CN103635340A - 具有多个能量子***的混合动力汽车 - Google Patents

具有多个能量子***的混合动力汽车 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103635340A
CN103635340A CN201280020128.3A CN201280020128A CN103635340A CN 103635340 A CN103635340 A CN 103635340A CN 201280020128 A CN201280020128 A CN 201280020128A CN 103635340 A CN103635340 A CN 103635340A
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subsystem
vehicles according
hybrid vehicles
motor
wheels
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CN201280020128.3A
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巴实·温恩沙伊
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HIGH GAS MILEAGE LLC
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HIGH GAS MILEAGE LLC
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W10/00—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function
    • B60W10/24—Conjoint control of vehicle sub-units of different type or different function including control of energy storage means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/08—Prime-movers comprising combustion engines and mechanical or fluid energy storing means
    • B60K6/12—Prime-movers comprising combustion engines and mechanical or fluid energy storing means by means of a chargeable fluidic accumulator
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/13—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limits; in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/32—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the fuel cells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/38—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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Abstract

一种混合动力汽车，包括框架、由框架承载的至少两个车轮、驱动两个车轮中的至少一个的内燃子***、驱动两个车轮中至少一个并在减速事件期间回收动能的电力子***、驱动两个车轮中至少一个并在减速事件期间回收动能的气动子***以及选择性地运行内燃子***、电力子***和气动子***的控制子***。

Description

具有多个能量子***的混合动力汽车
相关申请交叉引用
本申请要求2011年4月25日提交的美国第61/478,574号临时专利申请的优先权，其全部内容结合于此作为参考。
技术领域
本发明涉及混合动力汽车及应用在其上的用于驱动车辆并回收动能的子***。
背景技术
多种因素均有助于将混合动力汽车从小众市场推向主流市场。尽管混合动力汽车（或其他“绿色”车辆）的早期动力是其减少了产生的污染，但对于一些购买者而言，油价的上升趋势增加了混合动力汽车的经济吸引力。此外，混合动力技术的改进使得混合动力汽车仍可在一定程度上提高燃料效率的同时，由于其性能增强而相对于传统车辆更具市场竞争力。
