CN111504530B - Method for rapidly realizing regulation and control of stress of cladding layer without damage based on ultrasonic technology - Google Patents

Method for rapidly realizing regulation and control of stress of cladding layer without damage based on ultrasonic technology Download PDF

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CN111504530B
CN111504530B CN202010253646.6A CN202010253646A CN111504530B CN 111504530 B CN111504530 B CN 111504530B CN 202010253646 A CN202010253646 A CN 202010253646A CN 111504530 B CN111504530 B CN 111504530B
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cladding layer
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CN111504530A (en
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刘彬
曾志豪
谷家扬
李瑞峰
王凤江
陈书锦
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Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01LMEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/25Measuring force or stress, in general using wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays, microwaves, neutrons
    • G01L1/255Measuring force or stress, in general using wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays, microwaves, neutrons using acoustic waves, or acoustic emission
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    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/08Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
    • C23C24/10Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat with intermediate formation of a liquid phase in the layer
    • C23C24/103Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
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    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01NINVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N29/00Investigating or analysing materials by the use of ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves; Visualisation of the interior of objects by transmitting ultrasonic or sonic waves through the object
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    • G01N29/07Analysing solids by measuring propagation velocity or propagation time of acoustic waves

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Abstract

The invention discloses a method for realizing stress regulation and control of a cladding layer in a rapid and nondestructive mode based on an ultrasonic technology, and belongs to the technical field of stress nondestructive evaluation and regulation and control. The method is based on an ultrasonic acoustic-elastic theory and combined with a static load tensile calibration method, an ultrasonic acoustic-elastic formula of the cladding layer in a tensile state and a compression state is established, cladding layer samples in different compression stress states are prepared through an ultrasonic impact technology, and the corresponding correlation between stress and ultrasonic impact coverage rate is established by taking ultrasonic time delay caused by stress as an intermediate parameter, so that lossless and rapid regulation and control of the stress of the cladding layer are realized. The technical method adopted by the invention is a lossless technology, and provides technical support for realizing lossless, rapid, safe and online regulation and control of the stress of the cladding layer.

Description

Method for rapidly realizing regulation and control of stress of cladding layer without damage based on ultrasonic technology
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ultrasonic application, and particularly relates to a method for rapidly realizing regulation and control of stress of a cladding layer without damage based on an ultrasonic technology.
Background
The remanufacturing industry is an effective measure for developing circular economy and promoting the realization of energy conservation and emission reduction in China, so the vigorous development of the remanufacturing industry is very important for the economic development and the technical transformation in China. Cladding technology is one of common remanufacturing technologies, so how to ensure the quality of a cladding layer is very important for ensuring the quality of remanufactured products. Relevant research shows that the stress is one of the key factors influencing the quality of the cladding layer. Therefore, the discussion of evaluating and regulating the stress of the cladding layer is very important for the application of the cladding layer in the actual production life.
Generally, stress evaluation methods are classified into two types, namely, destructive evaluation and nondestructive evaluation. Destructive evaluation methods are a class of methods that enable their stress evaluation on the basis of (partial or complete) destruction of the integrity of the cladding layer. However, the method belongs to the field of small sample sampling detection, and cannot realize the online evaluation of the stress of the cladding layer; the nondestructive evaluation method is a method for realizing the nondestructive evaluation of the stress of the cladding layer by analyzing detection signals (such as electricity, magnetism, sound, light and the like) on the premise of not damaging the integrity of the cladding layer. The ultrasonic method has the advantages of safety, convenience, low equipment price, rapidness, realization of on-line detection and the like, and has attracted wide attention of numerous scholars in the field of stress evaluation. According to the ultrasonic acoustic elasticity theory, the stress can be evaluated nondestructively by measuring the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves. But most methods for controlling stress at present are in the following three aspects: optimizing a cladding process; new cladding equipment and new method research and development; and research and development of new cladding materials. Although the quality of the cladding layer is controlled to a certain degree by the method, the whole control process needs a large number of repeated experiments, and the stress of the cladding layer cannot be accurately controlled only by a small number of single experiments due to different influences such as manufacturing environment and the like in each actual production. Therefore, ultrasonic detection and ultrasonic impact are combined, the current residual stress is evaluated by ultrasonic detection after cladding, and the parameters of the ultrasonic impact are determined according to the requirements of the sample so as to reduce the stress of the cladding sample.
