CN104663205A - Semi-solid non-tillage dry direct planting method for multi-cropping type oilseed rape - Google Patents
Semi-solid non-tillage dry direct planting method for multi-cropping type oilseed rape Download PDFInfo
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- CN104663205A CN104663205A CN201510070548.8A CN201510070548A CN104663205A CN 104663205 A CN104663205 A CN 104663205A CN 201510070548 A CN201510070548 A CN 201510070548A CN 104663205 A CN104663205 A CN 104663205A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
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Abstract
The invention discloses a semi-solid non-tillage dry direct planting method for multi-cropping type oilseed rape. The semi-solid non-tillage dry direct planting method comprises the following steps of S1, keeping water layers, of which the depths are 1cm-5cm, in ditches before previous crops are harvested, and paving and spreading straws after the harvesting of the previous crops on ditch surfaces to form rhizospheric layers of oilseed rape seeds; S2, applying base fertilizer on the ditch surfaces on which the straws are paved and spread, and cleaning the ditches; S3, applying the oilseed rape seeds on the ditch surfaces, mixing sun-dried oilseed rape seeds with semi-solid biomass materials before seeding, wherein the mixed mass ratio between the oilseed rape seeds and the semi-solid biomass materials is (3-4):(1500-2500), and the water content of the semi-solid biomass materials is 40%-80%; S4, continuously keeping a dry state of the ditch surfaces for 3-7 days without irrigating water after the seeding, and forming semi-solid layers, straw base fertilizer layers and soil layers on the ditch surfaces from top to bottom. According to the semi-solid non-tillage dry direct planting method disclosed by the invention, no tillage and no burning on the straws of winter crops and no irrigation of horse-racing water are realized, and the ecological benefit is obvious; the working energy consumption is reduced, pesticide is not used for cleaning stubbles, haze is reduced, and irrigation water is reduced.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to rape cultivation technical field, be specially a kind of no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid.
Background technology
China's total grain output in 2013 surpasses 6.0 hundred million tons according to statistics, estimates, add other crops straws by grain stalk than 1:1.2, produces stalk China's year more than 7.2 hundred million tons.Stalk is rich in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and trace element, and 7.2 hundred million tons of stalks are equivalent to 5,760,000 tons of urea, 8,400,000 tons of superphosphate, 8,400,000 tons of potassium sulfates.
It is effective well stimulation that research shows that crops straw turns over also field, general volume increase more than 4%, and current China agricultural straw resource major part is burned as life fuel or field or thrown aside and huddles, and not only causes stalk resource to waste, also causes environmental pollution.Stalk effectively also field is the current crop production that must solve, particularly Rape-seed production bottleneck.Rape-seed production is after planting poured water, and to lack also be bottleneck problem in multiple cropping crop production, and before in China's multiple cropping Rape-seed production, season harvesting uses track combine operation after generally all taking dry field, and plow layer dehydrates, to carry harvester operation.Plough after mechanical harvest operation and sow wholely, but be in drying regime due to soil, seed germinate in soil must pour water or wait for rainy, if poured water, generally every mu needs more than 20 cubes, water, but often meets resources water shortage, particularly in the fall or meet spring drought, retarded germination causes the underproduction; Rain if waited for, uncertain increase, incurs loss through delay seed germinating time, impact high yield.But also require to satisfy the demands to reduce agriculture consumption in the shortest time, therefore often there are water use disputes in Rape-seed production season.
China's rape seed in 2013 1.12 hundred million mu, emerges to promote after broadcasting, and furrow irrigation horse race water, 20 cubes every mu, needing 22.4 hundred million cubes, water, is the main body of Rape-seed production water.The horse race water of Rape-seed production is most important to Rape-seed production, and directly impact is emerged and full stand, is the basis of high yield.Special for China's Rape-seed production, based on winter rape, sow on the occasion of autumn, reservoir level is bottom line closely, and top priority ensures domestic water, the more aobvious preciousness of industrial water, and saving must be in advance.