然而，混合动力汽车对于很多潜在的车辆购买者而言仍然过于昂贵，尤其是那些与传统车辆的规格和舒适度相近的混合动力汽车。此外，与具有高效马达的小型传统车辆相比，目前市售的混合动力汽车在效率提升上相对适中。
纯电动汽车在市场上同样日益突出，尽管对于很多驾驶员而言这种车辆作为传统车辆的替代（与混合动力汽车不同）在实用性上仍受限于蓄电池容量。通常，蓄电池对于纯电动汽车和混合动力汽车都是重大问题，这是因为这种蓄电池成本比传统蓄电池高得多。而很多这种车辆在预期寿命内需要多次更换蓄电池加重了蓄电池的高成本。
气动马达和压缩机也已经在车辆使用上取得了一定成功。然而，虽然这些***在其自身领域有前景，但它们受限于与其他车辆能量***的极为有限的整合能力。
发明内容
鉴于前文所述，本发明的目的在于提供一种改进的混合动力汽车。根据本发明的实施例，提供了一种混合动力汽车，其包括框架、由框架承载的至少两个车轮、驱动两个车轮中的至少一个的内燃子***、驱动两个车轮中的至少一个并在减速事件期间重获动能的电力子***、驱动两个车轮中的至少一个并在减速事件期间重获动能的气动子***以及选择性地操作内燃子***、电力子***和气动子***的控制子***。
根据本发明的一方面，控制子***包括具有机器可读存储器的至少一个处理器，其配置成接收蓄电池电量、车速、储气罐压力和油门踏板位置的输入，并基于所接收的输入执行驱动马达选择程序和动能回收程序。
在阅读优选实施例的附图和详细说明之后，会更好地理解本发明的这些和其它目标、方面和优势。
附图说明
图1是根据本发明的一个实施例的混合动力汽车的示意图；
图2是图1中车辆的加热和冷却部件的详细视图；
图3是图1中车辆的电动马达控制器和充电部件的详细视图；
图4是图1中车辆的气动部件、电力部件和内燃部件且尤其是氢发生器的详细视图；
图5是与执行图1中车辆的操作相关的控制程序的流程图；以及
图6是安装有光伏蓄电池的图1中混合动力汽车的外部立体图。
具体实施方式
参照图1，根据本发明的实施例，混合动力汽车10包括内燃子***12、电力子***14和气动子***16。子***12、14、16通常安装在承载车轮19的框架18（参见图6）上。本文所使用的“框架”一般指车辆支撑结构，且不必受限于特定类型的框架。例如，多部件底盘和单片式汽车车身都可认为是“框架”。
电力子***14和气动子***16包括驱动车辆的马达以及在制动和/或其他车辆减速期间重获动能的动能回收装置。术语“减速事件”在本文中一般用以表示能够重获动能的事件，而不管车速实际上是否减小，例如，在下坡行驶的同时制动以维持速度或限制速度增加被认为是“减速事件”。
控制子***20监测并控制内燃子***12、电力子***14和气动子***16的部件。正如以下详细描述的，结合子***12、14、16和其它部件能够实现额外的效率增加。
内燃子***12包括内燃机22，其通过变速器24、离合器26和差速器30驱动车辆。内燃机22通过燃料箱32内的燃料与空气的燃烧提供动力。可基于操作要求通过控制子***20监测并控制内燃机22的功率级。
内燃机22优选为四冲程汽油机或柴油机。节流阀34调节空气进入发动机22。根据设计，还能够通过节流阀34、燃料喷射器和/或其他机构控制燃料32的进入。同样根据设计，发动机22可包括火花塞36等。
为使发动机22以其最高效速度运行，变速器24可包括无级变速器（CVT），然而也可使用其他类型的变速器。还应当整合倒档齿轮以允许通过发动机22驱动车辆10向后运动。
离合器26介于变速器24和差速器30之间，并优选为低功耗电动离合器。电动离合器的使用在离合器26未接合时降低了内摩擦，并相对于其他类型离合器降低了整体车重。然而，其他类型离合器也可与本发明结合使用。使离合器26靠近差速器30安置有助于降低无关传动系部件（在未使用时旋转）的重量，从而提升效率。
差速器30优选为前差速器，其仅由内燃子***12啮合，而电力和气动子***14、16通过后差速器工作。这种布置至少在机械简单方面和促进子***12、14、16的部件的物理布局方面是优选的。本发明不必受限于特定类型的差速器。
参照图2，通过冷却剂将多余热量从内燃机22中移除并通过散热器40使其逸散。以内燃机22的多余热量为代表的至少部分能量能够出于多种目的而被重新获得，这会在下文进行更为详细地描述。
参照图1至图3，电力子***14包括电动马达42、蓄电池44、光伏元件45和充电调节器46。电动马达42通过电动离合器50和差速器52驱动车辆10并由车辆10驱动。
电动马达42优选为异步感应再生马达，其中磁场感应电流被提供作为脉冲宽度调制（PWM）信号。当作为马达使用时，由蓄电池44提供电流。当在制动和/或其他减速期间用以重获动能时，感应电流经由调节器46回流到蓄电池44用于充电。相较于分开的电动马达和发电机，使用具有PWM感应电流的再生马达在机械制造上更简单、更轻便且更有效，然而本发明并不一定局限于此。
