Wave sound speed calculates critical refraction longitudinal wave wedge angle and determines geometric dimension；It is not damaged using one debit's formula of hair in tested material
Hurt specimen surface excitation, receive critical refraction longitudinal wave, preferably ultrasonic probe frequency and voussoir spacing；Tested material is acquired not damage
Sample, damage specimen surface critical refraction longitudinal wave, and critical refraction longitudinal wave amplitude is normalized；Establish normalization width
Corresponding relationship between value and mechanical damage parameter；Specific step is as follows:
(1) the longitudinal wave velocity v of tested material and voussoir material is measured respectively according to GB/T239001And v2；
(2) critical refraction longitudinal wave wedge angle is calculated according to formula one, does not damage specimen surface size and shape with reference to tested material
Shape determines voussoir geometric dimension and processes, to guarantee that voussoir and its surface acoustical coupling are good；
Formula one is
(3) based on voussoir in step (2), the identical ultrasonic probe of frequency is used not damage with one debit's formula of hair in tested material
Specimen surface excitation receives critical refraction longitudinal wave, according to critical refraction longitudinal wave amplitude, preferably between ultrasonic probe frequency and voussoir
Away from；
(4) parameter determined using step (3) is acquired tested material respectively and is not damaged sample, the corresponding critical folding of damage sample
Penetrate longitudinal wave；
(5) critical refraction longitudinal wave amplitude in step (4) is normalized according to formula two, amplitude A will be normalizednorMake
For acoustic assessment parameter；
Formula two is
(6) normalization amplitude A is establishednorWith the relationship between tested mechanics of materials impairment parameter.
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112798688A (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2021-05-14 | 大连理工大学 | Method for improving detection sensitivity of critical refraction longitudinal wave of material damage |
| CN114460172A (en) * | 2022-01-27 | 2022-05-10 | 重庆工业职业技术学院 | Second harmonic detection method for early damage of periodic composite material |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| CN114460172A (en) * | 2022-01-27 | 2022-05-10 | 重庆工业职业技术学院 | Second harmonic detection method for early damage of periodic composite material |
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