Chinese patent CN200910272552.7 discloses a kind of fixed compartment ditch semilate rice no-tillage cast-transplanted overall aerobic cultivation method, and detail the advantage of the no-tillage cultivation methods of cultivation in the introduction, be conducive to improving soil aeration, reducing the advantages such as greenhouse gas emission, but this invention does not relate to, and straw effectively processes, fertile, improvement of soil fertility cultivation step of economizing on water, this invention with semilate rice-rape double cropping for object, adopt conventional seed planting or transplanting method, can not this example be applied to.
Chinese patent CN201410013807 discloses a kind of sward and divides layer building to utilize rice to make method, in order to solve the problem of crop stem also field, soil aeration and water and fertilizer coupling, by changing soil plough horizon structure, define sposh layer, stalk layer and soil horizon from top to bottom.But this invention take multiple cropping as object, adopt conventional seed planting or transplanting method, can not this example be applied to.
Summary of the invention
In order to fill with after overcoming existing rape seed, horse race water water consumption is large, preceding crop straw-returning difficulty and cause crop straw burning, rape drought to plant germination rate and the low deficiency of emergence rate, the present invention aims to provide a kind of no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid, this cultivation method can realize the efficient coupling of fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, water resource three, reaches water conservation water saving, fertilizer conservation joint fertilizer, increases production the object subtracting this; Realize three to exempt from: no-tillage, unburned winter crops stalk, exempt to fill with horse race water, ecological benefits are obvious: reduce operation consumption, exempt from agricultural chemicals stubble-cleaning, reduce haze, reduce irrigation water.
To achieve these goals, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is:
A kind of no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid, before direct-sowing dry, stubble field having railway carriage or compartment ditch, is face, railway carriage or compartment between adjacent two railway carriage or compartment ditches; Described no-tillage direct-sowing dry method comprises the following steps:
Keep the water layer of 1cm-5cm in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment before S1, harvesting preceding crop, and harvested for preceding crop stalk spreading is formed on face, railway carriage or compartment the rhizosphere layer of rape seed;
S2, on the face, railway carriage or compartment of spreading stalk basal dressing, and clear up railway carriage or compartment ditch;
S3, face, railway carriage or compartment is executed and broadcasts rape seed, before sowing, the rape seed after basking seeds and semisolid biomass material are mixed to form rape seed semi-solid bonding body, mixing quality ratio is rape seed: semisolid biomass material=(3-4): (1500-2500); The moisture content of described semisolid biomass material is 40%-80%;
S4, after planting not pour water, continue to keep face, railway carriage or compartment drought status 3-7 day, make face, railway carriage or compartment form semi-solid layer, stalk base manure layer, soil horizon from top to bottom.
Thus, the present invention, without the need to filling with horse race water again, has not only saved valuable resource, the more important thing is the farming season that ensure that Rape-seed production, realizes early emerging, and goes out full stand.
Anxiety in season is produced under multiple cropping background, stalk process and effective supply horse race water is after planting two bottlenecks of large-scale production, the present invention spatially broadcasts on stalk with the mixture of semisolid biomass material and seed, not only be beneficial to seed sprouting, achieve unburned stalk, can also stalk total crop return on the spot, in progressively putrefaction process, become the rhizosphere layer of preserve moisture and fertility ventilation; Mix with seed with semisolid biomass material, after planting seed can draw the moisture in semisolid biomass material, not only achieves no-tillage, can also exempt from filling and broadcast rear horse race water; In time with stalk do face, railway carriage or compartment base wad not only achieve preceding crop harvesting with this season rapeseed cultivation between zero agriculture consume, also save the stalk processing time.During south China grain and oil crop is produced, based on two ripe, the three ripe cropping systems of rape, rape, cropping index is high, soil fertility loss is serious, in the mode of semisolid biomass material and seed mixing capping by preceding crop returning total stalks into fields for reducing haze, improve retention capacity of soil, culture fertility plays an important role.
Be below the technical scheme of further improvement of the present invention:
In step S1, during harvesting preceding crop, adopt combine harvesting, and by spreading after broken for crops straw grass on face, railway carriage or compartment.Thus, during to the process of preceding crop stalk, enable the broken careless function of grain header, if grain header does not possess broken careless function, adult duck group also can being utilized seeking in food stalk the trample left in seed process, rubbing broken and distributing equally stalk.