蓄电池44优选地包括至少一个高压蓄电池和至少一个低压蓄电池。根据需要，每个蓄电池中均能够采用多个单元。高压蓄电池（例如，约180伏直流额定电压）主要用于驱动电动马达，而低压蓄电池（例如，约12伏直流额定电压）用来为控制子***20和其他车辆负载提供动力，诸如火花塞36、车载音响、基于低功耗LED技术的车辆照明等。
并不需要相对奇特的新型蓄电池，然而本发明并不排除它们的应用。例如，低压蓄电池能够有利地为传统汽车蓄电池，而高压蓄电池可能由多个镍金属氢蓄电池单元（Ni-MH）构成。
充电调节器46优选为与控制子***20信号通信的微处理器控制单元，以促进蓄电池44的充电调节。充电调节器46能配置成实现如下功能：监测蓄电池44的充电状态；调节充电电压和/或电流；以及选择性地为高和/低压蓄电池充电。
离合器50优选为靠近差速器52设置的另一电动离合器，且差速器52优选为后差速器。这种布局的优势如上结合离合器26和差速器30所述。
在再生模式中，马达42是为蓄电池44充电的主要机构。然而，通过光伏元件45和连接于内燃机22的散热器40的热电式发电机54的使用能够进一步提高效率。因此，能够重获发动机22的部分多余热量而用于为蓄电池充电，这允许在减速事件之外的发动机22操作期间在一定程度上为蓄电池充电。
参照图6，光伏元件45可呈现为嵌入挡风玻璃、遮阳蓬和窗户中的透明光电薄膜。例如，根据日照情况，这种薄膜能提供多达100W/10.76ft2的足够能量来为蓄电池再充电（当在阳光直射下泊车时）或辅助蓄电池（当使用车辆时）。
参照图1，气动子***16包括气动马达60、空气压缩机62及储气罐64。气动马达60通过电动离合器66和差速器52驱动车辆10，空气压缩机62由车辆10通过差速器52和电动离合器70驱动。此外，由气动马达60的使用导致的温降能够与空调和氢发生应用联用，并且来自储气罐64的压缩空气能够代替传统的强制空气引入而被进给到内燃机22。
优选地，气动马达60和压缩机62为独立的机器，且并不连接至同一轴。在双用途电动马达/压缩机存在时，这种机器的电动马达和/或压缩机运行时的功率损耗抵消了与独立机器相关的重量和复杂性。此外，将马达和压缩机布置在通过独立的离合器66、70驱动的单独的轴上消除了未使用的部件的不必要旋转。为简单起见，优选地，气动马达60并不反向运行。
储气罐64优选为轻质、碳纤维增强树脂储罐。可基于具体的车辆应用来确定储罐的规格和容量，然而，接近300公升的储罐容量被加压至大概300巴被认为适用于大多数车辆应用。
在使用过程中，通过控制子***20操作的节流阀72调节从储罐64供应至气动马达60的空气。还能够使用截止阀74。控制阀76（诸如止回阀）能够控制空气从压缩机62向储罐64的引入。为防止过压，还可在气动子***16中配置一个或多个减压阀。还可为来自压缩机62的压缩空气配置空气干燥器。
参照图2，在气动马达60运行期间，来自储罐64的压缩空气的压降还会导致温降。这有利于提供无化学制冷剂的气候控制***80。***80包括围绕气动马达60的风管82和/或相关管道、围绕热电式发电机54的冷侧的风管84和围绕散热器40与热电式发电机54的暖侧的风管86。从风管82、84、86向车辆10内部的空气引入受控于由电风扇92驱动的选择器90。选择器90和风扇92以及在特定情况下热电式发电机54的运行受控于空调控制器94。温度传感器还可以与控制器94通信，包括位于管道82、84、86和车辆10中的传感器。
当车辆10内的乘客需要空调且气动马达60即将或目前已经运行从而使得空气能够借此有效冷却的情况下，空气被从管道82引入到车辆10内。如果管道82中的空气不足以实现制冷目的，那么能够由管道84产生额外的冷气流。这种冷气流能够在发电期间由热电式发电机54和内燃机22的联合运行而产生，或者热电式发电机54能够通过蓄电池44被反向驱动以作为热电式冷却器运行来提供制冷。
当需要供暖且内燃机22即将或目前已经在运行从而使得空气能够借此有效加热的情况下，空气被从管道86引入到车辆中。如果发动机22中的热量不足，那么热电式发电机54能够由蓄电池驱动以产生热量。
参照图4，由气动马达60的运行导致的温降还能使管道82的空气中的水凝结，这使得氢发生***100可在不添加外来水的情况下运行。***100包括电解池102、输气管104和控制器106。
电解池102优选由蓄电池44供能，更优选地，由高压蓄电池单元供能。这种明显较高的电压相对于很多于运行12伏电池的车载电解池而言增强了电解处理。如果需要，该电压可通过中间电子电路加大至更高。安置电解池102以从管道82收集冷凝水。可选地，能够使用单独的集水器，可借此将水引入到电解池中（来自AC排水管或水槽的雨水）。
控制器106基于氢需求控制向电解池施加的电压。控制器106能够与管道104中的氢传感器信号通信。在电解池102中有足量的水可以使用时，控制器106仅在内燃机22运行期间运行电解池102。优选地，如果需要，用户能够手动取消选择使用氢发生***100。