In view of this, a set of effective ultrasonic system capable of rapidly and nondestructively realizing evaluation and control of the stress of the cladding layer is discussed and established, which not only can provide technical support for evaluation of service safety and reliability of the cladding layer, but also is important for reducing and even avoiding potential service safety hazards of remanufactured products.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for rapidly and nondestructively regulating and controlling the stress of a cladding layer based on an ultrasonic technology, aiming at the problems and the defects of the conventional method for evaluating and regulating and controlling the stress of the cladding layer.
The ultrasonic acoustic elastic effect indicates that the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves in a solid body and stress conform to a linear relation, so that the stress of the cladding layer can be evaluated by measuring the propagation speed of the ultrasonic waves in the cladding layer and substituting the propagation speed into an acoustic elastic formula. However, there are many factors affecting the ultrasonic evaluation stress result, and how to ensure the precision of the ultrasonic evaluation cladding layer stress result is very important. In addition, how to realize the elimination and control of the stress of the cladding layer based on the power ultrasonic principle and the fusion with the cladding layer stress evaluation technology to form a similar closed-loop system, namely, the corresponding relation is established between the cladding layer stress evaluation and the regulation and control, and the method becomes a research hotspot in the field at present. Aiming at the problem, the invention takes the ultrasonic acoustic-elastic theory and the ultrasonic impact theory as the basis, takes the propagation time delay of ultrasonic waves caused by stress through the same propagation distance as a characteristic parameter, and finally realizes the relation between the stress and the impact coverage rate by establishing the relation between the stress-time delay and the impact coverage rate-time delay, thereby providing technical support for realizing the regulation and control of the stress of the cladding layer.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme.
A method for rapidly realizing regulation and control of stress of a cladding layer without damage based on an ultrasonic technology comprises the following specific steps:
step one, selecting a base plate and a technical method for preparing a cladding layer, combining parameters of a metal to be clad and a base plate material of the metal to be clad, optimizing cladding technological parameters of the metal to be clad, preparing the cladding layer with set thickness on the surface of the base plate, and obtaining the cladding layer with the surface meeting the roughness requirement by adopting a machining method;
step two, preparing a cladding layer sample, carrying out vacuum stress relief treatment on the cladding layer sample, measuring the mechanical property of the cladding layer sample, combining a static load tensile/compression test, collecting ultrasonic signals of the cladding layer in different stress in an elastic deformation range, calculating the time delay among the ultrasonic signals, fitting the time delay and the stress according to a formula (1) by adopting a linear function to obtain an ultrasonic acoustic elastic formula of the cladding layer sample in a tensile/compressive stress state,
Δtpulling/pressing=KPulling/pressingΔσ+bPulling/pressing (1)
In the formula,. DELTA.tPulling/pressingFor the ultrasonic propagation time delay(s), KPulling/pressingThe coefficient of acoustic elasticity (s/MPa) of ultrasonic waves, delta sigma is the stress (MPa) of a cladding layer, bPulling/pressingIs a constant;
thirdly, selecting proper ultrasonic impact parameters according to the performance of the cladding layer, wherein the number of impact pins is not more than 7, the impact coverage rate is not more than 700 percent, and the impact force is not more than the yield strength of the cladding layer, fixing an ultrasonic impact gun on a mechanical arm with the degree of freedom not less than 2, and preparing and obtaining cladding layer samples with different impact coverage rates;
fixing an ultrasonic wave acquisition mode, sequentially acquiring ultrasonic wave signals of the cladding layers with different coverage rates before impact, taking the ultrasonic wave signal of the cladding layer sample before impact as a reference signal, and comparing the ultrasonic wave signals of the cladding layers with different coverage rates after impact with the ultrasonic wave signal of the cladding layer before impact to obtain time delay;
step five, fitting the coverage rate and the time delay before and after the cladding layer is impacted by adopting an exponential function to obtain the following relation between the ultrasonic impact coverage rate and the time delay;
D=a·eb·Δt (2)
in the formula, a and b are coefficients, D is ultrasonic impact coverage, and delta t is time delay;
step six, substituting the time delay in the step four into an acoustic elastic formula obtained in the formula (1) compressive stress state, calculating to obtain a stress value corresponding to the ultrasonic impact coverage rate, and establishing a relation between the ultrasonic impact coverage rate and the stress to obtain a quantitative relation formula of the ultrasonic impact coverage rate and the stress;
D′=a′·eb′·σ (3)
in the formula, a ' and b ' are coefficients, D ' is ultrasonic impact coverage, and sigma is the stress of the cladding layer after impact;
collecting ultrasonic signals of cladding layer samples with the same thickness of the cladding layer, calculating time delay between the two ultrasonic signals by taking the ultrasonic signals of the samples in the stress-relief heat treatment state as a reference, and substituting the time delay into the second formula (1) to obtain the stress value of the cladding layer;
and step eight, calculating the difference value of the stress of the required cladding layer and the stress measured in the step seven, substituting the difference value into the step six formula (3), obtaining and determining the required ultrasonic impact coverage rate, and realizing the lossless and rapid regulation and control of the stress of the cladding layer.