In step S2, adopt ditching machine cleaning railway carriage or compartment ditch, on face, railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields the 50%-60% of nitrogenous fertilizer total amount, the 50%-60% of potash fertilizer total amount and 100% phosphate fertilizer before the ditch of cleaning railway carriage or compartment, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; The total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 100.0k g/h ㎡ ~ 150.0kg/h ㎡, the pure K of potash fertilizer
2o is 85.0k g/h ㎡ ~ 120.0kg/h ㎡, the pure P of phosphate fertilizer
2o
5for 50.0k g/h ㎡ ~ 75.0kg/h ㎡.
In step S3, described semisolid biomass material is the semisolid natural pond fertilizer that retting is good, fermented-oil cake and the vinasse not having moldy metamorphism, and the mixing quality ratio of three is that natural pond is fertile: oil cake: vinasse=(100-150): (3 ~ 5): (3 ~ 5).
Described railway carriage or compartment face width 180 ~ 240cm, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 10 ~ 20 cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 15 ~ 30cm.
In step S3, rape seed is basked seeds before mixing with semisolid biomass material 1d ~ 2d.Thus, rape seed is not soaked seed, and is not easy to reseed simultaneously, must guarantees seed quality, particularly germination rate after broadcasting;
Select fine day or cloudy day sowing or later stage without little rainy day sowing of heavy rain during sowing, sow complete, prevent poultry and wild bird to peck at the seed sowed, while rainy day open wide discharge outlet, prevent field ponding.
The moisture content of described semisolid biomass material is 72%-78%, and semisolid biomass material has good mobility and has good parcel to corn seed thus.
The amount of applying of described semisolid biomass material is 2250kg/h ㎡ ~ 5000 kg/h ㎡.
In step S3, the rape seed amount of broadcasting is 4.5kg/h ㎡ ~ 6kg/h ㎡.
Know-why of the present invention is: semisolid biomass material mixes with seed by the present invention, broadcast on the face, railway carriage or compartment being covered with stalk, define semi-solid layer, stalk base manure layer and face, edaphic three-dimensional railway carriage or compartment from top to bottom, change upper soll layer structure, also realize base manure deep placement simultaneously; Railway carriage or compartment ditch accumulation natural precipitation and the efficient draining in narrow railway carriage or compartment, be conducive to rape seedling prevention against water-logging, the growth intermediary and later stages improve water use efficiency and soil aeration, and efficient coupling fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, water, reach the object of water conservation, fertilizer conservation, volume increase.Adopt the technology of the present invention can realize three in the rape direct-sowing dry stage and exempt from: no-tillage, unburned preceding crop stalk, to exempt from filling and broadcast rear horse race water, ecological benefits are obvious: reduce operation consumption, exempt from agricultural chemicals stubble-cleaning, reduce haze, reduce irrigation water.
Straw-returning of the present invention possesses following several heavy function:
One is water retaining function, and second layer stalk oppresses by the mixture of upper strata semisolid biomass material and seed the water conservation layer becoming similar cavernous body;
Two is oxygen-enriched functions, and the similar cavernous body that second layer stalk is formed can store air for rape Root Respiration Metabolic Activity;
3rd is fertilizer conservation function, and first the chemical fertilizer mixed with stalk is absorbed by stalk after dissolving and accumulate, and upper strata also has the mixture of semisolid biomass material and seed to hide non-volatile, and lower floor oozes under having the topsoil pad do not turned over to delay;
4th is clean stalk function, cause mechanical rotary tillage after preceding crop returning total stalks into fields or turn over operation difficulty thus cause peasant's crop straw burning to remove obstacles, the present invention is no-tillage and adopt the mixture of semisolid biomass material and seed to spread to press stalk thus the basal plane providing seedling growth of rice, forms stalk clean utilization function.
5th is the function improving fertilizer availability, after the mixture of semisolid biomass material and seed is sowed at face, railway carriage or compartment, seed and semi-solid natural pond fertilizer, oil cake, vinasse are connected as a single entity, beneficial microbe in natural pond fertilizer, oil cake, vinasse, available state element can directly act on root system of plant, favourable Root Absorption, growth, degeneration-resistant, improve fertilizer availability;
Compared with prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1) in Rape-seed production, horse race water is after planting zero, realizes rape drought and plants, per hectare using water wisely 20 cubes.