由电解工艺产生的氢（其可以氢气的形式呈现）随后通过氢管道104被引入到内燃机22的进气中。氢氧气促进燃料的充分燃烧，从而提升给定功率级的燃料效率。
除驱动气动马达60之外，储气罐64中的压缩空气还能在内燃机22运行期间用作强制空气引入装置（诸如涡轮增压器）的代用品。由于这通常并非增效机构，使用压缩空气作为动力源优选地仅基于用户手动选择起作用；例如，通过按压“增压模式”按钮。可选地，增压模式的使用能够由控制子***基于加速需求（例如，加速器踏板按压至超过预定点时）自动选择。
再次参照图1，控制子***20监测车辆10的参数并基于此控制蓄电池44充电和储气罐64充气，以及使用内燃机22、电动马达42和气动马达60（统称为“驱动马达”）驱动车辆。此外，控制子***20能够优选地从气候控制***80和氢发生***100接收输入并控制两者的运行。
控制子***20包括至少一个具有机器可读存储器的处理器110，其配置成根据存储其中的指令实现控制功能。本发明并不一定限制于特定类型、数目或设计的处理器、特定代码格式或语言、或者特定硬件或软件存储介质。
处理器110从相应的传感器接收车速、燃油油位、油门踏板位置、电池充电和储气罐压力的输入，并控制多个电器开关以使多个***部件联机/脱机。具体地，处理器可用以使离合器26、50、66、70和阀门72、74接合和脱离。
控制子***20还包括检测油门踏板位置的速度控制模块112，并基于油门踏板位置和车速提供比例控制信号来驱动当前使用的马达（或多个马达）。
参照图5，处理器110配置成执行的控制程序包括驱动马达选择程序200和动能回收控制程序202。处理器110在这些控制程序中所作的决定受到感测的蓄电池电量、车速、储气罐压力和油门踏板位置的输入的支配。正如本文所使用的，“油门踏板”通常指用户速度控制输入，并不一定需要实际踏板。例如，配备辅助功能的车辆的手速控制可被认为是“油门踏板”，其可能为用于提供速度输入的巡航控制***机制。
在驱动马达选择程序200中，作出蓄电池电量百分比是否大于储气罐压力百分比的决定210。为避免不必要的循环，优选地，控制范围在本文中用于所有比较。如果蓄电池电量较大，则会作出蓄电池电量是否大于预定的绝对最小蓄电池充电阈值（优选为10%）的决定212。如果蓄电池电量大于绝对最小阈值，则会作出车速是否小于最小速度（优选为5英里/小时（MPH））的决定214。如果车速小于5英里/小时，那么处理器使离合器50接合，同时电动马达42被用以驱动车辆10（在方框216处）。
如果车速大于最小速度，则会作出电池电量是否大于最小运行蓄电池电量阈值（优选为20%）的决定220。如果电池电量大于最小运行电量阈值，那么电动马达42被用以驱动车辆（返回方框216）。如果电池电量被确定为小于绝对最小电量阈值或运行最小电量阈值，那么处理器使离合器26接合，同时内燃机22运行（在方框222处）。
如果确定电池电量小于储气罐压力（返回决定210），则会作出储气罐压力是否高于绝对最小阈值（优选为25%）的决定224。如果储气罐压力高于绝对最小阈值，则会作出车速是否低于最小车速的决定226。如果车速低于最小速度，那么离合器66接合，同时气动马达60运行（在方框230处）。
如果车速高于最小速度，则会作出储气罐压力是否高于最小运行阈值（优选为30%）的决定232。如果储气罐压力高于最小运行阈值，那么气动马达60运行（返回方框230）。如果储气罐压力被确定为低于绝对最小电量阈值或运行最小电量阈值，那么处理器使离合器26接合，同时内燃机22运行（返回方框222）。
在车辆10运行期间，处理器110优选为不断地重复驱动马达选择程序200。本发明并不一定受限于该驱动马达选择程序，还可能使用其他程序，例如，在给定时间内使用多个驱动马达驱动车辆的程序。然而，上述程序会有利地产生高燃料效率，而同时无需驱动马达之间的复杂电气协调或机械协调。
此外，驱动马达选择程序200自动运行以维持电池电量和/或储气罐压力高于绝对最小阈值，以便气动马达62和/或电动马达42总是可以在最小速度以下驱动车辆。相应地，内燃机22无需启动装置。这是因为车速自身能够用以使发动机运行用于启动。车重因此得以减小。同样，内燃机22通常总是在空转时关闭以将车辆10的排放物降至最低。一般而言，车辆10所需的仅有的能量输入是添加燃料，并且不需要外部充气机或外部充电器，尽管本发明能够构造成接收这些输入。
无论何时当电池电量和储气罐低于最大值（即，100%）且检测到加速器踏板抬升时，动能回收程序202通常会运行以使离合器50和70接合。电动马达42随后会以再生模式运行，同时空气压缩机62会被运行以分别为蓄电池和储气罐充电和充气。
然而，如果车速（优选为60MPH）高于充气阈值而作出决定240，那么空气压缩机62会由于典型的空气压缩机的高速运行的低效而不运行。可基于压缩机类型及是否使用变速箱来降低空气压缩机运行速度来调整或删除阈值。此外，出于简化考虑，优选地，在车辆反向移动时，空气压缩机并不用以回收动能。