The roughness in the technical scheme is not more than Ra1.6.
The thickness of the cladding layer in the technical scheme is not more than 6.0 mm.
The method for preparing the cladding layer sample in the technical scheme is prepared by adopting a machining or wire cutting method according to the GB/T2002-228 metal material room temperature tensile test method standard or/and the GBT7314-2005 metal material room temperature compression test method standard.
In the technical scheme, the ultrasonic acoustic elasticity coefficient determined by the ultrasonic acoustic elasticity theory needs to correspond to the thickness of the cladding layer sample, and the stress in the calibration process is compressive stress.
According to the technical scheme, the ultrasonic detection depth is not less than the thickness of the cladding layer in the cladding layer sample.
In the technical scheme, the impact force applied to the cladding layer sample in the ultrasonic impact process is constant and adjustable; the cladding layer has no obvious plastic deformation after ultrasonic impact.
In the technical scheme, the cladding layer sample for ultrasonic acoustic-elastic coefficient calibration and the cladding layer sample before impact for acquiring ultrasonic signals are all stress-free samples.
In the above technical solution, the time delay is a negative value; the stress value of the cladding layer is a negative value.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages and beneficial effects that:
the method is based on the ultrasonic acoustic elasticity theory, realizes the nondestructive evaluation of the stress of the cladding layer by means of an ultrasonic technology, and obtains ultrasonic impact parameters according to the requirements of a sample so as to regulate and control the stress. In order to realize ultrasonic regulation and control of the stress of the cladding layer, the method obtains the ultrasonic acoustic-elastic coefficient by preparing a plurality of cladding layer samples with the same thickness and by means of an ultrasonic acoustic-elastic coefficient calibration experiment, and realizes nondestructive regulation and control of the stress of the cladding layer by using the functional relation between the stress difference of the cladding layer before and after impact and the ultrasonic impact coverage rate.
The invention not only provides a nondestructive method for evaluating the stress of the cladding layer, but also provides a convenient and effective method for realizing nondestructive evaluation of ultrasonic impact regulation and control of the stress of the cladding layer, and has the advantages of rapidness, convenience, safety, online evaluation and regulation and control and the like.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of ultrasonic time delay versus tensile stress in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph of ultrasonic time delay versus compressive stress in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph of ultrasonic signals of plasma cladding layers at different ultrasonic impact coverage rates in accordance with the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical scheme of the invention is further explained in detail by combining the drawings and the embodiment: the present embodiment is implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, and a detailed implementation manner and a specific operation process are given, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments.