2) disposable total crop return and the shallow embedding process realizing crops straw, joins to fertilize simultaneously, avoids chemical fertilizer exposed, improves chemical fertilizer utilization ratio;
3) change soil plough horizon structure, define semi-solid layer, stalk layer and soil horizon from top to bottom;
4) achieve rapeseed cultivation link three to exempt from: no-tillage, unburned stalk, exempt from spraying herbicide, ecological benefits are obvious: reduce operation consumption, reduce haze, reduce pesticide pollution.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is longitudinal tangent plane schematic diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
In the drawings:
1-semisolid biomass material; 2-rape seed semi-solid bonding body; 5-stalk base manure mixed layer.
Embodiment
A kind of no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid, comprises the following steps:
1) front field management is broadcast: railway carriage or compartment, stubble field face width 180 ~ 240cm, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 10 ~ 20cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 15 ~ 30cm before direct-sowing dry.Employing combine gathers in, and utilizes the broken careless function of grain header, crops straw is evenly shredded spreading on face, railway carriage or compartment; Without broken careless function, then widen grain header discharge gate, expand face of being scattered, even spreading stalk on face, railway carriage or compartment, employing disc type ditching machine ditch cleaning.
2) broadcast front base manure to use: on face, railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields 60% of nitrogenous fertilizer total amount before ditch cleaning, 60% and 100% phosphate fertilizer of potash fertilizer total amount, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; The total amount of chemical fertilizer is respectively: boron fertilizer 10kg/h ㎡ ~ 18kg/h ㎡, the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer are 100.0kg/h ㎡ ~ 150.0kg/h ㎡, potash fertilizer K
2o is 85.0kg/h ㎡ ~ 120.0kg/h ㎡, phosphate fertilizer P
2o
5for 50.0kg/h ㎡ ~ 75.0kg/h ㎡.
3) sow material to prepare: the natural pond that retting is good is fertile, drains to semisolid, maintain semisolid; Fermented-oil cake; There is no the vinasse of moldy metamorphism.Rape seed is basked seeds 1d ~ 2d; By rape seed, natural pond fertilizer, oil cake, vinasse in mass ratio 3: 1600 ~ 1800: 3 ~ 5: 3 ~ 5 ratio mixing, form semisolid biomass material, then rape seed evenly admixed.
4) no-tillage direct-sowing dry with broadcast rear management: the compound of semisolid biomass material and seed is seeded in face, railway carriage or compartment, with mixing with broadcasting; The rape seed amount of broadcasting is 4.5kg ~ 6kg/h ㎡, and semisolid biomass material is 4000kg/h ㎡; Be suitable in fine day or cloudy day sowing, little rainy day sowing should be follow-up weather without heavy rain, and the large rainy day can not be sowed; Do not pour water, keep the state in nonirrigated farmland, face, railway carriage or compartment, prevent poultry and wild bird to peck at the seed sowed; Rainy day opens wide discharge outlet, prevents field ponding.
The content that above-described embodiment is illustrated should be understood to these embodiments only for being illustrated more clearly in the present invention, and be not used in and limit the scope of the invention, after having read the present invention, the amendment of those skilled in the art to the various equivalent form of value of the present invention has all fallen into the application's claims limited range.
Claims (10)
1. the no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid, is characterized in that, before direct-sowing dry, stubble field has railway carriage or compartment ditch, is face, railway carriage or compartment between adjacent two railway carriage or compartment ditches; Described no-tillage direct-sowing dry method comprises the following steps:
Keep the water layer of 1cm-5cm in the ditch of railway carriage or compartment before S1, harvesting preceding crop, and harvested for preceding crop stalk spreading is formed on face, railway carriage or compartment the rhizosphere layer of rape seed;
S2, on the face, railway carriage or compartment of spreading stalk basal dressing, and clear up railway carriage or compartment ditch;
S3, face, railway carriage or compartment is executed and broadcasts rape seed, before sowing, the rape seed after basking seeds and semisolid biomass material are mixed to form rape seed semi-solid bonding body, mixing quality ratio is rape seed: semisolid biomass material=(3-4): (1500-2500); The moisture content of described semisolid biomass material is 40%-80%;
S4, after planting not pour water, continue to keep face, railway carriage or compartment drought status 3-7 day, make face, railway carriage or compartment form semi-solid layer, stalk base manure layer, soil horizon from top to bottom.