此外，为时刻确保蓄电池电量充足，如果作出电池电量低于绝对最小阈值的决定242，那么离合器50接合，同时电动马达42仅以再生模式运行直到蓄电池完全充电。
本发明所实现的通过蓄电池充电和空气压缩二者同时回收动能能够提高协同效益。通常，蓄电池仅能够用于以特定速率或低于特定速率吸收电荷。这对于更传统、更便宜的蓄电池类型尤其如此。空气压缩机62的同时运行时能够在减速期间捕获本会被浪费的多余能量。
由上可知，可以想到，相对于传统混合动力汽车，车辆10有可能显著提高效率，而无需进口蓄电池或其他专门的部件。因此，车辆10相比于传统车辆在制造上更具成本竞争力。
总之，上述说明书出于示例性和示意性目的而提供；本发明并不一定限制于此。相反，本领域技术人员可以想到，其他修改以及针对特定环境的修订会落在本文所示和所述的发明的范围和附属权利要求的范围之内。

Claims (35)

1.一种混合动力汽车，包括：
框架；
至少两个车轮，由所述框架承载；
内燃子***，驱动所述两个车轮中的至少一个；
电力子***，驱动所述两个车轮中的至少一个并在减速事件期间回收动能；
气动子***，驱动所述两个车轮中的至少一个并在减速事件期间回收动能；以及
控制子***，选择性地运行所述内燃子***、所述电力子***和所述气动子***。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述内燃子***与所述电力子***和所述气动子***驱动所述至少两个车轮中的不同车轮。
3.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述至少两个车轮包括至少一个前轮和至少一个后轮，所述内燃子***驱动所述至少一个前轮，而所述电动子***和所述气动子***驱动所述至少一个后轮。
4.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力汽车，还包括：由所述控制***操作的至少三个电动离合器以分别选择性地接合所述内燃子***、所述电力子***和所述气动子***。
5.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述内燃子***包括内燃机和无级变速器。
6.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述内燃子***包括驱动所述至少两个车轮中的至少一个的变速器、离合器和差速器，所述离合器安置在所述变速器与所述差速器之间并由所述控制子***控制。
7.根据权利要求6所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述离合器靠近所述差速器。
8.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述电力子***包括用于驱动所述至少两个车轮中的至少一个的电动马达、存储电能的至少一个蓄电池以及选择性地为所述至少一个蓄电池充电的充电调节器。
9.根据权利要求8所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述电动马达为磁场感应电流作为脉冲宽度调制信号供应的异步感应再生马达，使得当驱动所述至少两个车轮中的至少一个时，由所述至少一个蓄电池提供感应电流，并且在加速事件期间回收动能时，感应的电流回流至所述至少一个蓄电池。
10.根据权利要求8所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述电力子***具有至少两个蓄电池，包括第一蓄电池和相较于所述第一蓄电池具有较小电压的第二蓄电池，所述第一蓄电池驱动所述电动马达，所述第二蓄电池为其他车辆负载供能。
11.根据权利要求10所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述第一蓄电池具有约180V的直流额定电压，所述第二蓄电池具有约12V的直流额定电压。
12.根据权利要求8所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述电力子***还包括由所述控制子***控制的离合器，所述电动马达通过差速器驱动所述至少两个车轮中的至少一个，所述离合器靠近所述差速器。
13.根据权利要求8所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述电力子***还包括布置在所述车辆上并产生电能来为所述至少一个蓄电池充电的光电池。
14.根据权利要求8所述的混合动力汽车，还包括转换来自所述内燃机子***的多余热量并产生用于为所述至少一个蓄电池充电的电能的热电式发电机。
15.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述气动子***包括用于驱动所述至少两个车轮中的至少一个的气动马达、在减速事件期间压缩空气的空气压缩机和存储压缩空气的储气罐。