Examples
A method for rapidly realizing regulation and control of stress of a cladding layer without damage based on an ultrasonic technology comprises the following specific steps:
the method is characterized in that carbon steel is selected as a base material, namely a bottom plate material, and a plasma cladding layer is prepared on the surface of the base material, and the steps of rapidly and nondestructively realizing the stress regulation and control of the cladding layer by an ultrasonic technology are described, wherein the steps comprise the following steps:
step one, selecting Q235 steel with the thickness of 30mm as a base body (bottom plate) material, wherein the main process parameters of plasma cladding are as follows: the peak current is 220A, the base current is 140A, the frequency is 60Hz, the duty ratio is 50%, the cladding speed is 0.2m/min, the wire feeding speed is 3.0m/min, and the plasma cladding layer with the thickness of 1.0mm is prepared. Processing the plasma cladding layer by machining to obtain a plasma cladding layer with the surface roughness Ra of 1.0 and the thickness of 0.6 mm;
and secondly, preparing a static load tensile sample of the plasma cladding layer with the whole thickness of 3.0mm according to a GB/T2002-228 metal material room temperature tensile test method, measuring the yield strength of the static load tensile sample, performing a tensile ultrasonic acoustic-elastic coefficient calibration experiment in a stress-free state after vacuum stress relief annealing, wherein the maximum loading stress is the yield strength, the stress load retention time is 30s, collecting ultrasonic signals of the plasma cladding layer at different tensile stresses after the amplitude of the ultrasonic signals is stable, calculating the time delay of the ultrasonic signals caused by the stresses by adopting a cepstrum analysis method, and establishing the corresponding relation between the time delay and the stresses, as shown in figure 1.
And step three, fitting the ultrasonic time delay-stress result in the step two by adopting the formula (1) to obtain an ultrasonic acoustic elasticity formula (4).
ΔtPulling device=0.1929·Δσ-0.1873 (4)
And step four, preparing a plasma cladding layer static load tensile sample with the whole thickness of 3.0mm according to the standard of the GBT7314-2005 metal material room temperature compression test method, and measuring the compression performance of the sample. And (3) carrying out an ultrasonic acoustic elastic coefficient calibration experiment on the sample subjected to stress relief annealing treatment in a compression state, wherein the maximum loading stress is yield strength, the stress holding time is 30s, after the amplitude of the ultrasonic signal is stable, acquiring the ultrasonic signal of the plasma cladding layer at different compressive stresses, calculating the time delay of the ultrasonic signal caused by the stress by adopting a cepstrum analysis method, and establishing a corresponding relation between the time delay and the stress, as shown in fig. 2.
And step five, fitting the ultrasonic time delay-stress result in the step four by adopting the formula (1) to obtain an ultrasonic acoustic elasticity formula shown in the formula (5).
ΔtPress and press=0.1008·Δσ+0.5333 (5)
Step six, optimizing and selecting proper ultrasonic impact parameters based on the yield strength of the plasma cladding layer, wherein the number of the impact pins is 4, the impact coverage rate is 100-600%, and the impact force is not greater than the yield strength of the cladding layer, fixing an ultrasonic impact gun on a mechanical arm with three degrees of freedom, and preparing plasma cladding layer samples with different impact coverage rates;
and step seven, fixing an ultrasonic wave acquisition mode, and sequentially acquiring ultrasonic wave signals of the plasma cladding layers before impact and with different coverage rates, as shown in fig. 3. And comparing the ultrasonic signals of the cladding layers with different coverage rates after the impact with the ultrasonic signals of the cladding layers before the impact by taking the ultrasonic signals of the cladding layer samples before the impact as reference signals to obtain time delay.
Step eight, fitting the ultrasonic time delay and different coverage rates in the step seven by adopting an exponential function, see formula (2), to obtain a relational expression between the ultrasonic impact coverage rate and the time delay, see formula (6);
D=0.06831·e0.1963·Δt (6)
wherein D is the ultrasonic impact coverage and Δ t is the time delay.
And step nine, substituting the ultrasonic time delay in the step seven into the formula (5) to obtain stress values corresponding to different impact coverage, substituting the event delay and the impact coverage into the formula (6), establishing the relation between the ultrasonic impact coverage and the cladding layer stress, and obtaining the quantification of the relation, namely the formula (7).
D=0.06831·e0.1963·(0.1008·Δσ+0.05333) (7)
Step ten, collecting ultrasonic signals of the cladding sample by utilizing an ultrasonic detection technology, calculating the time delay between the two ultrasonic signals by taking the ultrasonic signals of the stress-free sample which is subjected to heat treatment and stress as a reference, and substituting the time delay into the step three to obtain the stress value of 180 MPa.
Step eleven, when the stress of the plasma cladding layer is required to be not more than 30MPa, the stress difference is 150MPa, the stress difference is substituted into the step nine formula (7), and the impact coverage rate is calculated to be about 1.34. This shows that the requirement of the plasma cladding layer stress is satisfied when the impact coverage rate is 200%, thereby realizing the lossless and rapid regulation and control of the plasma cladding layer stress.