2. the no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in step S1, adopts combine harvesting during harvesting preceding crop, and by spreading after broken for crops straw grass on face, railway carriage or compartment.
3. the no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, in step S2, adopt ditching machine cleaning railway carriage or compartment ditch, on face, railway carriage or compartment, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields the 50%-60% of nitrogenous fertilizer total amount, the 50%-60% of potash fertilizer total amount and 100% phosphate fertilizer before the ditch of cleaning railway carriage or compartment, or spread fertilizer over the fields the composite fertilizer of equivalent; The total amount of three kinds of chemical fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of nitrogenous fertilizer is 100.0k g/h ㎡ ~ 150.0kg/h ㎡, the pure K of potash fertilizer
2o is 85.0k g/h ㎡ ~ 120.0kg/h ㎡, the pure P of phosphate fertilizer
2o
5for 50.0k g/h ㎡ ~ 75.0kg/h ㎡.
4. according to the no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid one of claim 1-3 Suo Shu, it is characterized in that, in step S3, described semisolid biomass material is the semisolid natural pond fertilizer that retting is good, fermented-oil cake and the vinasse not having moldy metamorphism, and the mixing quality ratio of three is that natural pond is fertile: oil cake: vinasse=(100-150): (3 ~ 5): (3 ~ 5).
5. according to the no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid one of claim 1-3 Suo Shu, it is characterized in that, described railway carriage or compartment face width 180 ~ 240cm, railway carriage or compartment furrow width 10 ~ 20 cm, railway carriage or compartment ditch depth 15 ~ 30cm.
6. according to the no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid one of claim 1-3 Suo Shu, it is characterized in that, in step S3, rape seed is basked seeds before mixing with semisolid biomass material 1d ~ 2d.
7. according to the no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid one of claim 1-3 Suo Shu, it is characterized in that, select fine day or cloudy day sowing or later stage without the little rainy day sowing of heavy rain during sowing, sow complete, prevent poultry and wild bird to peck at the seed sowed, open wide discharge outlet rainy day simultaneously, prevent field ponding.
8. according to the no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid one of claim 1-3 Suo Shu, it is characterized in that, the moisture content of described semisolid biomass material is 72%-78%.
9. according to the no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid one of claim 1-3 Suo Shu, it is characterized in that, the amount of applying of described semisolid biomass material is 2250kg/h ㎡ ~ 5000 kg/h ㎡.
10. according to the no-tillage direct-sowing dry method of multiple cropping rape semisolid one of claim 1-3 Suo Shu, it is characterized in that, in step S3, the rape seed amount of broadcasting is 4.5kg/h ㎡ ~ 6kg/h ㎡.
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Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103053308A (en) * | 2012-12-26 | 2013-04-24 | 甘肃农业大学 | Production method for multiply cropping edible rape by harvesting and returning high wheat stubble straw to field |
| CN103749226A (en) * | 2014-01-13 | 2014-04-30 | 湖南农业大学 | Double-cropping rice based ecological ditch direct-seeding cultivation method for triple-cropping early rice |
| CN103749224A (en) * | 2014-01-13 | 2014-04-30 | 湖南农业大学 | Double-cropping rice based ecological ditch cultivation method for triple-cropping winter crops |
-
2015
- 2015-02-11 CN CN201510070548.8A patent/CN104663205A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103053308A (en) * | 2012-12-26 | 2013-04-24 | 甘肃农业大学 | Production method for multiply cropping edible rape by harvesting and returning high wheat stubble straw to field |
| CN103749226A (en) * | 2014-01-13 | 2014-04-30 | 湖南农业大学 | Double-cropping rice based ecological ditch direct-seeding cultivation method for triple-cropping early rice |
| CN103749224A (en) * | 2014-01-13 | 2014-04-30 | 湖南农业大学 | Double-cropping rice based ecological ditch cultivation method for triple-cropping winter crops |
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| 张无敌等: "沼气发酵液浸种技术", 《农业与技术》 * |
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