16.根据权利要求15所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述气动马达和所述空气压缩机安装在不同轴上并通过受控于所述控制子***的对应离合器连接至所述至少两个车轮中的至少一个。
17.根据权利要求16所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述气动马达和所述空气压缩机通过同一差速器连接至所述至少两个车轮中的至少一个，所对应的离合器都靠近所述同一差速器安置。
18.根据权利要求15所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述储气罐为碳纤维增强树脂罐。
19.根据权利要求15所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述储气罐的容量约300升并加压至约300巴。
20.根据权利要求15所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述气动子***还包括受控于所述控制子***并调节从所述储气罐至所述气动马达的空气供应的节流阀。
21.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力汽车，还包括选择性地将加热的空气和冷却的空气引入到所述混合动力汽车中的气候控制***，所述冷却的空气由所述气动子***中的空气的降压导致的温降而冷却。
22.根据权利要求21所述的混合动力汽车，还包括热电式发电机，所述气候控制***还使用所述热电式发电机来产生所述冷却的空气。
23.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力汽车，还包括氢发生***，所述氢发生***包括用于产生氢的电解池和用于将所述氢引导至所述内燃子***的管路。
24.根据权利要求23所述的混合动力汽车，其中，用于所述电解池的水由通过所述气动子***中的空气的压降导致的温降所形成的冷凝液提供。
25.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述气动子***向所述内燃子***提供压缩空气作为强制空气引入的代替。
26.根据权利要求1所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述控制子***包括具有机器可读存储器的至少一个处理器，所述处理器配置成：
接收蓄电池电量、车速、储气罐压力和油门踏板位置的输入；以及
基于接收的输入执行驱动马达选择程序和动能回收程序。
27.根据权利要求26所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述驱动马达选择程序一次只运行来自所述内燃子***、所述电力子***和所述气动子***其中之一的驱动马达。
28.根据权利要求26所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述驱动马达选择程序指示总是维持所述蓄电池电量和所述储气罐压力高于各自的绝对最小阈值。
29.根据权利要求28所述的混合动力汽车，其中，如果蓄电池电量降至蓄电池电量的绝对最小阈值以下，那么所述驱动马达选择程序指示不使用所述电力子***驱动所述至少两个车轮中的至少一个直到所述蓄电池电量充满。
30.根据权利要求28所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述内燃子***并不包括启动马达，并且高于预定最小速度的车速被用以启动所述内燃子***的内燃机。
31.根据权利要求30所述的混合动力汽车，其中，如果所述车速高于所述预定最小速度，且如果所述蓄电池电量或所述储气罐压力分别高于各自的最小操作阈值，则所述驱动马达选择程序指示仅使用所述电力子***或所述气动子***来驱动所述至少两个车轮中的至少一个，所述各自的最小操作阈值高于各自的绝对最小阈值。
32.根据权利要求31所述的混合动力汽车，其中，所述驱动马达选择程序基于蓄电池电量与储气罐压力的比较来在使用所述电力子***和所述气动子***之间进行选择以驱动所述至少两个车轮中的至少一个。
33.根据权利要求26所述的混合动力汽车，其中，如果所述蓄电池电量低于最大值，则所述动能回收程序指示在检测到加速器踏板抬升时使用所述电力子***回收动能以增加所述蓄电池电量。
34.根据权利要求33所述的混合动力汽车，其中，如果气动增压同样低于最大值，则所述动能回收程序能够指示同时使用所述电力子***和所述气动子***来回收动能。
35.根据权利要求34所述的混合动力汽车，其中，如果车速被确定高于充气阈值，则所述气动子***并不被用于动能回收。
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