Claims (8)

1. A method for rapidly realizing regulation and control of stress of a cladding layer without damage based on an ultrasonic technology is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) preparing a cladding layer sample, wherein the cladding layer sample is an unstressed sample, and an ultrasonic acoustic elasticity formula of the cladding layer sample is obtained based on an ultrasonic acoustic elasticity theory:
Δtpulling/pressing=KPulling/pressingΔσ+bPulling/pressing
In the formula,. DELTA.tPulling/pressingFor ultrasonic propagation time delay, define KPulling/pressingFor the sono-elastic coefficient, Δ σ is the cladding stress, bPulling/pressingIs a constant;
(2) optimizing and determining ultrasonic impact parameters, and preparing cladding layer samples with different ultrasonic impact coverage rates;
(3) collecting ultrasonic signals of cladding layer samples before/after impact, taking the ultrasonic signals of the cladding layer samples before impact as reference signals, taking the ultrasonic signals of the cladding layer samples before impact as stress-free samples, and calculating time delay between the ultrasonic signals of the cladding layer samples with different impact coverage rates and the reference signals;
(4) establishing the correlation between the time delay and the ultrasonic impact coverage rate in the step (3), and obtaining a quantitative relation formula of the correlation by adopting a numerical fitting method;
D=a·eb·Δt
in the formula, D is the ultrasonic impact coverage rate, delta t is the time delay, and a and b are coefficients;
(5) substituting the time delay in the step (3) into the ultrasonic acoustic-elastic formula in the step (1) to calculate stress values of the cladding layer samples at different impact coverage rates;
(6) establishing the correlation between the stress of the cladding layer and the ultrasonic impact coverage rate through the steps (4) and (5), and obtaining a quantitative relation formula of the correlation by adopting a numerical fitting method;
D′=a′·eb′·σ
in the formula, D ' is ultrasonic impact coverage, sigma is the stress of a cladding layer after impact, and a ' and b ' are coefficients;
(7) collecting ultrasonic signals of any cladding layer sample, wherein the thickness of a cladding layer of the cladding layer sample is the same as that of the cladding layer in the step (1), calculating the time delay between the cladding layer sample and a comparison reference signal, and substituting the time delay and the comparison reference signal into the step (1) to obtain the stress value;
(8) and (4) calculating the difference value between the stress of the required cladding layer and the stress measured in the step (7), substituting the difference value into the relational expression in the step (6), and determining the required ultrasonic impact coverage rate to realize the lossless and rapid regulation and control of the stress of the cladding layer.
2. The method for rapidly realizing the regulation and control of the stress of the cladding layer without damage based on the ultrasonic technology according to claim 1, wherein the ultrasonic acoustic elastic coefficient determined by the ultrasonic acoustic elastic theory in the step (1) is required to correspond to the thickness of the cladding layer sample, and the stress in the calibration process is compressive stress.
3. The method for rapidly realizing regulation and control of the stress of the cladding layer without damage based on the ultrasonic technology as claimed in claim 1, wherein the ultrasonic detection depth in the step (1) is not less than the thickness of the cladding layer in the cladding layer sample.
4. The method for regulating and controlling the stress of the cladding layer based on the ultrasonic technology in the rapid and nondestructive mode according to claim 1, wherein the impact force applied to the cladding layer sample in the ultrasonic impact process in the step (2) is constant and adjustable.
5. The ultrasonic technology-based method for rapidly and nondestructively controlling stress of a cladding layer according to claim 1, wherein the cladding layer is free from significant plastic deformation after ultrasonic impact in step (2).
6. The ultrasonic technology-based regulation and control method for realizing the stress of the cladding layer rapidly and nondestructively based on the ultrasonic technology as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the time delay in the steps (3), (4) and (5) is negative.
7. The ultrasonic technology-based regulation and control method for realizing the stress of the cladding layer rapidly and nondestructively based on the ultrasonic technology as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the stress value of the cladding layer in the steps (5) and (6) is negative.
8. The method for regulating and controlling the stress of the cladding layer based on the ultrasonic technology in the fast and lossless mode according to the claim 1, wherein the stress difference in the step (8) is calculated by subtracting the required stress of the cladding layer, and the stress in the step (7) is subtracted.
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